Kuti mabhakitiriya anoiswa sei maererano nemadziro emasero avo.

Munyika inonakidza yezvipembenene, mabhakitiriya ane nzvimbo yakatanhamara. Aya ma-single-celled microorganisms akachinjika zvisingaite kune akasiyana siyana nharaunda uye anoita basa rakakosha mune akawanda biological process. Chinhu chakasiyana chebhakitiriya ndechavo madziro esero, chimiro chekunze chinopa kudzivirira uye kutsigirwa. Zvisinei, mabhakitiriya haana yunifomu sero wall; pachinzvimbo, iwo akaiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvichienderana nekuumbwa uye maitiro echimiro ichi. Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichaongorora kupatsanurwa kwebhakitiriya zvichienderana nemadziro emasero avo nenzira yehunyanzvi uye isina kwayakarerekera, ichipa nzwisiso yakadzama yeiyi yakakosha hutachiona hunhu.

Nhanganyaya

Chikamu chekutanga chechero purojekiti kana gwaro rehunyanzvi umo chinangwa uye mamiriro egwaro zvinoratidzwa nenzira yakapfupika uye yakajeka. Ichi chikamu chinopa muchidimbu weizvo muverengi angatarisira kuwana mukati memukati memukati. Izvo zvakakosha pakubata pfungwa dzemuverengi uye kuvapa kunzwisisa kwekutanga kwemusoro wenyaya uchakurukurwa.

Muchikamu chino, unogona kumisikidza theoretical uye conceptual framework iyo inozoshanda sehwaro hwekutevera kugadziridzwa kwezviri mukati. Pamusoro pezvo, iwe unogona kutaura kwakakodzera masosi uye mareferensi anotsigira ruzivo rwunopihwa muprojekiti. Inogonawo kusanganisira pfupiso pfupi yezvitsauko kana zvikamu zvichakurukurwa, nokudaro zvichipa chimiro chakajeka uye chakarongeka chegwaro.

Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekusimbisa mamiriro uye kukosha kweprojekti, kuunza pfungwa dzakakosha dzichagadziriswa gare gare. Pamusoro pekupa mucherechedzo, chikamu chino chinogona kushandiswa kunyora zvinangwa zvepurojekiti uye matambudziko ainoda kugadzirisa. Zvakakoshawo kutsanangura zvakajeka mazwi ehunyanzvi achashandiswa mugwaro rese kuti muverengi anzwisise.

Chimiro chebhakitiriya cell wall

Izvo zvakakosha pakupa kuomarara uye kudzivirira kune mabhakitiriya. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakawanda uye zvikamu zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwesero.

Kutanga, bhakitiriya cell wall inoumbwa nekunze kwekunze kunonzi membrane yekunze. Iyi membrane inoumbwa zvakanyanya ne lipopolysaccharides uye mapuroteni. Basa rayo guru nderekuita sechidziviriro chinodzivirira kubva kune chepfu uye utachiona.

Pazasi pe membrane yekunze pane peptidoglycan layer, inova inonyanya kusiyanisa chimiro. yemadziro sero rebhakitiriyaPeptidoglycan inonzi carbohydrate polymer inoumbwa nealternating cheni dzeglucose uye N-acetylmuramic acid. Aya maketani akabatanidzwa nemabhiriji epeptide, achigadzira chimiro chakasimba, chakasimba.

Mushonga wekemikari yebhakitiriya cell wall

La pared celular Bhakitiriya membrane chinhu chakakosha chimiro chakakomberedza uye chinodzivirira mabhakitiriya, achivapa kusimba uye simba. Kuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari kunosiyana pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzebhakitiriya, asi kazhinji inoumbwa ne:

