Chikamu nharembozha inzira Chikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hwesero, kuve nechokwadi chekukura, kukura, uye kurarama kwezvipenyu. Kunzwisisa matanho ekupatsanurwa kwesero kwakakosha kuti unzwisise maitirwo nemirau iri pasi pechirongwa ichi chakakosha. Muchinyorwa chino chehunyanzvi, tichaongorora matanho ekukamura maseru zvakadzama, tichiongorora zviitiko zvakakosha zvinoitika panguva yega yega. Kubva pakudzokororwa kwemajini kusvika pakupatsanurwa kwemakromosomes uye kuumbwa kwemasero emwanasikana maviri, tichakurukura zvakakosha zvedanho rega rega uye kukosha kwaro mukuchengetedza kutendeseka kwemajini uye kuwanda kwemasero. Sangana nesu parwendo urwu kupinda munyika inoshamisa yekukamura maseru.
Nhanganyaya yemaitiro ekuparadzaniswa kwesero
Kupatsanurwa kwesero chinhu chakakosha pakukura nekusimudzirwa kwezvipenyu zvakawanda. Mukuita uku, sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa kuita masero emwanasikana maviri kana anopfuura, rimwe nerimwe richikwanisa kuita mabasa ese anodiwa kuchengetedza hupenyu. Kuburikidza nekupatsanurwa kwesero, matishu anokura, anogadzirisa, uye anovandudza, uye zvakakosha pakubereka nekukudziridzwa kwezvipenyu zvitsva.
Kune marudzi maviri makuru ekuparadzanisa masero: mitosis uye meiosis. Mitosis ndiyo nzira yekuparadzanisa iyo sero remubereki rinogadzira vanasikana vaviri masero akafanana neayo. Munguva ye mitosis, sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa nematanho akati wandei: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, uye telophase. Muchikamu chega chega, machromosomes anodzokororwa uye akagovaniswa chaizvo pakati pemwanasikana maseru, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mumwe nemumwe anogamuchira huwandu hwakafanana hwemajini.
Kune rumwe rutivi, meiosis ndiyo nzira yekuparadzanisa masero kunoitika mumasero epabonde, anozivikanwawo semasero emagetsi. Kusiyana nemitosis, meiosis inogadzira masero emwanasikana ane hafu yenhamba yemakromosome sesero remubereki. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakuzvara pabonde, sezvo ichibvumira kusanganiswa kwemajini uye kusiyana pakati pevana. Meiosis zvakare ine matanho akati wandei, anosanganisira kudzokorora kweDNA, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome uye kusanganiswa, uye kugadzirwa kwekupedzisira kwemasero epabonde akura, anozivikanwa semagametes.
Kukosha kwekuparadzaniswa kwesero kune zvipenyu
Kupatsanurwa kwesero kwakakosha kune zvipenyu nekuti kunogonesa kukura, kusimukira, nekuchengetedza matishu nenhengo. Iyi nzira yakanyatsogadziriswa inovimbisa kubereka uye nguva dzose kuvandudzwa kwemasero, izvo zvakakosha pakushanda kwakakodzera kwezvipenyu zvakawanda.
Zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvikuru nei kupatsanurwa kwesero kuchikosha zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira:
- Kugadziriswa kwenyama: Kana kukuvara kana kukuvara kwetishu kuchiitika, kupatsanurwa kwesero kunobvumira kuvandudzwa uye kugadziriswa kwemasero akakanganisika. Izvi zvinoita kuti muviri ugone kupora. zvinobudirira uye kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwayo kwechimiro.
- Kukura nekukura: Munguva ye embryonic uye pwere nhanho, kupatsanurwa kwesero kunokosha pakukura nekusimukira kwezvipenyu. Masero paanopatsanurana, zvimiro zvitsva nemitezo zvinoumba, zvichiita kuti chipenyu chipfuure mumatanho akasiyana ekukura uye kusvika pakukura kwayo kwekupedzisira uye chimiro.
- kuvandudzwa kwesero: Masero ane hupenyu hushoma uye anoda kuchinjwa nguva nenguva. Kupatsanurwa kwesero kunoita kuti masero asakara kana kuti achembera agare achivandudzwa, nokudaro achivimbisa kushanda kwemuviri uye kurarama kwenguva refu.
