Sero Muviri kana Soma

Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, chivakwa chakakosha mumaeuroni. Mumunda weurouroscience, kunzwisisa anatomy uye basa re soma kwakakosha kwakakosha pakudzidza kwetsinga system. Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichaongorora zvakadzama maitiro uye mashandiro emuviri wesero, pamwe nekukoshera kwayo mukugadziriswa kweruzivo neuronal. Kuburikidza nemaitiro ehunyanzvi uye asina kwaakarerekera, isu ticharatidza kuoma uye kunakidza basa rinoitwa nesero mukushanda kwehuropi.

Sero muviri kana soma: chimiro uye chikuru mabasa

Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, ndiyo chikamu chepakati chesero retsinga. Ichi chimiro chinoratidzwa nekuve chikamu cheneuron ine nucleus uye mazhinji emasero organelles anodiwa pakushanda kwayo. Iyo soma ine chimiro chakatenderedzwa uye yakakomberedzwa ne cellular extensions inonzi dendrites, iyo inobvumira kutaurirana nemamwe masero. Pamusoro pezvo, inobatana nechikamu chakareba, chakatetepa chesero chinozivikanwa seaxon, kuburikidza nekoni yekutanga kana hillock axon.

Chimiro che soma chinoumbwa ne plasma membrane inovhara uye inodzivirira mukati memuviri wesero. Mukati, tinowana nucleus, iyo inogara sero genetic material uye inodzora mabasa ayo emagetsi. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo soma ine organelles senge rough endoplasmic reticulum, inokonzeresa protein synthesis, uye Golgi apparatus, iyo inogadzirisa uye inoisa mapuroteni isati yaendeswa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzesero.

Kana zvakadaro mashandiro ayo Kunyanya, iyo soma inoita basa rakakosha mukufambiswa kwemagetsi nemakemikari masaini muhurongwa yakanyanya kusimba. Imba iyo nucleus, iyo soma ine basa rekugadzirisa uye kudzora mapuroteni anodiwa kune cellular basa uye neuronal kutaurirana. Mukuwedzera, soma inobatanidzwa mukubatanidzwa kwezviratidzo zvakagamuchirwa kuburikidza ne dendrites uye mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi anoparadzirwa pamwe chete neaxon. Muchidimbu, sero muviri kana soma inoita basa rakakosha mukurongeka uye kufambisa kweruzivo mu. iyo yakashata system.

Morphological maitiro emuviri wesero

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Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, ndicho chikamu chikuru cheneuron ine nucleus uye mazhinji emasero organelles. Iine akati wandei akasiyana morphological maitiro ayo akakosha pakushanda kwayo uye anobatsira kune yakasarudzika chimiro.

Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvemuviri wesero ndezvi:

• Shape: Muviri wesero une chiumbwa chakatenderedzwa kana kuti ovhari mumaneuron mazhinji.
• Size: Saizi yemuviri wesero inosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nerudzi rweneuron, asi kazhinji inotangira pakati pe4 ne100 micrometer mudhayamita.
• Nucleus: Mukati, mutumbi wesero unogara nucleus, iyo ine ruzivo rwemajini runodiwa kuti sero rishande.
• Cytoplasm: Iyo cytoplasm yemuviri wesero yakapfuma mune organelles senge endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, uye mitochondria, iyo inoita mabasa akasiyana akakosha kune neuronal kupona uye kuita.

Mukupedzisa, iwo akakosha pakushanda kwakaringana kwemaneuroni. Chimiro chavo, saizi, nucleus, uye cytoplasmic kuumbwa zvinopa kune yakasarudzika chimiro uye basa reaya masero etsinga, achivabvumira kugadzirisa uye kutumira masaini emagetsi. zvakanaka mukati mehurongwa hwekutya.

Kukosha kwesero muviri mukufambiswa kwechiratidzo

Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, unobata basa rakakosha mukufambiswa kwechiratidzo mutsinga system. Chimiro ichi ndicho chikamu chepakati chesero retsinga kana neuron, uye ine nucleus, inogara sero genetic material. Kuburikidza nemuviri wesero, zviratidzo zvinogamuchirwa ne dendrites, kuwedzera kwebazi kubva mumutumbi wemasero uye anoita semashoko ekugamuchira, akabatanidzwa uye anogadziriswa.

Rimwe remabasa makuru emuviri wesero kuchengetedza uye kudzora metabolic basa retsinga cell. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzirwa kweprotein uye neurotransmitters zvinodiwa pakushanda kwakakodzera kweiyo neuron. Saizvozvo, mutumbi wesero une basa rekugamuchira uye kufambisa mafambiro emagetsi kuburikidza nesero membrane, nekuda kwemapuroteni akasarudzika senge ion nzira.