• Peptidoglycan: Ichi ndicho chikamu chikuru chebhakitiriya cell wall uye chinochipa chimiro chayo. Peptidoglycan inoumbwa nemaketani eshuga akabatanidzwa, anonzi glycans, uye amino acid cheni anonzi peptides. Maketani aya anoumba akasimba, ane mativi matatu-dimensional chimiro chinopa sero madziro simba raro.
• Mapuroteni: ⁢Kuwedzera kune peptidoglycan, bhakitiriya cell wall ine mapuroteni akasiyana siyana ⁢anoita mabasa akasiyana.⁣ Mamwe mapuroteni anobatsira mukunamira kwebhakitiriya panzvimbo, ⁢apo mamwe achishanda senzira dzekufambisa dzinovaka muviri kana semareceptor ⁤emamorekuru ekunze.
• Mafuta: Lipids iripo zvakare mukuumbwa yeBacterial cell wall, kunyange zvishoma pane peptidoglycan. Aya lipids, kunyanya phospholipids uye lipoprotein, anobatsira mukugoneka uye kusimba kwechimiro chemadziro emadziro.

Muchidimbu, iyo ‍ inotongwa nepeptidoglycan, yakaoma polymer yeshuga ‍ nemaamino acids.⁤ Zvisineyi, ine mapuroteni uye lipids anoita mabasa akasiyana akakosha pakurarama nekushanda kwebhakitiriya. Uku kusanganiswa kwemakemikari zvinopa ⁢bhakitiriya sero madziro simba rayo uye kugona kwekudzivirira, zvichibvumira mabhakitiriya kurarama uye kuenderana nekwaanogara.

Classification yebhakitiriya maererano nesero wall yavo

Utachiona hunokamurwa zvichienderana nechimiro chemudhuri wesero ravo, chinova chidziviriro chakakomberedza nekuumba miviri yavo. Iri rusvingo rwesero rwakakosha pakurarama kwebhakitiriya, ichipa dziviriro kubva kune dzakaomarara mamiriro uye kubatsira mukuoma uye kusimba kwavo. Pazasi pane makuru kupatsanurwa kwebhakitiriya zvichienderana nesero madziro avo:

Nekuumbwa kwemakemikari:

• Gram-positive mabhakitiriya: Aya mabhakitiriya ane mudhuri wesero gobvu anoumbwa zvakanyanya peptidoglycan, chinhu chinovapa kupikisa kukuru uye anovabvumira kuchengetedza Gram stain. Ivo vanonzwa kune mamwe maantibioti akadai sepenicillin.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: Kusiyana negiremu-positive mabhakitiriya, mabhakitiriya aya ane madziro akaonda sero ane peptidoglycan shoma. Ivo zvakare vane membrane yekunze inoumbwa ne lipopolysaccharides. Izvo zvakanyanya kupikisa kune mamwe maantibioti uye zvinowanzove zvakanyanya pathogenic.

Nekuunganidza fomu:

• Diplococci mabhakitiriya: Iwo mabhakitiriya anoungana ari maviri uye kazhinji ane denderedzwa muchimiro. Mienzaniso yezvipenyu izvi Neisseria meningitidis uye Streptococcus pneumoniae.
• Staphylococcus mabhakitiriya: Aya mabhakitiriya anoungana mumasumbu kana mafomu akafanana nemazambiringa. Muenzaniso wemhando iyi yebhakitiriya ndeye Staphylococcus aureus, iyo inokonzera zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zveganda.

Nekukwanisa kuchengetedza dhayi:

• Acid-fast mabhakitiriya: Aya mabhakitiriya ane kugona kuchengetedza dhayi kunyangwe mushure mekuchena kweasidhi. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa zvikuru inosanganisira Mycobacterium tuberculosis, iyo inokonzera tibhii, uye Mycobacterium leprae, inokonzera maperembudzi.
• Non-acid-fast mabhakitiriya: Kusiyana ne-acid-fast mabhakitiriya, mabhakitiriya aya haachengete dhayi mushure measidhi decolorization. Muenzaniso unomiririra weboka iri ndiEscherichia coli, utachiona hunowanikwa mudumbu remhuka dzinoyamwisa.

