Kuberekana kwesero chinhu chakakosha mukukura nekukura kwezvipenyu. Kuti unzwisise nzira iyi, zvakakosha kuti uzive matanho e mitosis uye meiosis, maitiro maviri akakosha mukupatsanurwa kwesero. Muchikamu chino, tichanyatsoongorora zvinoonekwa zvekugadzirwa kwesero, tichitarisa pane zvehunyanzvi zvemitosis uye meiosis. Kuburikidza nemaonero asina kwaakarerekera, tichanyatsoongorora misiyano uye kufanana pakati peaya akakosha maitiro ehupenyu hweserura.
Nhanganyaya yeKuberekwazve Kwesero
Kuberekwa kweserura Inzira yakakosha yekukura nekusimukira kwezvisikwa zvese zvipenyu. Iyo ine kupatsanurwa kwe stem cell kuita maviri emwanasikana maseru akafanana, ayo anobvumira kuchengetedza uye kuvandudzwa kwematishu emuviri. Ichi chiitiko chinoitika mumhando dzese dzehupenyu, kubva kubhakitiriya kusvika kuvanhu.
Kune marudzi maviri makuru ekuberekana kwemasero: asexual kubereka uye kuberekana pabonde. Mukubereka kweasexual, sero remubereki mumwe rinopatsanurwa kuita masero emwanasikana akanyatsofanana, pasina kubatanidzwa kwemajini kubva kune chimwe chisikwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuberekana kwepabonde kunoda kutora chikamu kwemasero maviri akasarudzika, magametes, kubva kune zvipenyu zviviri zvakasiyana. Mageteti aya anobatana panguva yekusangana kuumba sero idzva rine mageneti akasanganiswa.
Kuberekwa kwesero kunoitika kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakaoma hunozivikanwa sekutenderera kwesero. Kutenderera uku kunosanganisira matanho akati wandei, anosanganisira interphase, nuclear divisheni, uye cytokinesis. Munguva ye interphase, sero rinogadzirira kupatsanurwa nekudzokorora genetic zvinhu uye kudzokorora zvimwe zvikamu zvemasero. Kana imwe nguva interphase yapera, sero rinopinda muchikamu chekuparadzanisa, apo mitosis kana meiosis inoitika, zvichienderana nerudzi rwekubereka. Pakupedzisira, muchikamu che cytokinesis, sero rinopatsanurwa kuita maviri akaparadzana, anoshanda mwanasikana maseru.
Nzira ye mitosis: matanho uye maitiro
Mitosis inzira yakakosha muhupenyu hwemasero eukaryotic, ichibvumira sero remubereki kuti ridzokorore uye rigovane kuita masero emwanasikana akafanana. Aya vanasikana maseru anobva aramba achikura nekukura, achivimbisa kuvandudzwa kwetishu uye kugadzirisa mune zvipenyu zvakawanda. Mumitosis yese, masero anopinda nemunhevedzano yematanho, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana.
1. Prophase:
Muprophase, chromatin inodzika uye inooneka kune microscope semakromosomes ega. Iyo nyukireya membrane inonyangarika uye centromeres inoparadzaniswa, ichigadzira iyo inonzi kinetochores. Nekudaro, iyo microtubules ye cytoskeleton yakarongwa kuita zvimiro zvinonzi spindles.
2. Metaphase:
Mu metaphase, ma chromosomes anotama akananga kuequatorial plane yesero, achizvibatanidza nenzira yakarongeka, uye anonamatira kune spindle microtubules kuburikidza ne kinetochores. Kurongeka uku kunovimbisa kugovaniswa kwakaringana kwemakromosomes pakati pemasero emwanasikana munhanho inotevera.
3. Anaphase:
Muanaphase, kinetochores inoparadzana uye makromosomes anopatsanurwa kuita masisita maviri ekromatidhi. Aya ma chromatid anoenda kune akapesana nematanda esero, anofambiswa nekukochekera kwemamicrotubules emupindo. Pakupera kweanaphase, danda rega rega rega rine seti yakakwana yemakromosomes uye yakagadzirira nhanho inotevera.