Muviri wesero unoitawo basa rakakosha mukubatanidza masaini anogamuchirwa nemadendrites. Nekugamuchira ruzivo kubva kune akasiyana dendrites, sero body inoongorora uye inogadzirisa ruzivo urwu kuti ibudise chiratidzo chekubuda kana magetsi emagetsi. Aya mafungiro anofambiswa kuburikidza neaxon, kumwe kuwedzera kweiyo neuron, kune mamwe masero etsinga kana maitiro.

Basa remuviri wesero muhutano hwekubatanidza neural

Sero muviri, unozivikanwawo se soma kana perikaryon, chikamu chakakosha cheiyo neural yekubatanidza maitiro. Inowanikwa pakati peneuron uye ine nucleus, inova nzvimbo yekudzora yesero. Kuburikidza nechimiro chayo, mutumbi wesero unobvumira kutapurirana kwemagetsi nemakemikari masaini ari kiyi yekutaurirana pakati peeuroni.

Muviri wesero une akati wandei akakosha mabasa mukubatanidzwa neural:

• Chizvarwa uye kugovera kwesimba rinodiwa pakushanda kweiyo neuron.
• Kugamuchirwa kwemagetsi nemakemikari zviratidzo kubva kune dzimwe neuroni.
• Kubatanidzwa kwemasaini akawanda akagamuchirwa kuti abudise mhinduro yakakodzera.
• Kugadzirisa uye kukwidziridzwa kwemasaini usati waaendesa kuburikidza ne dendrites kune dzimwe nzvimbo dze neuron.

Pamusoro pezvo, mutumbi wesero une zvinhu zvakakosha zveprotein uye neurotransmitter synthesis, senge rough endoplasmic reticulum uye Golgi yakaoma. Izvi zvimiro zvine basa rekugadzira uye kurongedza kwemamorekuru anodiwa pakushanda kwakaringana kweiyo neuron. Muchidimbu, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekukurukurirana kwakanaka pakati peeuroni uye kutapurirana kwakaringana kweruzivo mutsinga system.

Hukama pakati pesero muviri uye protein synthesis

Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, chikamu chakakosha chesero chinoita basa rakakosha muprotein synthesis. Ichi chimiro, chiripo mumasero eukaryotic, chinogara nucleus uye mamwe organelles akakosha pakushanda kwakanaka kwesero.

Protein synthesis inzira yakaoma umo mamorekuru anodiwa pakuvandudza nekuchengetedza matishu emuviri uye nhengo dzinogadzirwa. Sero body ndiyo inodzora nzvimbo Maitiro aya, sezvo iine ruzivo rwemajini mumukati mayo, iyo inonyora mirairo inodiwa pakugadzirwa kwemapuroteni.

Uye zvakare, mutumbi wesero unogara ribosomes, organelles nyanzvi muprotein synthesis. Aya madiki eRNA uye maprotein complexes ane basa rekuverenga iyo genetic code iripo mukati meiyo nucleus uye kuishandura mukutevedzana kweamino acids inoumba mapuroteni. Nekuda kweizvi, maseru anogona kuita mabasa akakosha akadai sekugadzirisa matishu uye kugadzirwa kwema enzymes nemahomoni.

Iyo sero muviri senzvimbo yekudzora neuronal uye kudzora

Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, chinhu chakakosha mune neuronal chimiro chinotarisira kudzora uye kutonga kwemabasa etsinga. Iri mukati mechikamu chepakati neuron, mutumbi wesero ndiyo inzvimbo yemukati uye zvimwe zvimiro zvakakosha, senge rough endoplasmic reticulum uye Golgi apparatus.

Rimwe remabasa makuru emuviri wesero iprotein synthesis. Apa ndipo panogadzirwa mapuroteni anodiwa pakushanda nekutaurirana kwemaneuroni. Kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi kunyoreswa uye kududzira, iyo DNA iri mukati memukati inoshandurwa kuita mutumwa RNA, iyo inozoshandurwa kuita mapuroteni chaiwo mukati memuviri wesero. Aya mapuroteni akakosha pakuchengetedza kwekutanga neuronal mabasa, senge chizvarwa uye kutapurirana kwemagetsi masaini.

Rimwe basa rakakosha remuviri wesero ndiko kubatanidzwa kwezviratidzo kubva kune dzimwe neuroni. MaDendrites, ayo ari matavi ekuwedzera kwesero muviri, anogashira masaini esynaptic kubva kune yakavakidzana neuroni. Aya masaini anofambiswa kune cell body, kwaanosanganiswa uye kugadziriswa kuti aone kana chiratidzo chekubuda chinofanirwa kugadzirwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, mutumbi wesero unoshanda senzvimbo yekutonga uko ruzivo rwunopinda rwunoongororwa uye sarudzo inoitwa yekuti ungapindura sei.