Mukupedzisa, kukosha kwekupatsanurwa kwesero kuri mubasa rayo rakakosha mukukura, kukura, kugadzirisa, uye kuvandudzwa kwezvipenyu. Nekuda kwekuita uku, matishu uye nhengo dzinogona kuchengetedzwa mune yakakwana mamiriro, zvichigonesa kurarama uye kuchinjika kwezvipenyu kunharaunda yazvo.
Interphase nhanho uye kugadzirira kupatsanurwa kwesero
Iyo interphase nhanho inguva yakakosha musero kutenderera, panguva iyo sero rinogadzirira kupatsanurwa kwesero. Iyi nhanho yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: chikamu cheG1, chikamu cheS, uye chikamu cheG2. Munguva yeG1 chikamu, sero rinokura uye rinopinda mabasa ayo Normal. Munguva yechikamu cheS, kudzokorora kweDNA kunoitika, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mwanasikana wese sero ane kopi yakazara yeiyo genetic zvinhu. Pakupedzisira, muchikamu cheG2, sero rinoramba richikura uye rinogadzirira kupatsanurwa.
Munguva ye interphase, sero rinopindawo akati wandei akakosha maitiro ekugadzirira. Aya maitiro anosanganisira kudzokorodza kweDNA, protein synthesis, uye kudzokorora uye kurongeka kwema cell organelles. Kudzokororwa kweDNA kunovimbisa kuti mwanasikana wesero ane kopi chaiyo yemajini. Protein synthesis yakakosha pakushanda kwakaringana kwesero, uye kudzokororwa uye kurongeka kwe organelles kunovimbisa kuti mwanasikana wesero ane zvimiro zvinodiwa kuti aite mabasa ayo.
Pamusoro pemaitiro aya, sero rinosanganawo nekutevedzana kwekutarisa uye mirau panguva ye interphase nhanho. Aya macheki, anozivikanwa sema cell control point, kutenderera kwesero, iva nechokwadi chekuti sero riri muchimiro chakakwana chekuparadzanisa. Kana chero dambudziko kana kukuvara kwaonekwa muDNA kana zvimwe zvikamu zvemaserura, aya ekutarisa anomiswa. kutenderera kwesero uye bvumira kukanganisa kuti kugadziriswe kusati kwatanga kupatsanurwa kwesero. Iyi nzira yekudzora yakakosha mukudzivirira kupararira kwekukanganisa kwemajini uye kuve nechokwadi chehutano nekugadzikana kwemwanasikana maseru.
Zvikamu zve mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, uye telophase
Mitosis ndiyo nzira iyo sero rinopatsanurwa kuita masero maviri emwanasikana akafanana. Pakati pemitosis, zvikamu zvina zvikuru zvinogona kuonekwa: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, uye telophase. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinokonzeresa nhevedzano yezviitiko zvakakosha zvinotungamira kukupatsanurwa chaiko nekugovaniswa kwemakromosomes.
Chinyorwa:
Prophase chikamu chekutanga che mitosis. Munguva iyi, machromosomes anobatana uye anooneka pasi pemaikorosikopu. Iyo nucleus inonyangarika, uye macentrioles anoenda kune akapesana nematanda esero. Mitotic spindle fibers inotanga kuumba uye inonamatira kumakromosomes, zvichiita kuti ienderere mberi.
Metaphase:
Mu metaphase, ma chromosomes anoenderana nesero's equatorial ndege, inozivikanwawo semetaphase plate. Imwe neimwe chromosome yakasungirirwa kune mitotic spindle nema spindle fiber, ichiva nechokwadi chekugovera kwayo kwakaringana kumwanasikana maseru. Uku kurongeka chaiko kwakakosha pakukura kwakaringana kwe mitosis.