Gram-positive mabhakitiriya: maitiro uye kupatsanura

Gram-positive bacteria iboka remabhakitiriya rinoratidzwa negobvu sero rusvingo rinoumbwa nejira re peptidoglycan. Iri danga rinovapa kupikisa kwakanyanya uye rinovaita kuti vasave nekushanduka kwemavara nenzira yeGram staining. Pazasi, mamwe maitiro uye kupatsanurwa kweaya mabhakitiriya anoratidzwa.

Hunhu hwe gram-positive bacteria:

• Spherical kana bacillary chimiro.
• Sero madziro ane gobvu layer ye peptidoglycan inovapa kuramba.
• Havana membrane yekunze.
• Vanogona kupa spores (maitiro ekupikisa anovabvumira kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka).
• Mamwe marudzi anobudisa chepfu inokuvadza vanhu.
• Ivo vane heterotrophic, ndiko kuti, vanowana chikafu chavo kubva kune zvimwe zvipenyu.

Kurongwa kwe gram-positive bacteria:

• Firmicutes: Izvi zvinosanganisira mabhakitiriya akadai staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci uye clostridia.
• Actinobacteria: inosanganisira mabhakitiriya ejena Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium uye⁢ Nocardia.
• Tenericutes: Inosanganisira mabhakitiriya ⁤akadai se mycoplasmas, iyo isina mudhuri wesero.

Mukupedzisa, mabhakitiriya eGram-positive anoratidzirwa nemadziro awo akakora maseru uye kuramba kune Gram staining. Dzinouya mumhando dzakasiyana siyana uye dzinogona kuve nehunhu hwakadai sekugona kuumba spores kana kuburitsa chepfu. Uyezve, vanoiswa mumapoka akasiyana, akadai seFirmicutes, Actinobacteria, uye Tenericutes, ayo anosanganisira akasiyana siyana emhando dzebhakitiriya.

Gram-negative mabhakitiriya: maitiro uye kupatsanura

Gram-negative mabhakitiriya anoumba boka guru rezvipembenene zvine hunhu hwakasiyana hunoasiyanisa kubva kune giremu-positive mabhakitiriya. Imwe yeakakosha maitiro eiyo gram-negative bhakitiriya chimiro chavo chemadziro emadziro, anoumbwa nekunze membrane uye nhete yepeptidoglycan. Chimiro ichi chinoita kuti usarambe kune mamwe maantibioti, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kurapa.

Kuwedzera kune yavo yakasarudzika sero madziro, giremu-negative mabhakitiriya anoiswa mumapoka zvichienderana ne morphology yavo uye metabolic maitiro. Mamwe emapoka akajairika e gram-negative mabhakitiriya anosanganisira:

• Enterobacteriaceae: Mhuri iyi yegiremu-negative mabhakitiriya anosanganisira zvipenyu zvakaita seEscherichia coli, Salmonella, uye Klebsiella. Iwo ma-bacillary masero anonyanya kugara mudumbu revanhu nemhuka.
• Pseudomonas: Iyi genus ye gram-negative bacteria inozivikanwa nekuramba kwayo kune akawanda maantibioti uye kugona kwayo kurodha kwakasiyana nharaunda, kusanganisira zvipatara. Mamwe marudzi ePseudomonas anogona kukonzera hutachiona hwakakomba muvarwere vasina immunocompromised.
• Neisseria: Mabhakitiriya erudzi rweNeisseria ane gram-negative diplococci anosanganisira utachiona hunokosha hwevanhu hwakadai seNeisseria gonorrhoeae (inokonzera gonorrhea) uye Neisseria meningitidis (inokonzera meningitis).

Muchidimbu, mabhakitiriya eGram-negative ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana emadziro emadziro uye anoiswa mumapoka akasiyana zvichienderana nemaitiro avo uye metabolism. Aya ma microorganisms anogona kubatsira nekukuvadza vanhu, uye kudzidza kwavo kwakakosha kuti unzwisise basa ravo muhutano hwevanhu uye kugadzira nzira dzekurapa dzinoshanda.