Nutrient transport systems mu cell body

Passive transport:

• Kupararira kwakapfava ndiyo kiyi yekufambisa nzira uko zvinovaka muviri zvinofamba nepakati pesero membrane kubva munzvimbo dzakakwirira kuenda kunzvimbo dzakadzika.
• Kuburikidza neosmosis, mvura uye mamwe mamorekuru madiki anogona kupfuura nepakati pesero membrane pasina kushandisa simba.
• Kufambiswa kufambiswa kunosanganisira maprotein ekutakura ayo anobatsira chikafu kuyambuka membrane, kunyangwe paine mutsauko wakakwira kusvika wakaderera.

Chifambiso chinoshanda:

• Iyo sodium-potassium pombi ndiyo yakajairika nzira yekufambisa inoshanda iyo inoshandisa simba kufambisa maion matatu e sodium kubva musero uye maviri maion potassium muchitokisi.
• Endocytosis ndiyo imwe nzira inoshanda yekufambisa umo sero rinotora chikafu nekugadzira mavhesi anotenderedza zvimedu uye anoapinza muchitokisi.
• Exocytosis ndiyo nzira inopesana, apo sero rinoburitsa zvinhu kunze nekusanganisa mavesicles ne cell membrane.

Kufambisa kuburikidza nemapuroteni nzira:

• Maprotein channels akafanana netunnels diki mu cell membrane izvo zvinobvumira kusarudzwa kwechikamu chekudya chaiko.
• Mamwe maprotein channels anovhura nekuvharika zvichienderana nekukurudzira kwekunze sekuchinja kwevoltage (voltage-dependent channels) kana kuvapo kwema ligands (ligand-dependent channels).
• Aya maprotein chiteshi anovimbisa kufambisa kwakanaka uye nekukurumidza kwezvinovaka muviri zvinodikanwa pakushanda kweserura.

Mhedzisiro yekukuvara pane sero muviri uye kupora kwayo

Kukuvara kumuviri wesero, kungave kubva mukukuvadzwa kwemuviri kana chirwere, kunogona kuve nekukanganisa kukuru pakushanda kwesero. Mhinduro yemuviri kune kukuvara uku inzira yakaoma inosanganisira nzira dzakawanda dzekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa.

Kamwe kukuvara kunoitika kumuviri wesero, kutenderera kwemamorekuru uye cellular zviitiko zvinokonzeresa. Kutanga, masero akakuvadzwa anobudisa zviratidzo zvemakemikari anotora masero ekuputika kunzvimbo yekukuvara. Aya maseru ekuzvimba anobatsira kubvisa matishu akakuvadzwa uye kugadzirira nharaunda kugadzirisa.

Kudzoreredzwa kwemuviri wesero mushure mekukuvara kunosanganisira activation yekuvandudza uye kuporesa maitiro. Iwo stem maseru aripo mumuviri anove akaitwa uye anotanga kusiyanisa kutsiva maseru akakuvadzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, maseru anogonawo kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwema enzymes uye kukura zvinhu zvinosimudzira kuumbwa kwetsinga dzeropa nematishu.

Basa remuviri wesero mune neuronal plasticity

Neural plasticity inoreva kugona kwehuropi kuchinja uye kugadzirisa mukupindura kune zvitsva uye kudzidza. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, basa remuviri wesero re neuron rakakosha. Muviri wesero, unozivikanwawo se soma, ndicho chikamu cheneuron chine nucleus uye cellular machine inodiwa kuchengetedza basa rayo. Kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana, mutumbi wesero unotora chikamu mune neuronal plasticity maitiro uye inoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa chimiro uye basa rekubatanidza synaptic.

Imwe yenzira iyo sero muviri unobatsira kune neuronal plasticity ndeye kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemapuroteni matsva. Kana neuron ikasangana neshanduko munharaunda yayo, iyo inosimudzira yakagashira activate nzira dzakasiyana dzekusaina dzinoguma neprotein synthesis mumuviri wesero. Aya mapuroteni matsva akakosha pakuumbwa nekusimbaradzwa kwekubatana kutsva kwesynaptic, zvichibvumira neuron kugadzirisa uye kupindura zvakakodzera kune zvinokurudzira zvakatipoteredza.