Anaphase uye Telophase:
Anaphase chikamu chakakosha mu mitosis, umo ma chromosomes anoparadzana kureba uye achienda kune akapesana nematanda esero. Sezvo machromosome anoparadzanisa, sero rinorebesa. Telophase inotanga, umo ma chromosomes anosvika pakatarisana nematanda uye decondense. Iyo nucleus inochinja yakatenderedza machromosomes, iyo mitotic spindle inoparara, uye cytokinesis inotanga, izvo zvinozotungamira kupedzisa kupatsanurwa kwesero.
Tsanangudzo yakadzama yeprophase mune cell division
Prophase ndiyo nhanho yekutanga yekupatsanurwa kwesero, kunyanya mitosis, umo nhevedzano yezviitiko zvakakosha zvinoitika kuti ive nechokwadi chekugovewa kwakaenzana kwemajini kumwanasikana maseru. Munguva iyi, akati wandei subprocesses anogona kusiyaniswa:
- Condensation yekromosomes: Makromosome akadhindwa anova compact uye kuonekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu. Chimiro chakaita "X" chinomiririra makopi maviri akafanana ekromosome yehanzvadzi yega yega akabatanidzwa pakati pavo, inonzi centromere, inoonekwa.
- Centrosome kudzokorora: Centrosomes, organelles iri pakatarisana nematanda esero, inodzokorora uye inotamira kune iwo mapango. Microtubules ye cytoskeleton inotambanudza kubva ku centrosomes, ichigadzira network inobatsira kuparadzanisa ma chromosomes.
- Kuparara kwehamvuropu yenyukireya: Iyo nyukireya membrane inoparara, ichibvumira microtubules kupinda mukati memukati. Iyi nzira yakakosha kuti machromosomes ave akasununguka mucytoplasm uye akarongeka zvakanaka.
Prophase chikamu chakakosha chekupatsanurwa kwesero, sezvo ichiisa hwaro hwekupatsanurwa kwakanaka kwemakromosome panguva ye mitosis. Zviitiko zvaro zvakanyatsorongeka zvinovimbisa kuti machromosome anotsikitsira uye akamira zvakanaka kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti mwanasikana wese awana kopi yakakwana uye inoshanda yeiyo genetic material. Nekudaro, prophase inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza kugadzikana kwechromosomal uye mukukudziridza kwezvipenyu zvakawanda.
Basa rakakosha remetaphase muchikamu chesero
Metaphase inhanho yakakosha muchikamu chechikamu chesero chinonzi mitosis. Munguva iyi, ma chromosomes anonangana pamwe chete nendege yesero ye equatorial, achigadzirira kupatsanurwa kwavo kunotevera. Uku kurongeka chaiko uye kwakaenzanirana kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekugovaniswa kwemajini kumwanasikana maseru.
Chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zve metaphase kuumbwa kwe spindle, yakaoma ye microtubules inotangira pa centrosomes uye inoenda kune ma chromosomes. Iyi spindle inoshanda semhando yechikafu, ichibvumira kurongeka chaiko kwemakromosomes uye kuparadzaniswa kwavo kunotevera panguva yeanaphase. Uyezve, panguva yemetaphase, ma spindle microtubules anonamira kumatunhu epakati emakromosomes, achigadzira chimiro chinozivikanwa sekinetochore, chinopa anchorage inodiwa pakuparadzaniswa kwekromosome.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha che metaphase kutonga kweiyo mitotic cheki. Panguva ino, maitiro ekudzora ma cellular anoratidza kuti ma chromosome ese akanyatso kurongeka uye akagadzirira kupatsanurwa asati aenda kuchikamu chinotevera chekupatsanurwa kwesero. Kana chero chromosome isina kurongeka, nzira dzekugadzirisa dzinoitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvimbika kweiyo genetic material. Uku kutonga kwakasimba kunovimbisa kugadzikana kwechromosomal uye kunodzivirira kuumbwa kwemwanasikana maseru ane abnormal genetic makeup.
Anaphase: nguva yakakosha yekuparadzaniswa kwechromosome
Anaphase ndiyo nguva yakakosha mukuita kwekuparadzaniswa kwechromosome panguva ye mitosis uye meiosis. Panguva iyi, machromosome akadhindwa anokamukana kuita mapoka maviri akafanana uye anodhonzwa akananga kumatanda akatarisana nesero. Kuita uku kwakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti sero remwanasikana wega wega rinogashira kopi yakakwana uye chaiyo yeiyo genetic zvinhu.
