pH uye pOH maitiro

Mumunda wekemikari, kudzidza kwepH uye pOH kwakakosha kuti unzwisise zvimiro zveaqueous mhinduro uye nhanho yavo yeasidhi kana basicity. Zviitwa izvi pH uye pOH Vanobvumira vadzidzi kuti vawane hunyanzvi hunoshanda mukuona nekugadzirisa ukuru, pamwe nekusimbisa ruzivo rwavo rwedzidziso nezve acid-base chiyero. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora akasiyana pH uye pOH maekisesaizi akakosha pakudzidza uye nekubudirira kushandisa chemistry misimboti murabhoritari.

1. Nhanganyaya kune pH uye pOH maitiro

Muchikamu chino, sumo yakakwana yepH uye pOH maekisesaizi ichapihwa. pH uye pOH ndiwo mazano anokosha mumakemikari anotibvumira kuyera acidity kana alkalinity yemhinduro. Kuti unzwisise pfungwa idzi, zvakakosha kuziva zvimwe zvakakosha zvekemisitiri uye zvimiro zveasidhi nemabhesi.

Chekutanga pane zvese, ichatsanangurwa kuti pH chii uye kuti inoverengerwa sei. pH chikero chinoratidza kuwanda kwe hydronium ions (H+) mumhinduro. Inogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa formula: pH = -log[H+]. achapihwa mienzaniso uye zviitwa inoshanda kubatsira kunzwisisa maitiro ekuverenga pH yeakasiyana mhinduro.

Zvadaro, pfungwa yepOH ichagadziriswa, iyo inverse yepH uye inoshandiswa kuyera kusangana kwe hydroxyl ions (OH-) mune mhinduro. Iko kuverenga kwepOH kunoitwa nenzira yakafanana neye pH, uchishandisa fomula: pOH = -log[OH-]. Mienzaniso yakadzama icharatidzwa uye maitiro ekubatanidza pH uye pOH mumhinduro ichatsanangurwa.

2. Tsanangudzo yemafungiro epH uye pOH

pH uye pOH ndiwo mazwi akakosha mumakemikari anotitendera kuyera nhanho yeasidhi kana alkalinity yechinhu chiri mumhinduro. Iyo pH inotsanangurwa seyakashata logarithm yekusangana kwehydronium ions (H⁺) mune mhinduro, nepo pOH iri iyo yakaipa logarithm yekusangana kweiyo hydroxide ion (OH^-), zvakare mune mhinduro.

pH uye pOH zvinoratidzwa pachiyero che 0 kusvika ku14, ne7 ichiratidza mhinduro isina kwayakarerekera. Kana pH iri pasi pe7, inoonekwa seine acidic, nepo kana yakakura kupfuura 7 inotorwa seyakakosha kana alkaline mhinduro. Nokudaro, pH uye pOH zvakabatana zvakasiyana: iyo yakakwirira pH, yakaderera pOH; uye neimwe nzira. Huwandu hwepH uye pOH hunogara hwakaenzana ne14.

Kuverenga pH kana pOH kukosha kwemhinduro, iyo equation inoshandiswa: pH = -log [H⁺] uye pOH = -log[OH^-]. Pano, [H⁺] uye [OH^-] inomiririra huwandu hwehydronium uye hydroxide ions mumol/L, zvichiteerana. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti logarithm inoverengwa munheyo 10, saka chii chinodiwa Shandisa karukureta yesainzi kana tafura yerogarithms kuona kukosha.

3. Kuverenga kwepH yemushonga weasidhi

Mumakemikari, pH chiyero chinoshandiswa kuona acidity kana basicity yemhinduro. Zvinogona kuita sezvakaoma, asi zviri nyore chaizvo kana iwe ukatevera matanho akakodzera. Nzira yacho ichatsanangurwa pasi apa. nhanho nhanho Kuverenga pH yeasidhi mhinduro:

1. Sarudza kuwanda kwehydronium ions (H3O +) mumushonga weasiti. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa uchishandisa fomula yeasidhi yakapihwa uye ionization yayo inogara iripo. Semuenzaniso, kana tiine mhinduro yeacetic acid ine central ye 0.1 M, tinogona kushandisa ionization constant yeacetic acid kuti tiwane kusanganiswa kwe hydronium ions.