Tsanangudzo ye interphase mu mitosis
Interphase mu mitosis inhanho yakakosha yekutenderera kwesero umo sero rinogadzirira kupatsanurwa kwesero. Munguva iyi, nhevedzano yemaitiro inoitika iyo inovimbisa kudzokororwa kwakaringana kwemajini uye kupatsanurwa kwakanaka kwemakromosome panguva yekukamurwa kwesero.
Kutanga, panguva yeinterphase, sero rinosangana nenguva yekukura kwakanyanya uye kuita kwemetabolism. Panguva iyi, sero rinowedzera kukura uye nemazvo uye nokutendeka rinodzokorora DNA yaro. Maitiro aya DNA kudzokorodza kwakakosha, sezvo ichivimbisa kuti mwanasikana wesero anogamuchira yakakwana uye chaiyo kopi yemajini. Uyezve, chikafu chinodiwa pakushanda kwakanaka kwesero chinogadzirwa uye chinounganidzwa panguva ye mitosis.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha che interphase kugadzirira kwemakromosomes ekuparadzanisa. Munguva iyi, machromosomes ari pakurebesa uye kuderedzwa, zvichibvumira kupinda nyore kune majini. Izvi zvinogonesa kunyorwa nekuturikirwa kwemajini anosanganisirwa mukudzora kwekupatsanurwa kwesero uye kugadzirisa kukuvara kweDNA. Mukuwedzera, kudzokorora kunoitika. ye centrioles, zvimiro zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemitotic spindle, zvinove zvakakosha pakupatsanurwa kwe the machromosome panguva ye mitosis.
Mitosis: kukosha uye kushanda mune multicellular organisms
Mitosis inzira yakakosha mune zvipenyu zvakawanda. Uku kukamukana kwesero kunoita kuti kukura, kugadzirisa, uye kuberekana kwematishu muzvinhu zvipenyu. Munguva ye mitosis, sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa kuita vanasikana vaviri masero, rimwe nerimwe riine kopi yakafanana yeiyo genetic zvinhu. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakuchengetedza kuvimbika kwemajini uye kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakanaka kwezvipenyu.
Rimwe remabasa makuru e mitosis kubereka kweasexual. Mune zvipenyu zvisingaite senge mabhakitiriya uye mbiriso, mitosis inobvumira kukurumidza kuberekana uye kuwanda kwemasero akafanana. Mune zvipenyu zvakawanda, mitosis yakakosha pakukura nekukura kwemunhu. Munguva ye embryo, mitosis inobvumira kuumbwa uye kusiyanisa zvakasiyana siyana uye nhengo.
Rimwe basa rakakosha remitosis kugadzirisa matishu. Kana chipenyu chikakuvara kana kukuvadzwa, maseru akakuvadzwa anogona kutsiviwa kuburikidza ne mitosis. Semuenzaniso, muganda, masero akafa anogara achitsiviwa nemasero matsva kuburikidza ne mitosis. Pamusoro pezvo, mitosis yakakosha pakuvandudzwa uye kuvandudzwa kwematishu mumuviri, senge tambo yeura uye mwongo.
Nzira ye meiosis: kusiyana ne mitosis
Meiosis chirongwa chekupatsanurwa kwesero chinoitika mumasero ebonde, anonzi magametes, aine chinangwa chekugadzira masero emwanasikana ane hafu yenhamba yemakromosome sesero remubereki. Kusiyana nemitosis, apo sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa kuti ribudise masero maviri emwanasikana akafanana, meiosis ine mapoka maviri masero anotevedzana, anonzi meiosis I uye meiosis II, ayo anoburitsa masero mana evanasikana.