Chimwe chinhu chakakodzera kutora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwezvingaitwa. Zviitiko zvinogona kuita manyawi emagetsi anobvumira kutaurirana pakati peeuroni. Muviri wesero unokonzeresa kugadzirwa kweaya maitiro ekuita kuburikidza neakaomarara biochemical uye electrophysiological process. Iko kunakidzwa kwesero remuviri membrane, inodzorwa neakasiyana ion chiteshi, inosarudza mukana wekugadzirwa kwechiito chinogona kuita. Iyi nzira yakakosha kune neuronal plasticity, sezvo inobvumira kunyatsogadziriswa kwekutaurirana pakati peeuroni uye modulation yesimba rekubatanidza synaptic.

Kukosha kwekuchengetedza nzvimbo yakakwana yemuviri wesero

Zvinokurudzira kuchengetedza nekusimbisa mashandiro emuviri wesero

Imwe yedzakanakisa nzira dzekuchengetedza nekusimbisa sero kushanda kwemuviri ndeyekudya kwakanaka. Kudya kwakadzikama uye kune hutano kwakakosha kubatsira kuchengetedza maseru edu ari muchimiro chakanyanya. Zvakakosha kuisa zvokudya zvakapfuma mu antioxidants, zvakadai semichero mitsva nemiriwo, izvo zvinobatsira kudzivirira masero edu kubva pakukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nemahara radicals.

Imwe kurudziro yakakosha ndeyekudzivisa kunwa zvinhu zvine chepfu, zvakaita sefodya nedoro. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kukuvadza masero edu uye kukanganisa kushanda kwavo kwamazuva ose. Uyezve, zvakakosha kuti ugare uine hydrated nekunwa mvura yakakwana zuva rese. Mvura inokosha pakushanda kwakakodzera kwemasero edu, sezvo inobatsira kutakura kudya uye kubvisa chepfu.

Mukuwedzera pakudya zvakanaka uye kudzivisa zvinhu zvine chepfu, zvinokosha kuti ugare uchirovedza muviri. Kuita maekisesaizi kunobatsira kuvandudza kutenderera kweropa, izvo zvinozovandudza oxygenation yemasero edu. Mukuwedzera, kurovedza muviri nguva dzose kunobatsira kusimbisa masimba ezvirwere zvemuviri, izvo zvinotibatsira kupindura zvakanyanya kune hutsinye hwekunze. Rangarira kubvunza nyanzvi usati watanga chero chirongwa chekurovedza muviri.

Zvishandiso zvekutsvagisa kwesero kwezvekurapa kweramangwana

Tsvagiridzo yemuviri wesero yave nzvimbo inovimbisa yekugadzira hunyanzvi hwekurapa mune ramangwana. Sezvo masayendisiti anoburitsa zvakavanzika zvemasero uye nekushanda kwawo kwemukati, mikana isingaperi iri kuvhurika kugadzirisa zvirwere uye kusagadzikana nenzira dzinoshanda uye dzemunhu.

Una yekushandisa Chinhu chinonyanya kunakidza chekutsvaga musero muviri ndeye gene therapy. Iyi nzira yechimurenga inosanganisira kushandura majini emasero kuti agadzirise zviri pasi pemagene uye kurapa hosha dzinogarwa nhaka. Nekuunza majini ane hutano kana kugadzirisa akaremara, kurapwa kwemajini kunogona kupa mhinduro chaiyo uye inorapa yemamiriro ayo aimbove asina marapiro anoshanda.

Imwe nzvimbo inovimbisa mushonga wekuvandudza, iyo inotsvaga kushandisa stem maseru kugadzirisa akakanganisika matishu uye nhengo. Nekupa masero e stem, angave zvakananga kana kuburikidza nekukurudzira muviri kuti uabudise, kudzoreredzwa kwezvimiro zvemuviri kunogona kusimudzirwa. Mushonga uyu une mukana wekurapa zvirwere zvisingaperi, senge chirwere chemoyo kana kukuvara kwemusana, izvo parizvino zvine maitiro mashoma ekurapa.

Q&A

Mubvunzo: Chii chinorehwa ne "Sero Body kana Soma" mu cell biology?
Mhinduro: Musero biology, sero muviri kana soma ndiyo yepakati chikamu chetsinga, inozivikanwawo seneuron. Ndiyo nzvimbo inogara nucleus yesero uye akawanda ezvimiro zvakakosha pakushanda uye kurarama kwesero.

Mubvunzo: Nderipi basa guru remuviri wesero mune neuron?
Mhinduro: Basa guru remuviri wesero mune neuron kuita metabolic maitiro uye synthesis mapuroteni anodiwa kuti masero ashande. Iyo inewo basa rekubatanidza masaini anogamuchirwa kubva kune mamwe masero etsinga uye nekuaendesa kuburikidza nekuwedzera anonzi dendrites uye axons.