2. Shandisa chimiro: pH = -log [H3O+]. Paunenge uine iyo hydronium ion concentration, unogona kushandisa fomura iyi kuona pH yeasidhi mhinduro. Tora iyo negative logarithm yehydronium ion concentration uye mhedzisiro ichava pH yemhinduro.

3. Kana zvichidiwa, chigumisiro chinogona kusimbiswa uchishandisa pH indicator mapepa kana pH mita. Idzi nzira dzinopa humwe humbowo hwekuti pH kuverenga yakaitwa nemazvo. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti nzira idzi dzinogona kunge dzisiri dzechokwadi sekuverenga kwemasvomhu.

Rangarira kuti pH is a logarithmic scale, zvichireva kuti shanduko yenhamba imwe pachikero chepH inomiririra shanduko yegumi muhuwandu hwehydronium ion. Kune zvakare maturusi epamhepo uye macalculator aripo kuti kuverenga uku kuve nyore uye nekukurumidza. Isu tinovimba kuti gwara rinokubatsira iwe kuverenga iyo pH yeasidhi mhinduro! zvakanaka uye chokwadi!

4. Kuverenga kwepH yemhinduro inokosha

Kuti uverenge pH yemhinduro yekutanga, zvinodikanwa kufunga nezvezvinhu zveasidhi uye mabhesi. pH chiyero che acidity kana alkalinity yemhinduro, uye inogona kutariswa uchishandisa pH scale inotangira pa0 (yakanyanya acidic) kusvika pa14 (yakanyanya kukosha). Muchiitiko chekugadzirisa kwekutanga, pH ichava pamusoro pe7. Pasi pane zvinyorwa matanho ekutevera kuverenga pH yemhinduro yakakosha.

1. Ziva OH-elion mune yakakosha mhinduro. Ioni iyi inoonekwa sehwaro hwakasimba uye iripo muhuwandu hwepamusoro mune yakakosha mhinduro. Semuenzaniso, kana tiri kushanda nesodium hydroxide (NaOH) mhinduro, iyo NaOH ichapatsanurwa kuita sodium ion (Na+) uye hydroxyl ions (OH-).

• Kune dambudziko remuenzaniso, ngatifungei nezve sodium hydroxide solution ine chiyero che 0.1 M.

2. Shandisa pH formula. Nzira yekuverenga pH yemhinduro inokosha ipH = -log [OH-]. Muchiitiko ichi, isu tinoshandisa iyo yakaipa logarithm yeiyo hydroxyl ion concentration mu mol/L. Semuenzaniso, kana huwandu hweOH- huri 0.1 M, kuverenga kungave pH = -log (0.1).

• Panyaya yesodium hydroxide solution yedu ine concentration ye 0.1 M, iyo pH calculation inenge iri pH = -log (0.1).

3. Verenga pH uchishandisa karukureta yesainzi kana tafura yelogarithm. Kana chirevo changowanikwa, isu tinofanirwa kushandisa karukureta yesainzi ine basa relogarithm kana kubvunza tafura yerogarithms. Semuenzaniso, mhedzisiro yekuverenga ingave pH = -1.

• Mumuenzaniso wedu, pH ye sodium hydroxide solution ine central ye 0.1 M inenge iri pH = -1.

5. Inoshanda pH kuverenga maekisesaizi

Muchikamu chino, tinokupa iwe nhevedzano yezviitwa zvinoshanda kuverenga pH yemhinduro dzakasiyana. Munguva yese iyi maekisesaizi, isu tinokutungamira nhanho nhanho kuburikidza nekugadzirisa matambudziko, kukupa iwe zvidzidzo, matipi anobatsira, uye mienzaniso chaiyo.

Kutanga, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti pH chiyero che acidity kana alkalinity yemhinduro. Inoratidzwa pachiyero chenhamba chinoenda kubva pa0 kusvika pa14, apo 7 inomiririra pH isina kwayakarerekera. PH isingasviki 7 inoratidza acidity, nepo pH yakakura kupfuura 7 inoratidza alkalinity.