Acid-fast mabhakitiriya: maitiro uye kupatsanura

Acid-fast mabhakitiriya iboka rema microorganisms anokwanisa kumira zvakanyanya acidic mamiriro anotadzisa kukura uye kurarama kwemamwe akawanda mabhakitiriya. Kupokana kwavo kunokonzerwa nekutevedzana kwekuchinja uye nzira dzekupona dzinovatendera kuti vatore nzvimbo dzine acidic senge dumbu remunhu kana mamwe mavhu ane acid. Aya mabhakitiriya akakosha zvikuru muindasitiri yezvekudya, mushonga, uye microbiology.

Kazhinji, mabhakitiriya ane acid-anokurumidza akaiswa mumapoka akasiyana zvichienderana nekushivirira kwavo asidhi uye kugona kurarama mumamiriro akasiyana epH. Mimwe mienzaniso yakajairika yeacid-fast bacteria inosanganisira:

• Corynebacterium: genus ye gram-positive mabhakitiriya anowanikwa muvhu uye anoramba kune acidic pH.
• Helicobacter pylori: microaerophilic mhando inowanikwa mudumbu remunhu uye yakabatana nezvirwere zvegastric senge peptic ulcer chirwere.
• Lactobacillus: Chirwere chebhakitiriya chinoshandiswa mukugadzira chikafu chakaviriswa, seyogati, chinokwanisa kurarama munzvimbo dzine acidic nekuda kwekugona kwavo kugadzira lactic acid.

Kupokana kweasidhi kweaya mabhakitiriya kunosanganisira kuchinjika pasero membrane level, sekuvapo kweakakosha lipids anoderedza kupera uye kudzivirira membrane. chimiro chemasero kurwisa acidity. Pamusoro pezvo, mazhinji emabhakitiriya aya anoburitsa maenzayimu chaiwo anoatendera kuti asaite kana kuisa maasidhi, achivapa mukana wekukwikwidza munzvimbo dzakaipa dzine acidic.

Utachiona husina madziro emadziro: maitiro uye kupatsanura

Cell wall-less bacteria, inozivikanwawo se mycoplasmas kana madziro-ishoma mabhakitiriya, ari unicellular microorganisms asina chimiro chakaomarara chinopa rutsigiro nekudzivirira. Kusiyana nemamwe mabhakitiriya, membrane yavo yeplasma inosangana nekunze kwekunze, zvichiita kuti vatapurirwe zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza.

Aya mabhakitiriya ane akati wandei akasiyana maitiro anoasiyanisa kubva kune mamwe ma taxonomic mapoka. Zvimwe zvacho ndezvi:

• Tamaño reducido: ⁤Mabhakitiriya asina madziro emasero madiki zvakanyanya, madiki pane⁢ mabhakitiriya mazhinji.
• Variable form: kusiyana nemabhakitiriya ne cell wallAya mabhakitiriya haana chimiro chakatsanangurwa, icho chinovapa yakakwirira morphological flexibility.
• Kutsamira kune mamwe masangano: Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwavo kwesero madziro, mabhakitiriya asina madziro anosungirwa intracellular parasites, zvichireva kuti vanoda mauto kuti vararame nekuberekana.

Kubva pane taxonomic maonero, mycoplasmas akaiswa mukati mehumambo Bacteria, phylum Tenericutes, uye kirasi Mollicutes. Mukati mekirasi iyi, genera rakasiyana uye mhando dzemabhakitiriya akakomberedzwa nemasero anosiyaniswa, imwe neimwe ine maitiro ayo uye pathogenicity. Mamwe marudzi e mycoplasmas anozivikanwa kukonzera kufema, genitourinary, uye zvirwere zvekubatana muvanhu nemhuka.

Mabhakitiriya ekuramba maitiro ⁢anoenderana nesero madziro

Kuramba kwebhakitiriya idambudziko riri kuwedzera kukosha mune zvehutano Mazuvano. Masero ane chekuita nemadziro ekudzivirira nzira ndeimwe yenzira huru mabhakitiriya anowana kugona kurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Aya maitiro akavakirwa pakuchinja kwemaitiro uye kushanda. yemadziro emadziro izvo zvinoita kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya isashande.