Mune anaphase ye mitosis, iyo inoitika mushure memetaphase, ma microtubules e mitotic spindle anopfupisa uye anokwevera sisi chromatids kune akatarisana nematanda esero. Sezvo ma chromatids akaparadzana, anova machromosome ega. Izvi zvinoita kuti sero remwanasikana rive nekopi chaiyo yenhamba chaiyo yemakromosomes.
Mune anaphase I ye meiosis, iyo inotevera prophase I uye metaphase I, kupatsanurwa kwakafanana kwechromatid kunoitika. Nekudaro, mune iyi kesi, homologous chromosomes, pane hanzvadzi chromatids, inoparadzaniswa uye inotamira kune akatarisana mapango. Iyi nhanho yakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemasero epabonde ehaploid uye kusiyana kwemajini muvana.
Telophase uye cytokinesis: kupedzwa kwesero kupatsanurwa
Telophase uye cytokinesis inoratidza chikamu chekupedzisira chesero division, inozivikanwa se cytokinesis. Munguva ye telophase, ma chromosomes akapatsanurwa muchikamu chakapfuura decondense uye kurongazve kuita nuclei yemwanasikana mutsva. Izvi zvinoitika mune zvose mitosis uye meiosis.
Mu telophase, nucleoli inoonekwa zvakare mukati meiyo nuclei itsva, uye machromosome anosununguka uye anopararira muchromatin. Pamusoro pezvo, hamvuropu itsva yenyukireya inoita yakatenderedza mwanasikana wega wega nucleus. Iyo chromatin inova shoma shoma, uye machromosomes anova asingaonekwe kune ziso rakashama.
Kune rumwe rutivi, cytokinesis ndiyo nzira iyo cytoplasm inoparadzanisa mumuviri kuita masero maviri evanasikana akasiyana. Mumasero mazhinji emhuka, kuita uku kunoitwa kuburikidza nekuumbwa kwe cytokinetic furrow munzvimbo ye equatorial yesero. Sezvo cytokinetic furrow inodzika, plasma membranes inobatana, uye masero maviri akazvimirira zvachose anoumbwa.
Rangarira kuti telophase uye cytokinesis matanho akakosha mukupatsanurwa kwesero, kuve nechokwadi chekuparadzaniswa kwemajini uye kuumbwa kwemasero maviri evanasikana anoshanda zvizere. Pasina maitiro aya, hupenyu sezvatinoziva hwaisazogoneka.
Kukosha kwekupatsanurwa kwesero mukukura nekukura kwezvipenyu
Izvo zvakakosha pakuona kuenzana uye kushanda zvakanaka kwezvipenyu. Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, masero anogona kuwedzera, kuvandudza, uye hunyanzvi, izvo zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwematishu uye nhengo, pamwe nekuberekana kwezvipenyu.
Kutanga, kupatsanurwa kwemasero kunokosha pakukura kwezvisikwa. Sezvo chinhu chipenyu chichikura kubva pasero rimwe kuenda kuchinhu chipenyu chakakwana, masero anopatsanuka kuita masero matsva. Uku kukura kunoonekwa mune zvese zvipenyu zvakawanda uye unicellular, uko kupatsanurwa kwesero kunobvumira kubereka uye kuwedzera kwenhamba yevanhu.
Uyezve, kupatsanurwa kwesero kunoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwesero nekusiyaniswa. Munguva iyi, masero anobata uye anowana chaiwo mabasa, achipa kune akasiyana matishu uye nhengo dzinoumba chipenyu. Kupatsanurwa kwesero kunodzora chiyero chakakodzera uye kugoverwa kwemaseru akasarudzika, nekudaro kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwawo kwakaringana muchipenyu chekupedzisira.