Muchiitwa chega chega, tinokupa iyo data inodiwa, senge kusungirirwa kwechimwe chinhu chekemikari kana madhiri akakodzera. Isu tichashandisa chaiwo mafomula uye equations kuverenga pH. Ita shuwa kuti une karukureta yesainzi paruoko, sezvo mune dzimwe nguva uchafanirwa kuita masvomhu.

6. Ukama pakati pepH uye pOH: kushandura maitiro

Hukama huri pakati pepH uye pOH ipfungwa yakakosha muacid-base chemistry. pH inoreva kuwanda kwemaioni ehydrogen mumushonga, nepo pOH ichireva kuwanda kwemaioni ehydroxide. Maparamita ese ari maviri ane hukama kune imwe neimwe nechiyero chepH, chinova chikero chelogarithmic chinotangira pa0 kusvika pa14. Muchikamu chino, tichadzidza nzira yekushandura kubva pH kuenda kupOH uye zvakasiyana.

Kushandura kubva pH kuenda kupOH, isu tinogona kushandisa inotevera fomula:
pOH = 14 - pH

Semuenzaniso, kana tiine mhinduro ine pH ye3, tinongobvisa pH kubva pa14 kuti tiwane pOH:
pOH = 14 – 3 = 11

Kushandura kubva pOH kuenda pH, isu tinoshandisa inotevera fomula:
pH = 14 - pOH

Semuenzaniso, kana tiine mhinduro ine pOH ye8, tinobvisa pOH kubva pa14 kuti tiwane pH:
pH = 14 – 8 = 6

Rangarira kuti pH uye pOH zvinhu zvinopindirana, saka kana tichiziva imwe yacho, tinogona kuverenga imwe tichishandisa mafomula ataurwa pamusoro. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti mune isina kwayakarerekera mhinduro, iyo pH uye pOH ine kukosha kwe7.

7. pOH calculation exercises

Iyo pOH chiyero chehuwandu hwehydroxyl ions mumushonga une aqueous. Inoverengwa uchishandisa fomula pOH = -log[OH-]. Kugadzirisa, zvinodikanwa kuziva kuwanda kweiyo hydroxyl ions mumhinduro.

Kutanga, kuwanda kweiyo hydroxyl ions mumamoles parita (M) inofanira kuwanikwa. Kana iwe uchiziva kukosha kwepH, unogona kushandisa hukama hunotevera: pH + pOH = 14. Nokudaro, kana uine pH kukosha, unogona kuibvisa kubva ku14 kuti uwane pOH kukosha.

Kana iyo pH kukosha isingazivikanwe, kusanganiswa kwehydrogen ions (H +) kunogona kushandiswa kuona kusanganiswa kweiyo hydroxyl ions. Izvi zvinoitwa uchishandisa fomula Kw = [H+][OH-], apo Kw ndiyo ionization yenguva dzose yemvura (1 × 10 ^ -14 pa25 ° C). Kana iyo H + concentration ichizivikanwa, munhu anogona kugadzirisa iyo OH-concentration uye wozoverenga pOH uchishandisa formula yataurwa pamusoro.

8. Kugadzirisa matambudziko e-acid-base balance uchishandisa pH uye pOH

Inogona kunge iri nzira yakaoma, asi nekutevera matanho mashoma akareruka unogona kusvika kune chaiyo mhinduro. Kutanga, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise zvinotsanangurwa zvepH uye pOH. pH chiyero che acidity yemhinduro, nepo pOH inoyera alkalinity. Maitiro ese ari maviri anoratidzwa pachiyero che 0 kusvika 14, apo 7 haina kwayakarerekera, hunhu huri pamusoro pe7 hunoratidza alkalinity, uye hunhu huri pazasi 7 hunoratidza acidity.

Danho rekutanga mukugadzirisa matambudziko eacid-base equilibrium kuona kuti mhinduro ine acidic here kana kuti yakakosha. Ichi chi anogona kuita kuverenga pH kana pOH yemhinduro. Iyo pH inoverengwa pachishandiswa fomula pH = -log[H+], apo [H+] inomiririra kuungana kwehydrogen ion mumushonga. Kune rumwe rutivi, pOH inoverengwa uchishandisa fomula pOH = -log [OH-], apo [OH-] inomiririra kusanganiswa kweion hydroxide mumhinduro. Kana iyo pH kukosha kana pOH yawanikwa, inogona kutariswa kana mhinduro ine acidic (pH <7), yakakosha (pH> 7), kana kusarerekera (pH = 7).