Imwe ye misiyano mikuru pakati meiosis uye mitosis iri muhuwandu hwemasero anogadzirwa. Nepo mitosis ichigadzira vanasikana vaviri masero, meiosis inogadzira mana haploid mwanasikana maseru, zvichireva kuti ane hafu yenhamba yemakromosome sesero remubereki. Uku kuderedzwa kwechromosome kwakakosha pakuberekwa kwepabonde, sezvo ichibvumira kusanganiswa kwemajini kubva kumagametes maviri akasiyana panguva yekusangana.
Mumwe mutsauko wakakosha uri mukuparadzaniswa kwehomologous chromosomes panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwesero. Mu meiosis I, homologous chromosomes akabatana uye akaparadzana, achigadzira vanasikana masero maviri ane musanganiswa wakasiyana wemakromosomes aamai neababa. Kune rimwe divi, mu mitosis, ma chromosomes anongopatsanurwa zvakaenzana kuita vanasikana vaviri masero, nokudaro kuchengetedza chromosomal mubatsiri wakasimba.
Meiosis: matanho uye maitiro
Meiosis inzira yekuparadzaniswa kwesero kunoitika mumasero ebonde, anozivikanwawo semagametes. Kusiyana nemitosis, iyo inogadzira akafanana somatic masero, meiosis inogadzira mwanasikana maseru ane hafu yenhamba yemakromosomes. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakuberekwa kwepabonde uye inobatsira mukusiyana kwemajini.
Meiosis yakakamurwa kuita matanho makuru maviri: meiosis I uye meiosis II. Munhanho yekutanga, inozivikanwawo sedanho rekudzikisa, genetic material inodzokororwa uye homologous chromosomes anobatana uye anoyambuka. Kupatsanurwa kwesero kunobva kwaitika, uko homologous chromosomes inopatsanurana ichienda kumwanasikana mumwe nemumwe maseru.
Muchikamu chechipiri, meiosis II, kupatsanurwa kwakafanana nemitosis kunoitika, asi nemasero ehaploid anokonzerwa nemeiosis I. Munguva iyi, hanzvadzi chromatids inoparadzaniswa uye inogoverwa mumasero mana emwanasikana akasiyana, rimwe nerimwe rine haploid set of chromosomes. Aya vanasikana masero ndiwo magametes epabonde, akagadzirira kusanganisa pakusangana uye anopa kuumbwa kwechinhu chitsva.
Biological kukosha kwe meiosis mukuita zvepabonde
Meiosis inzira yakakosha yekuberekana kwepabonde mune zvipenyu. Kuburikidza nekuita uku, masero ediploid stem anopatsanura uye anogadzira mana emwanasikana maseru, rimwe nerimwe riine hafu yenhamba yemakromosome sesero remubereki. Chokwadi ichi chakakosha zvikuru muzvinhu zvipenyu, sezvo chichivimbisa kusiyana kwemajini mukati merudzi uye kuchibatsira pakujairana nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvipenyu.
Zvimwe zvakakosha zvezvinhu izvi ndezvi:
- Chizvarwa chekusiyana kwemajini: Munguva ye meiosis, kudzokororwa kwemajini kunoitika kuburikidza nekuyambuka kwehomologous chromosomes. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchinjana kwemajini pakati pemakromosomes ebaba neaamai, izvo zvinogadzira misanganiswa mitsva yemajini uye inowedzera kusiyana kwemajini muhuwandu.
- Kubviswa kweruzivo rwakawanda rwemajini: Meiosis inobvumirawo kubviswa kweruzivo rusina basa kana rwakakuvadzwa. Munguva yekutanga meiotic division, homologous chromosomes inoparadzana, uye mune dzimwe nguva, kukanganisa kunogona kuitika mukuita uku zvichikonzera kubviswa kwemamwe machromosome kana kurongekazve kwezvikamu zvekromosome. Zviitiko izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kuvimbika kweiyo genetic zvinhu uye kudzivirira kutapurirana kwekuchinja kunokuvadza kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera.