Imwe yemaitiro ekupikisa ane hukama nesero rusvingo ndiko kugadziriswa kwezvikamu zvechimiro ichi. Utachiona hunogona kugadzira maenzayimu anoshandura mapuroteni nemacarbohydrates emadziro emasero, kudzivirira mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kubva pakusunga uye nekuidzivisa. Pamusoro pezvo, mabhakitiriya anogona kugadzira pombi dze efflux dzinoita sevatakuri uye dzinodzinga mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kubva mukati mesero vasati vaita chiito chavo.

Imwe sero-inoenderana nemadziro ekudzivirira maitiro ndeye biofilm kuumbwa. Biofilms inharaunda dzebhakitiriya dzinonamatira kune nzvimbo uye dzakakomberedzwa neextracellular matrix. Iyi matrix inopa chipingamupinyi chemuviri chinoita kuti zviome kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ipinde mumasero ebhakitiriya. Uyezve, biofilms inobvumira kuchinjana kwemajini pakati pebhakitiriya, zvichiita kuti kutamiswa kwemajini ekupikisa uye kubatsira mukupararira kwebhakitiriya inopikisa.

Kukosha kwekiriniki yekuisa mabhakitiriya maererano nemadziro emasero avo

Mhando dzebhakitiriya zvinoenderana nemadziro emadziro uye kukosha kwekiriniki

Kurongeka kwebhakitiriya maererano nemadziro emasero avo kwakakosha kwakakosha muchirongwa chekiriniki, sezvo ichitibvumira kuziva uye kubata zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana. Cell wall chimiro chinhu chakasiyana chemapoka emabhakitiriya akasiyana uye anogona kukanganisa kuramba kwavo kumishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kugona kwavo kukonzera hutachiona.

Kune matatu makuru emhando dzebhakitiriya zvichienderana nesero wall yavo:

• Gram-positive mabhakitiriya: Aya mabhakitiriya ane mukobvu sero madziro anoumbwa zvakanyanya peptidoglycan. Ivo vanonzwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inobata pakuumbwa kwechimiro ichi uye inogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakaita semabayo uye hutachiona hweganda.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: Aya mabhakitiriya ane madziro akatetepa sero ane lipopolysaccharides, anogona kuva muchetura kumuviri wemunhu. Izvo zvinodzivirira kumishonga yakawanda yemishonga uye zvinogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakakomba zvakadai semeningitis uye sepsis.
• Mycobacteria: Iri boka rebhakitiriya rine rusvingo rwakasiyana rwesero rine chikamu chikuru che lipids. Izvo zvakaoma kurapa nekuda kwekuramba kwavo kumishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye inogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakaita seTB.

Kunyatsozivikanwa kwebhakitiriya nemadziro emasero avo kunotibvumira kusarudza kurapa kwakakodzera, kudzivisa kushandiswa kusingakoshi kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kuvandudza migumisiro yekliniki. Uyezve, kupatsanurwa uku kunotipawo ruzivo nezve pathogenicity yehutachiwana hwebhakitiriya uye kugona kwavo kukonzera hutachiona hwakakomba. Kunzwisisa kukosha kwekiriniki yemasero emadziro emadziro kwakakosha pakuongorora nekudzivirira zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya.