Kana zvangoonekwa kana mhinduro iri acidic kana yakakosha, tinogona kuenderera mberi nekugadzirisa dambudziko chairo. Kana iri dambudziko reacid-base equilibrium rine acids, acid-base equilibrium hukama hunogona kushandiswa, senge kuenzana kunogara Ka. Kana iri dambudziko reacid-base equilibrium nemabhesi, hukama hweacid-base equilibrium hunogona kushandiswa, senge kuenzana nguva dzose Kb Kugadzirisa dambudziko, munhu anofanira kumisikidza equilibrium equations uyezve kushandisa hunhu hwepH kana pOH. kuverenga kuwanda kwemaion mumushonga. Kana maconcentrations awanikwa, Unogona kushandisa kuverenga chero humwe huwandu hunodiwa mudambudziko, sekusangana kweasidhi chaiyo kana base.

9. Kushandiswa kwepH uye pOH maitiro mukugadzirisa mhinduro

Kuisa iyo pH uye pOH maekisesaizi mune buffer mhinduro, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti mhinduro yebuffer chii uye kuti inoumbwa sei. Mushonga webuffer musanganiswa weasidhi isina kusimba uye chigadziko chayo checonjugate, kana chigadziko chisina kusimba uye conjugate acid yayo, inoramba shanduko huru mupH kana huwandu hudiki hweasidhi kana hwaro hwawedzerwa.

Danho rekutanga kugadzirisa rudzi urwu rwemaekisesaizi kuona zvikamu zvebuffer solution uye kutarisisa kwavo. Kana idzi data dzazivikanwa, mafomula akakodzera anogona kushandiswa kuverenga pH kana pOH. Kana iri acid-base solution, pH inoverengwa pachishandiswa fomula -log[H+], apo [H+] inomiririra kuungana kwehydrogen ions mumushonga. Kune rumwe rutivi, pOH inogona kuverengwa uchishandisa formula -log [OH-], apo [OH-] inomiririra kusanganiswa kweioni yehydroxide mumhinduro.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, mune imwe sarudzo yebuffer, pH uye pOH haishanduki zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zveasidhi kana chigadziko zvawedzerwa. Nekudaro, kana huwandu hwakakosha hweasidhi kana hwaro hwawedzerwa, chiyero chiri mubuffer solution chinokanganiswa uye pH kana pOH inogona kuchinja. Kugadzirisa matambudziko zvinosanganisira kukanganisa kwekuwedzera kweasidhi kana chigadziko, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa tafura yeHendersson-Hasselbalch, iyo inofananidzira pH kana pOH kuhuwandu hweasidhi uye chigadziko mumhinduro.

10. Maekisesaizi ekuverenga pH mukuita kwemakemikari

Kuverenga pH mukuita kwemakemikari kwakakosha kuti unzwisise acidity kana alkalinity yechinhu. Kuburikidza nezviitwa izvi, iwe unozogona kudzidzira uye kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwako mukuverenga pH. Pano tinokupa nhanho-ne-nhanho gwara rekugadzirisa matambudziko aya.

1. Ziva asidhi kana chigadziko chinobatanidzwa mukuita uye sarudza iyo dissociation nguva dzose (Ka kana Kb). Izvi zvinogara zvichikuudza kuti nyore sei iyo asidhi kana base inoparadzaniswa mumvura. Rangarira kuti kupatsanurwa kweasidhi kunoburitsa H+ (hydrogen) ions ukuwo kuparadzaniswa kwehwaro kunoburitsa OH- (hydroxide) ions.

2. Shandisa Ka kana Kb kutaura kuti uverenge huwandu hweH+ kana OH- ions mumhinduro. Uku kutaura kunowanikwa kubva kumakemikari equilibrium equation yemaitiro. Zvakare, funga nezve stoichiometry yemaitiro kuti uverenge kuwanda kwezvigadzirwa uye reactants.