- Maumbirwo eGamete: Chekupedzisira, meiosis yakakosha pakuumbwa kwemagametes, kureva, maseru epabonde akasarudzika senge mazai nembeu. Aya masero ehaploid anodiwa pakusangana uye kusikwa kwevanhu vatsva vane misanganiswa yakasiyana yemajini kubva kuvabereki vavo. Uyezve, kuburikidza nekuparadzaniswa kwakazvimiririra kwehomologous chromosomes panguva yechipiri meiotic division, musanganiswa wakasiyana we alleles unogadzirwa, zvichiwedzera kuwedzera genetic siyana.
Muchidimbu, meiosis yakakosha zvikuru mukuberekwa kwepabonde sezvo ichivimbisa kusiyana kwemajini, inofambisa kubviswa kweruzivo rwemajini uye inobvumira kuumbwa kwemagametes. Zvinhu izvi zvinobatsira pakugadzirisa nekushanduka-shanduka kwezvipenyu, zvichiita kuti zvipenyu zvirarame nekufamba kwenguva.
Kuenzanisa pakati pe mitosis uye meiosis: zvakanakira uye zvisingabatsiri mumasero ekuberekana maitiro
Kuberekana kwesero chinhu chakakosha pakukura nekukura kwezvipenyu. Mhando mbiri huru dzekuberekana kwesero ndeye mitosis uye meiosis, zvese zvine zvakanakira nekuipira.
Mu mitosis, sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa kuita masero maviri emwanasikana akafanana. Zvakanakira mitosis zvinosanganisira:
- Kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemajini: Mitosis inova nechokwadi chekuti sero rega rega remwanasikana rine genetic code yakafanana nesero remubereki. Izvi zvinobvumira kutamiswa kwehunhu hunodiwa uye kuchengetedzwa kweiyo genetic identity muzvizvarwa zvese.
- Kukurumidza kutamba: Mitosis inzira inokurumidza kuenzaniswa ne meiosis. Masero anoparadzanisa nekukurumidza, izvo zvinokurudzira kuvandudzwa kwezvinyama zvakakuvadzwa uye kukura kwezvipenyu.
- Kugadziriswa kwenyama: Mitosis yakakosha pakugadzirisa matishu uye kuvandudzwa mune zvipenyu zvakawanda. Inobvumira kuvandudzwa kwemasero akakuvadzwa kana akafa, izvo zvinobatsira pakupora kwemuviri.
Kune rumwe rutivi, meiosis inzira yekuparadzanisa masero inoguma nekuumbwa kwemasero epabonde, anozivikanwawo semagametes. Vamwe zvakanakira nezvakaipira Zviratidzo zve meiosis ndezvi:
- Genetic siyana: Meiosis inogadzira vanasikana masero ane akasiyana genetic musanganiswa nekuda kweiyo genetic recombination uye kupatsanurwa kwechromosome. Izvi zvinosimudzira kusiyana kwemajini muhuwandu uye zvinofambisa kuchinjika kune shanduko yezvakatipoteredza.
- Gamete kugadzirwa: Meiosis inokosha pakuumbwa kwemagametes, kureva, mazai nembeu, muzvisikwa zvepabonde. Aya masero ehunyanzvi anodiwa pakuzvara uye kusangana pabonde.
- Yakawanda nguva nesimba: Meiosis inzira inononoka uye inodhura zvakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa ne mitosis. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nematanho ekuwedzera ekubatanidza uye kupatsanurwa kwesero kunoitika panguva ye meiosis.
Kukosha kwemifananidzo mukudzidza kwekuberekana kwemasero
1. Kuonekwa kweiyo cellular chimiro:
Imaging inoita basa rakakosha mukudzidza kwekuberekana kwemasero, sezvo ichibvumira kuratidzwa kwakadzama kwechimiro uye intracellular components. Maitiro eMicroscopy senge optical microscopy uye electron microscopy anogona kuwana yakakwirira-resolution mifananidzo inoratidza kurongeka kwemukati kwemaseru. Iyi mifananidzo yakakosha pakuziva mhando dzakasiyana dzema cell organelles, senge nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, uye lysosomes, pakati pevamwe.