Mubvunzo: Ndeapi maitiro ane cell body yeneuron?
Mhinduro: Sero body ye neuron ine akati wandei akasarudzika maitiro. Iyo inowanzo ine chimiro chakakomberedzwa kana chakareba uye inoumbwa ne cytoplasm, cell nucleus, subcellular organelles, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zve microtubules uye microfilaments inopa rubatsiro rwemaitiro.

Mubvunzo:Ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru zviripo musero reneuron?
Mhinduro: Zvikamu zvikuru zvinowanikwa musero remuviri weneuron zvinosanganisira cell nucleus, inochengeta ruzivo rwemajini esero; iyo rough endoplasmic reticulum, apo protein synthesis inoitika; midziyo yeGolgi, ine basa rekugadzirisa, kurongedza uye kutakura mapuroteni; uye mitochondria, inotarisira kugadzirwa kwesimba rekushanda kweserura.

Mubvunzo: Sero muviri weneuron wakabatana sei nemamwe masero etsinga?
Mhinduro: Sero muviri weneuron unobatanidza kune mamwe masero etsinga kuburikidza nehunyanzvi ekuwedzera anonzi dendrites nemaaxon. MaDendrites anogashira masaini uye anoendesa ruzivo akananga kumuviri wesero, nepo maaxon achiendesa masaini kure nemuviri wesero kuenda kune mamwe masero etsinga kana matishu.

Mubvunzo: Chii chakakosha chemuviri wesero mukushanda kwetsinga?
Mhinduro: Muviri wesero unoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kwetsinga dzetsinga, sezvo iriyo saiti inotambirwa masaini kubva kune mamwe masero etsinga inogadziriswa uye yakabatanidzwa. Iyo inewo basa rekugadzira uye kutumira masaini emagetsi kana neurotransmitters inobvumira kutaurirana pakati pemaseru etsinga uye kurongeka kwemabasa etsinga system.

Mubvunzo: Pane misiyano here musero remaneuroni zvichienderana nerudzi rwesero retsinga?
Mhinduro: Hongu, kune misiyano musero muviri weeuroni zvinoenderana nerudzi rwetsinga sero uye basa rayo chairo. Mamwe masero etsinga anogona kunge aine masero akakura ekuisa mamwe organelles uye kumisa nzira dzakasiyana dzemetabolism, nepo mamwe anogona kunge aine madiki, akasarudzika maseru ekuita chaiwo mabasa.

Mubvunzo: Ndezvipi zvimwe zvirwere kana kusagadzikana kwakabatana nesero remaneuroni?
Mhinduro: Zvimwe zvirwere kana kusagadzikana kunobatanidza nesero body of neurons zvinosanganisira chirwere cheAlzheimer, Parkinson's, uye amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Aya matambudziko anogona kukanganisa zvakajairika sero kushanda kwemuviri, protein synthesis, uye kutapurirana kwechiratidzo, zvichikonzera matambudziko neurodegenerative.

Mhedziso

Mukupedzisa, sero muviri kana soma inoburitswa sechinhu chakakosha muhupenyu hwemasero neuronal. Kuburikidza nechimiro chayo uye basa, iyo soma inopa rubatsiro rwakakosha rwekugadzirisa uye kuendesa ruzivo rweuronal. Sepakati pekutonga uye kutonga, iyo soma inobatsira kuchengetedza homeostasis munharaunda ye intracellular uye inoita basa rakakosha mukubatanidzwa kwezviratidzo kubva kune akasiyana masinapses. Uyezve, kugona kwayo kugadzira mapuroteni uye kutora chikamu mune metabolic maitiro akakosha kuhupenyu hweserura hunoita kuti ive yakakosha chimiro. Naizvozvo, kunzvera kwakadzama kwemuviri wesero kana soma kunotitendera kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama kushanda kwetsinga dzetsinga uye kunovhura maonero matsva ekutsvaga neuroscience. Nekuramba tichiburitsa zvakavanzika zve soma, tinogona kufambira mberi zvakanyanya mukuongororwa uye kurapwa kwehutano hwetsinga, nekudaro tichipa hupenyu huri nani kune avo vanobatwa nemamiriro aya. Muchidimbu, mutumbi wesero unomira sechinhu chakakosha cheiyo neuronal puzzle uye kudzidza kwayo kunoramba kuchikosha kufambira mberi kwesainzi nezvekurapa mukunzwisisa kwehuropi hwemunhu.