3. Verengai negative logarithm yeconcentration yeH+ kana OH- ions kuti uwane pH kana pOH zvichiteerana. Rangarira kuti pH inotsanangurwa seyakashata logarithm yekusangana kweH + ions. Pakupedzisira, kuti uwane pOH, bvisa pH kubva pa14.

11. Acid-base titration exercises uye pH inoguma

Acid-base titration maekisesaizi uye kuverenga kweiyo pH inokonzeresa kwakakosha mukuongorora chemistry. Kuburikidza neaya maekisesaizi, tinogona kuona huwandu hweasidhi kana hwaro huripo mune mhinduro uye inoenderana pH yayo. Pazasi pane matanho akadzama ekugadzirisa rudzi urwu rwedambudziko.

1. Ziva maitiro emakemikari: chinhu chekutanga chatinofanira kuita kunzwisisa kemikari inobatanidzwa mune iyo titration. Izvi zvichatibvumira kuziva asidhi uye chigadziko chiripo, pamwe nekuona stoichiometry yezvinoitika.

2. Verenga moles yeasidhi kana chigadziko: Kana tangoziva stoichiometry yemhinduro, tinogona kuishandisa kuverenga ma moles e acid kana chigadziko chiripo mumhinduro. Kuti tiite izvi, isu tinofanirwa kuziva iyo yekuisa uye huwandu hweiyo reagent yatiri kushandisa.

3. Verengai pH inoguma: Kana tave nenhamba yemamoles easidhi kana chigadziko, tinogona kushandisa ruzivo urwu kuverenga pH inoguma. Kuti tiite izvi, isu tinofanirwa kufunga nezve equilibrium yenguva dzose yekuita, iyo ichatiudza kana mhinduro inoguma iri acidic, yakakosha kana isina kwayakarerekera.

Izvo zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kugadzirisa acid-base titration maekisesaizi uye kuverenga iyo inoguma pH inoda ruzivo rwakanaka rwemakemikari pfungwa uye maitiro. Usazeze kushandisa maturusi akadai sepH calculator kana bvunza mudzidzisi wako kuti ajekese chero mibvunzo yaungave unayo. Rangarira kutevedzera aya akadzama nhanho uye dzidzira nemienzaniso kuti unatse hunyanzvi hwako pane iyi nyaya.

12. pH uye pOH kudzidzira muupenyu hwezuva nezuva

pH uye pOH ndiwo mazwi akakosha mukemikari anoshandiswa kuyera acidity kana alkalinity yemhinduro. Aya mazano ane maitiro anoshanda muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Pazasi pane mamwe maekisesaizi achakubatsira iwe kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti pH uye pOH zvinoshanda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.

1. Kuverenga pH yemushonga wemuto weremoni: Kuti tizive pH yemushonga, tinofanira kutanga taziva kuungana kwehydrogen ion (H+) mairi. Kana iri muto weremoni, H+ yaro ndeye 1 x 10 ^ -2 M. Tichishandisa pH formula, iyo pH = -log[H+], tinogona kuverenga pH yemhinduro iyi. Kutsiva kukosha kwekusimbisa, tinowana pH = -log(1 x 10^-2) = 2

2. Sarudza pOH yemushonga we lye: Kuti tiverenge pOH, tinoda kuziva kusanganiswa kweion hydroxide (OH-) mumhinduro. Ngatitii kusungirirwa kweOH- mumushonga we lye ndeye 1 x 10 ^ -3 M. Kuti tiwane pOH, tinoshandisa fomu pOH = -log[OH-]. Kutsiva kukosha kwekusimbisa, tine pOH = -log (1 x 10 ^-3) = 3

3. Verenga pH yemushonga wehydrochloric acid: Ngatitii tine mushonga wehydrochloric acid ine H+ concentration ye1 x 10^-1 M. Tichishandisa pH formula, tinogona kuwana pH = -log(1 x 10 ^-1 ) = 1. Nokudaro, hydrochloric acid solution ine pH ye1, ichiratidza kuti inogadzirisa zvakanyanya.