Kudzora uye kutonga kwekuparadzaniswa kwesero
Kupatsanurwa kwesero idanho rakakosha mune zvipenyu zvakawanda, uye kudzora kwayo kwakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chiyero uye basa rakakodzera rematishu uye nhengo. Kupatsanurwa kwesero kunodzorwa nenhevedzano yezvigadziriso zvinova nechokwadi chekudzokororwa chaiko kweDNA uye kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwemakromosomes kumasero emwanasikana. Aya maitiro ekudzora uye ekudzora akakosha kudzivirira kuumbwa kwemasero akachinjwa anogona kutungamirira kuzvirwere zvakaita segomarara.
- Serura kutenderera: Kutenderera kwesero ndiko kurongeka uye kutevedzana maitiro anosanganisira zvikamu zvekupatsanurwa kwesero. Iyo inodzorwa neakatevedzana mapuroteni anonzi cyclins uye cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) anodzora kufambira mberi kwematanho akasiyana. matanho ekufamba kweseroAya mapuroteni anogadziriswa uye anovharwa panguva dzakatarwa mukutenderera, kuve nechokwadi chekuti sero rinopedza chikamu chimwe nechimwe risati raenda kune rinotevera.
- Checkpoints: Munguva yekutenderera kwesero, kune akakosha ekutarisa anobvumira sero kuongorora kana matanho ese apedzwa nemazvo asati aenda kune chinotevera chikamu. Aya macheki anovimbisa kutendeseka kweiyo genome uye kuona kukuvara kweDNA. Kana zvisizvo zvikaonekwa, kutenderera kwesero kunogona kumiswa kuti DNA igadziriswe kana, kana paine kukuvara kusingagadzirike, kukonzeresa kufa kwesero, inozivikanwa seapoptosis.
- Mutemo weMahormone: Kupatsanurwa kwesero kunogonawo kupesvedzerwa nemahomoni anoita sechiratidzo chemakemikari. Mamwe mahormone anogona kuita kuti masero awedzere, asi mamwe anogona kuadzivisa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehomoni zvinogona kuva zvakakosha mukukura kwetishu uye kukura, uyewo mukupindura kukuvara kana kushungurudzika.
Muchidimbu, kudzora uye kutonga kwesero kupatsanurwa kwakaomarara uye kwakaringana maitiro anovimbisa genome kuperera uye kwakaringana tishu basa. Kunzwisisa nzira idzi kwakakosha pakunzwisisa zvirwere zvakaita segomarara uye zvinogona zvakare kuve nekurapa kwekushandisa mukugadzira marapirwo ezvirwere zvisingadzoreki zvinopararira.
Zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kupatsanurwa kwesero
:
Kupatsanurwa kwesero chinhu chakakosha pakukura kwetishu uye kuvandudzwa kwezvipenyu. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinogona kukanganisa uye kukanganisa maitiro akakosha aya. Pazasi pane zvimwe zveizvi zvinhu:
- Ionizing radiation: Kuratidzira kune ionizing radiation, senge X-ray uye kurapwa nemwaranzi, kunogona kukuvadza genetic material uye kukanganisa kupatsanurwa kwesero. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwemasero asina kujairika kana kutadzisa maseru kukwanisa kupatsanura zvakanaka.
- Kemikari uye toxic agents: Mamwe makemikari ejenti uye muchetura makomisheni aripo munharaunda kana muzvinhu zvatinodya zvinogona kukanganisa kupatsanurwa kwesero. Aya makomisheni ane muchetura anogona kukonzera kukuvara kweDNA uye kukanganisa nzira dzekuparadzanisa masero. cell cycle control, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kuwanda kwemasero asina kujairika uye zvirwere zvakaita sekenza.
- Kusashanda kweiyo mitotic apparatus: Iyo mitotic apparatus ndiyo seti yezvimiro uye mapuroteni anoita basa rakakosha mukukamura maseru. Chero kusashanda zvakanaka mumudziyo uyu, kungave nekuda kwekuchinja kwemajini kana kusaenzana kwemazinga emamwe mapuroteni, kunogona kukanganisa kupatsanurwa kwesero uye kutungamirira kune chromosomal abnormalities kana kuumbwa kwemasero asina kushanda.
Izvi zvinongova mimwe mienzaniso ye . Izvo zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti zvinhu izvi zvingakanganisa sei iyi yakakosha maitiro kuitira kudzivirira zvinogona kuitika zvakashata kune yedu hutano nekugara zvakanaka.