2. Nzwisisa maitiro ekukamura maseru:
Kudzidza kwemifananidzo yekuberekana kwesero kunoita kuti tinzwisise maitiro akasiyana ekupatsanurwa kwesero, senge mitosis uye meiosis. Mitosis inzira yakakosha mukukura uye kukura kwezvipenyu zvakawanda, nepo meiosis ichikonzera kuumbwa kwemasero ebonde. Kuburikidza nemifananidzo, tinogona kuona kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinoitika panguva idzi, sekromosome condensation, kuumbwa kwemitotic spindle, uye kupatsanurwa kwemakromosomes kuita mwanasikana maseru.
3. Kudzidza nezve cellular abnormalities:
Pamusoro pekufambisa kunzwisiswa kwemaitiro akajairwa ekubereka masero, kufungidzira kunobatsirawo mukudzidza kusakwana kweserura uye zvirwere zvinoenderana. Semuenzaniso, kucherechedza kuchinja kwemakromosomes kana kuvapo kwemasero asina kukwana kunogona kubatsira mukuongororwa kwezvirwere zvemajini kana kenza. Kufungidzira kunoitawo kuti zvikwanise kuongorora mhedzisiro yevamiririri vekunze, senge radiation kana zvinhu zvine chepfu, pane sero chimiro uye basa. Nenzira iyi, kufungidzira kunoita basa rakakosha mukutsvagisa uye kufambisira mberi kwezivo mumunda wekuberekana kwesero.
Matekiniki uye zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa pakufungidzira mitosis uye meiosis
Kune akati wandei matekiniki uye maturusi anoshandiswa kufananidzira mitosis uye meiosis, maitiro akakosha muchikamu chesero. Aya matekiniki nematurusi anotitendera kuona nekudzidza zvakadzama kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinoitika panguva idzi.
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa ndeye fluorescence microscopy, iyo inoshandisa fluorophore-yakanyorwa masoja ekudzivirira chirwere kuti aone nekuona masero emasero anosanganisirwa mumitosis uye meiosis. Semuyenzaniso, tichishandisa immunofluorescence, tinogona kuona uye kuona nzvimbo yemapuroteni chaiwo senge histones, ayo anoita basa rakakosha muDNA condensation panguva ye mitosis.
Imwe nzira yakakosha ndeye confocal microscopy, iyo inobvumira kuwana 3D mifananidzo yekukamura maseru. Nekushandisa yakatarisana nelaser, nzira iyi inobvisa mwenje usingadiwe kubva kunzvimbo dziri kunze kwendege yakatarisana, ichipa yakapinza uye yakadzama mifananidzo. Mukuwedzera, confocal microscopy inobvumirawo kudzidza kwemasimba e microtubules, filaments yakakosha pakugadzirisa kromosome segregation panguva ye mitosis uye meiosis.
Kurudziro yekuwana mifananidzo yakajeka uye chaiyo mukugadzirwa kwemaserura
Microscope Setup:
Kuti uwane mifananidzo yakajeka uye yechokwadi mukuberekana kwesero, kumisikidzwa kwema microscope kwakakosha. Heano mamwe mazano:
- Gadzirisa lens kune chinhambwe chakakodzera kubva kune inotsvedza kuitira kunyatsotarisisa. Shandisa iyo yakanaka kutarisa kuti uwane yakajeka, inopinza mufananidzo.
- Sarudza chiedza chakakodzera chemuenzaniso wega wega. Seta iyo brightfield condenser uye gadzirisa iyo nhamba aperture zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso uye chinangwa chakashandiswa.
- Shandisa sefa yakakodzera kuderedza ruzha uye kugadzirisa musiyano. Semuenzaniso, kune maseru ane mavara, shandisa mafirita efluorescence kuratidza chiratidzo chaunoda uye kubvisa chero kukanganisa kusingadiwe.