13. Advanced pH uye pOH Exercises yeCollege Level Students

Muchikamu chino, iwe unowana akasiyana maekisesaizi epamberi ane hukama nepH uye pOH, akagadzirirwa chaizvo vadzidzi vekoreji-level. Aya maekisesaizi achakubatsira iwe kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwako mukugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita ne acidity uye basicity mumakemikari mhinduro.

Muchiitwa chega chega, nhanho-nhanho ruzivo ruchapihwa pamusoro pekugadzirisa dambudziko. Izvi zvinosanganisira mafomula akakodzera uye equation, pamwe nematipi anobatsira ekusvika kune yega yega mhando yekurovedza muviri. Pamusoro pezvo, nhanho-ne-nhanho mienzaniso uye mhinduro zvicharatidzwa, zvichikutendera iwe kuti unzwisise zvizere kuti ungasvika sei pamhinduro chaiyo.

Kuti uwane zvakanyanya kubva pazviitwa izvi, zvinokurudzirwa kuve nehwaro hwakasimba mune zvekutanga zvepH uye pOH. Zvinobatsirawo kuziva mafomula uye hukama pakati peasidhi, mabhesi, uye pKas dzawo. Neruzivo urwu, iwe uchave wakagadzirira kubata zvine chivimbo matambudziko epamberi anoratidzwa muchikamu chino.

14. Ruzivo rwekuongorora: kuongorora maitiro papH uye pOH

Muchikamu chino, tichapa nhevedzano yekudzokorora maekisesaizi papH uye pOH, izvo zvinokutendera kuti uongorore. ruzivo rwako nezve idzi pfungwa dzakakosha mukemesitiri. Sezvaunopedza maekisesaizi, unogona kuyedza hunyanzvi hwako pakuona iyo pH yemhinduro uye kuverenga pOH kubva pH.

Kugadzirisa zviitwa izvi, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti pH chiyero che acidity yemushonga uye inoverengerwa uchishandisa formula: pH = -log[H+]. Kune rumwe rutivi, pOH chiyero chechikonzero chekugadzirisa uye inoverengwa uchishandisa fomu: pOH = -log[OH-]. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinofanirwa kuyeuka kuti pH uye pOH zvikero zvelogarithmic, zvichireva kuti shanduko yega yega mupH kana pOH inomiririra shanduko yegumi mukusangana kweH + kana OH- ions, zvichiteerana.

Zano rinobatsira rekugadzirisa maekisesaizi ndeyekutevera matanho anotevera: Chekutanga, tsvaga kana mhinduro iri acid kana yakakosha. Zvadaro, shandisa pH kana pOH mafomula, sezvakakodzera, kuverenga kukosha. Kana zvichidikanwa, shandura pH kana pOH kukosha kune huwandu hweH + kana OH-ion. Chekupedzisira, tarisa kana mhedzisiro yawanikwa ichienderana neyakare kupatsanurwa kweasidhi kana base. Rangarira kuti zvakakosha kubata nemayunitsi nemazvo uye kushandisa macalculator esainzi kune zvakanyanya kuoma kuverenga.

Mukupedzisa, pH uye pOH maekisesaizi anotibvumira kunzwisisa uye nemazvo kuverenga acidity kana alkalinity yemhinduro. Zvishandiso izvi zvakakosha mukemistry uye munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi, senge mushonga, biology uye indasitiri. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemafomula uye neruzivo rwe theoretical, tinogona kuona huwandu hwehydrogen (H +) kana hydroxide (OH-) ions mumhinduro, iyo inotipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve maitiro ayo emakemikari uye. Zvinhu zvake. Kuziva pfungwa dzepH uye pOH kunoita kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa hunhu hwezvinhu zvakasiyana, kugadzirisa pH mumhinduro, kuita masvomhu chaiwo, uye kuita sarudzo dzakakodzera munzvimbo dzesainzi. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti pH uye pOH zviyero zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa acidity kana alkalinity, uye inogona kuiswa mune yekutanga chemistry uye mune zvakanyanya kuoma mamiriro panodiwa kunyatso kudzora mamiriro emakemikari. Tiine ruzivo urwu mupfungwa, pH uye pOH maekisesaizi anova maturusi akakosha mukudzidza kwedu uye kunzwisisa kwekemikari. nemashandisirwo ayo munyika chaiko.