Zvinokurudzirwa pakudzidza nekunzwisisa kwezvikamu zvekuparadzaniswa kwesero
Kuti unzwisise zvirinani uye udzidze matanho ekukamurwa kwesero, zvakakosha kutevedzera mamwe mazano akakosha. Aya kurudziro anozokubatsira iwe kunyatso tora ruzivo uye kunzwisisa maserura maitiro anobatanidzwa mukukamuranisa.
1. Shandisa zvinhu zvinoonekwa: Kushandiswa kwemifananidzo, madhayagiramu, uye mifananidzo inogona kubatsira zvikuru mukuona matanho ekukamukana kwesero. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinokutendera kuti uone uye unzwisise zvirinani chikamu chimwe nechimwe, senge interphase, mitosis, uye cytokinesis. Pamusoro pezvo, iwe unogona kutora mukana wezvishandiso zvepamhepo, senge inodyidzana simulators, izvo zvinokutendera iwe kubata uye kuona maitiro ekukamura maseru.
2. Iva netsika yekudzidza: Kupatsanura masero inyaya yakaoma uye inoda kuzvipira uye nguva yekunzwisisa. Kuvamba purogiramu yokudzidza kuchakubvumira kuwana zivo zvishoma nezvishoma. Iwe unogona kupatsanura nhanho muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekudzidza uye kupa nguva yekudzokorora uye kupedzisa maekisesaizi ekudzidzira. Yeuka kuti kudzokorora uye kushandiswa kunoshanda kwezivo kuchakubatsira kubatanidza kunzwisisa kwako.
3. Shandisa zvimwe zvinhu: Pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvinopihwa nemudzidzisi wako kana bhuku rekuverenga, unogona kutendeukira kune mamwe masosi kuti uwedzere ruzivo rwako. Unogona kutsvaga zvinyorwa zvesainzi, mavhidhiyo edzidzo, uye mabhuku ane hunyanzvi hwesero biology. Saizvozvowo, kutora chikamu mumapoka ezvidzidzo kana kuita hurukuro nevaunodzidza navo kunogona kukubatsira kuwana maonero akasiyana uye kujekesa chero mibvunzo ingamuka panguva yako yekudzidza.
Mhedziso pamatanho ekuparadzaniswa kwesero
Maonero akawanikwa kubva pakuongorora matanho ekukamukana kwesero akakosha pakunzwisisa kuoma nekurongeka kwemaitiro akakosha aya. Kuburikidza nemitosis, masero anopatsanurwa kuita maviri masero emwanasikana akafanana, achigonesa kukura kwetishu uye kugadzirisa mune zvipenyu zvakawanda.
Kutanga, zvakaratidzwa kuti interphase inguva isingagumi uye inokosha yekukura kwakakodzera kwekuparadzaniswa kwesero. Munguva iyi, sero rinogadzirira kudzokorora DNA uye organelles, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mwanasikana wega wega anowana huwandu hwakafanana hwemajini uye zviwanikwa zvinodiwa kuti urarame uye ushande nemazvo.
Chechipiri, prophase inhanho yakakosha apo machromosome anotsikirira, anooneka, uye anoronga paequatorial plate. Gare gare, mumetaphase, machromosomes anobatana pakati pesero uye anonamatira kune mitotic spindle fibers. Uku kurongeka kwechromosomal kunovimbisa kupatsanurwa kwakaringana kwemajini mumasero emwanasikana.
Mibvunzo neMhinduro
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi matanho ekuparadzaniswa kwesero?
A: Matanho ekuparadzana kwesero ndiwo maitiro ayo sero rinoitwa kuti rizvidzokorore uye kuumba mwanasikana maseru, ari muunicellular uye multicellular organisms.
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi matanho ekuparadzaniswa kwesero mueukaryotes?
A: Muzvisikwa zveeukaryotic, kupatsanurwa kwesero kunosanganisira matanho makuru maviri: mitosis uye cytokinesis.
Q: Chii chinoitika panguva mitosis nhanho?