Mafungiro ekuongororwa uye kurapwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona

Kuongororwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona:

Kuti usvike pakuongororwa kwakarurama kwehutachiona hwehutachiona, kuongororwa kwekliniki yakakwana uye kushandiswa kwekuongorora kwakasiyana-siyana kwema laboratory kwakakosha. Dzimwe dzedzinonyanyozivikanwa nzira dzekuongorora dzinosanganisira:

• Kuongororwa kweropa: Muedzo uyu unoratidza kuvepo kwebhakitiriya muropa, izvo zvinogona kuratidza hutachiona hwehurongwa.
• Tsika uye antibiogram: Nekutora sampuli kubva panzvimbo ine hutachiona uye nekuagadzira mune chaiyo tsika midhiya, hutachiona hunogona kuzivikanwa uye kubatwa kwavo kune akasiyana maantibioti.
• Rapid sensitivity bvunzo: ⁢ Iyo inozivikanwawo semamorekuru ekuongorora bvunzo, bvunzo idzi dzinoshandisa nucleic acid amplification matekiniki kuona uye kuratidza kuvepo kwebhakitiriya mumakiriniki samples.

Kurapa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona:

Kurapa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona kunonyanya kuenderana nekushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Zvakakosha kuti usarudze mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya wakakodzera zvichienderana nebhakitiriya rine mutoro uye kukanganiswa kwayo nemishonga iripo. Zvimwe zvakakosha zvekuchengeta mupfungwa zvinosanganisira:

• Spectrum yechiito: Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoiswa seyakafara-akawanda (inoshanda pamhando dzakawanda dzebhakitiriya) kana nhete-spectrum (inoshanda kurwisa rimwe boka rebhakitiriya). Sarudzo chaiyo yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoenderana nerudzi rweutachiona uye kunzwa kwebhakitiriya.
• Vía de administración: Sarudzo dzinosanganisira nemuromo, intramuscular, kana intravenous administration. Kusarudzwa kwenzira yehutungamiri hunoenderana nekuoma kwehutachiona uye kukwanisa kwemurwere kutora mishonga nemuromo.
• Nguva yekurapa: Nguva yemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi uye kuoma kwehutachiona. Zvakakosha kutevera mirairo yachiremba wako uye kupedza nzira yakazara yekurapa kudzivirira kukura kwebhakitiriya rekudzivirira.

Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakakodzera uye nenguva, kurapwa kunoshanda, zvirwere zvakawanda zvebhakitiriya zvinogona kurapwa. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti chiitiko chimwe nechimwe chinogona kunge chakasiyana uye chinoda nzira yakasarudzika. Zvinogara zvichikurudzirwa kubvunza nyanzvi yezvehutano kuti unyatsoongororwa uye kurapwa kwakakodzera.

Impact yekusarudzika kwebhakitiriya pakugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye vaccin

Kurongeka kwebhakitiriya kwakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye majekiseni, sezvo ichitibvumira kunzwisisa maitiro avo uye maitiro chaiwo. Kukamurwa uku kunobva pane zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sechimiro chebhakitiriya, mabatiro aanoita dhayi dzakasiyana, kukwanisa kuumba spores, nezvimwe zvinhu.

Kuisa mabhakitiriya mumapoka akasiyana kunotibvumira kuona maitiro avo ekurwisa mishonga, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzira mishonga mitsva. Zvinotibatsirawo kunzwisisa kuti mabhakitiriya anopararira sei uye kuti anobata sei vanhu, zvichiita kuti tigadzire mishonga yekudzivirira inoshanda.

Nekuisa mumapoka mabhakitiriya, masayendisiti anogona kuona marudzi akasiyana anogona kukonzera chirwere uye kugadzira majekiseni chaiwo ekuarwisa. Kupatsanurwa uku kunoitawo kuti tinzwisise kuti mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inopindirana sei nemapoka emabhakitiriya akasiyana uye kuti anogona kuvandudzwa sei kuti anyatsoshanda. Muchidimbu, kupatsanurwa kwebhakitiriya kwakakosha mumunda wemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye yekudzivirira kutsvaga nekusimudzira, zvichigonesa kufambira mberi kwakakosha mukurwisa zvirwere zvinotapukira.

Mhedziso uye mazano

Mibvunzo neMhinduro

Q: Ndekupi kurongeka kwebhakitiriya maererano nemadziro avo emadziro?
A: Mabhakitiriya akaiswa mumapoka makuru maviri zvichienderana nemadziro emasero avo: Gram-positive bacteria uye Gram-negative bacteria.