A: Munguva ye mitosis, nucleus yesero inopatsanurwa kuita maviri matsva, akafanana nuclei. Iyi nhanho yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvina: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, uye telophase.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinoitika muchikamu cheprophase?
A: Muprophase, ma chromosomes anodzika uye anooneka. Mukuwedzera, iyo mitotic spindle mafomu uye nucleoli inonyangarika. Iyo nyukireya membrane inotanga kuparara.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinoitika muchikamu che metaphase?
A: Munguva yemetaphase, machromosomes anofananidzwa pakati pesero nemitotic spindle fibers. Urongwa uhwu hunovimbisa kugovaniswa kwakaenzana kwemajini kumwanasikana maseru.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinoitika muchikamu cheanaphase?
A: Munguva yeanaphase, hanzvadzi chromatids yekromosome yega yega inoparadzaniswa uye inotamira kune akatarisana mapango esero. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti mwanasikana wesero anogamuchira kopi yakazara yemajini.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinoitika muchikamu che telophase?
A: Munguva yetelophase, machromosomes anosvika pamatanda esero uye decondense. Nyowani itsva inoumbwa, uye membrane yenyukireya inoumbwazve kutenderedza boka rimwe nerimwe remakromosomes. Pakupedzisira, cytokinesis inotanga.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinoitika panguva ye cytokinesis stage?
A: Cytokinesis ndiyo nzira iyo cytoplasm, iyo ine organelles yesero, inoparadzanisa. Izvi zvinotungamira pakuumbwa kwemaseru maviri emwanasikana akazara, rimwe nerimwe riine nucleus uye masero emukati.
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi matanho ekuparadzanisa? masero muprokaryotes?
A: Kusiyana neeukaryotes, masero eprokaryotic anongopinda chete rudzi rwesero division inonzi binary fission. Munguva iyi, sero rinopatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana, zvichiita kuti pave nemasero evanasikana maviri akafanana.
Mubvunzo: Pane mamwe matanho ekuparadzaniswa kwesero?
A: Kuwedzera kune mitosis uye cytokinesis mu eukaryotes uye binary fission mu prokaryotes, panogona kunge paine mamwe matanho chaiwo mune zvimwe zvipenyu kana muzviitiko zvehunyanzvi kupatsanurwa kwesero, senge meiosis yekuumbwa kwesero dzepabonde. Matanho aya anogona kusiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwechipenyu uye chinangwa chekubereka.
Zvakacherechedzwa zvekupedzisira
Mukupedzisa, kudzidza kwematanho ekupatsanurwa kwesero kwakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro akaomarara anoitika mukutenderera kwehupenyu hwesero. Kuburikidza nekutarisa kwakadzikama uye tsvakiridzo mumatanho akasiyana e mitosis uye meiosis, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuburitsa nzira dzinoita kuti kupatsanurwa kwakakodzera kwemajini uye kuumbwa kwemasero matsva.
Kubva pane interphase, umo sero rinogadzirira kupatsanura, kusvika telophase, umo kupatsanurwa kwenyukireya uye cytokinesis kunopedzwa, nhanho imwe neimwe inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza tishu uye kuvandudzwa mune zvipenyu zvakawanda, pamwe nekuberekana mune unicellular zvipenyu.
Kunzwisisa nhanho idzi kwakonzera kufambira mberi kwakakosha muminda yakadai semushonga, genetics, uye molecular biology. Kunzwisisa kuti masero anokamura sei uye kudzora kukura kwawo kwakakosha pakurapa zvirwere zvakaita sekenza, uko kusingadzoreki kupatsanurwa kwesero chiratidzo.
Muchidimbu, matanho ekukamurwa kwesero inyaya inonakidza uye yakakosha mundima yebiology. Kudzidza kwavo kunoramba kuchiwedzera, kuburitsa nuances itsva uye nzira dzinotitendera kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kuti masero anowedzera sei uye anoenderera mberi nehupenyu.
Ini ndiri Sebastián Vidal, injiniya wekombuta anofarira nezve tekinoroji uye DIY. Uyezve, ndini musiki we tecnobits.com, kwandinogovera zvidzidzo kuti tekinoroji iwanikwe uye inonzwisisika kumunhu wese.