Mubvunzo: Ndeapi maitiro makuru eGram-positive bacteria?
A: Gram-positive mabhakitiriya ane gobvu sero madziro anoumbwa kunyanya peptidoglycan layer. Iyi tambo yakakomberedzwa ne cytoplasmic membrane. Aya mabhakitiriya anochengeta dhayi yeviolet-bhuruu yeGram staining nzira, inovapa zita ravo.

Mubvunzo: Ndeapi maitiro makuru eGram-negative bacteria?
A: Mabhakitiriya eGram-negative ane rusvingo rwakatetepa rwesero runoumbwa nepeptidoglycan layer uye imwe yekunze membrane inoumbwa ne lipopolysaccharides. Pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi pane periplasmic space. Aya mabhakitiriya haachengetedze dhayi-yebhuruu inoshandiswa muGram staining, saka inoratidzika sepink kana yakasvibiswa.

Mubvunzo: Zvimiro zveGram-positive uye Gram-negative mabhakitiriya zvakasiyana sei?
A: Pamusoro pekusiyana kwesero rusvingo ukobvu, Gram-negative mabhakitiriya anewo kunze membrane iyo isipo muGram-positive bacteria. Iyi yekuwedzera membrane muGram-negative bacteria inovapa zvimwe zvinhu, sekuramba kune mamwe maantibioti.

Mubvunzo: Mabhakitiriya eGram-positive anorongwa sei?
A: Mabhakitiriya eGram-positive akaiswa mumapoka zvichienderana nehunhu hwakadai sesero morphology yavo, kugona kwavo kuumba spores, physiology yavo, uye maitiro avo kune akasiyana dhayi uye mavara.

Mubvunzo: Mabhakitiriya eGram-negative anorongwa sei?
A: Senge mabhakitiriya eGram-positive, mabhakitiriya eGram-negative anoiswa mumapoka zvichienderana nehunhu hwakadai sesero morphology, kugona kwavo kuumba spores, physiology yavo, uye mhinduro yavo kune akasiyana dhayi uye mavara.

Mubvunzo: Sei zvakakosha kuisa mabhakitiriya maererano nemadziro emadziro avo?
A: Kuisa mabhakitiriya maererano nemadziro emasero avo kwakakosha nekuti misiyano mumadziro emadziro emadziro ane zvazvinoreva pamhinduro yavo kune akasiyana maantibioti, hutachiona hwavo, uye kudyidzana kwavo. nehurongwa host immune system. Pamusoro pezvo, kupatsanurwa uku⁢ kunobatsira pakuona nekurapa zvirwere zvebhakitiriya zvinobudirira.

Mukupedzisa

Muchidimbu, kudzidza kwekugadzika kwebhakitiriya maererano nemadziro emasero avo kwakakosha zvakanyanya mumunda we microbiology. Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, masayendisiti anogona kuona uye kusiyanisa pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzebhakitiriya, izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise pathogenicity yavo, kurwisa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye basa ravo mune ecosystems. Nekuziva hunhu hwesero madziro, chimiro uye kuumbwa kweaya mabhakitiriya anogona kutsanangurwa, ayo anopa ruzivo rwakakosha kune yavo taxonomic classification uye pakupedzisira kudzidza. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ruzivo rwekurongwa kwebhakitiriya maererano nemadziro emasero avo kwakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akanyanya ekuongorora uye ekurapa, nokudaro zvichitibvumira kunyatsotarisana nezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona uhu. Sezvo tsvagiridzo mundima iyi inofambira mberi, manzwisisiro edu ekusiyana kwebhakitiriya uye zvinokonzeresa kuumbwa kwavo kwemaserura muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesainzi uye hutano hweveruzhinji kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Somugumisiro, chidzidzo chechikamu chebhakitiriya chinoramba chiri munda unovimbisa uye unogara uchichinja⁤ iyo inotipa zvakajeka⁢ uye maonero akajeka ehupenyu hwehutachiona.