Mienzaniso yekugadzira matekiniki:
Kugadzirira kwemuenzaniso kwakakosha zvakare kuti uwane mifananidzo yakajeka, yakarurama. Heano mamwe maitiro ekufunga nezvawo:
- Nyatsochenesa masiraidhi uye anovhara usati washandisa, sezvo chero tsvina kana zvinosvibisa zvingakanganisa kunaka kwemufananidzo.
- Gadzirisa masero nemazvo uchishandisa zvigadziriso zvakakodzera zvemhando yemuenzaniso. Izvi zvinoderedza kufamba uye kudzivirira sero deformation panguva yekutarisa.
- Kana zvichidikanwa, ita matekiniki ekusvibisa kuratidza chaiwo ma cellular zvimiro. Nekuchenjera sarudza madhayi akakodzera kuti uwane kujeka kukuru uye kusiyanisa mumifananidzo yako.
Maitiro ekutora mifananidzo:
Kutorwa kwemifananidzo kwakaringana kwakakosha kuti uwane mibairo yakakwana mukuberekana kwesero. Heano mamwe maitiro anokurudzirwa:
- Gadzirisa kuratidzwa kwekamera uye musiyano unoenderana nemuenzaniso kuti udzivise mifananidzo yakanyanyisa kana isina kuratidzwa.
- Shandisa autofocus kana tarisa pamaoko kuti uwedzere kupinza. Ita shuwa kuti ma parameter ekutarisa akaiswa nemazvo uye gadzirisa kana zvichidikanwa.
- Kana iwe uri kushandisa dhijitari kamera, ita shuwa kuti resolution uye hunhu zvakasetwa kune yakaringana nhanho yekutora yakanaka, yechokwadi ruzivo.
Zvishandiso zvekufungidzira kuberekana kwesero mune zvekurapa uye genetic research
Imaging yekuberekana kwesero yakasandura tsvakiridzo yezvokurapa uye yemajini, zvichiita kuti masayendisiti awane ruzivo rwakadzama uye rwakakwana mumaitiro akakosha emasero. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwema microscopy senge confocal microscopy uye super-resolution microscopy, cell division, DNA replication, uye kuumbwa kwezvimiro zvakaita sematelomere zvakadzidzwa nekuongororwa. Iyi mifananidzo yepamusoro-soro yakapa ruzivo rwakakosha mukushanda kwesero uye yakavhura mikova mitsva yekunzwisisa zvirwere zvemajini uye kugadzira mamwe marapirwo anoshanda.
Mukutsvaga kwezvokurapa, kufungidzira kwekuberekana kwemasero kwaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa chromosomal abnormalities uye genetic mutations ine chekuita nezvirwere zvakagarwa nhaka. Masayendisiti ikozvino anogona kuona chaiwo maitiro uye shanduko mumakromosomes, sekudzima kana kutamiswa, kuongorora zvirwere zvemajini padanho rekutanga uye kugadzira marapirwo emunhu. Mukuwedzera, iyi mifananidzo yakashandiswa kutarisa kufambira mberi kwemishonga, kuongorora maitiro avo pakudzokorora kwesero uye kupatsanurwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, muzvinyorwa zvemajini, mifananidzo yokuberekana kwemasero yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuongorora maumbirwo nemashandiro emajini. Vanobvumira vaongorori kuti vaone kudyidzana kuri pakati pemakromosome nemajini, kucherechedza matanho ekunyora nekushandura, uye kuona zvikanganiso mukudzokorodza nekugadzirisa kweDNA. Iko kugona kuona maseru achiita uye kuongorora maitiro avo padanho remajini kwakapa hwaro hwakasimba hwekutsvagisa mumamolecular genetics uye kwakafambisa kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwemajini.
Mhedziso pakushandiswa uye kudzidza kwemifananidzo yekuberekana kwemaserura musainzi
Mifananidzo yekugadzirwa kwemasero yave chishandiso chakakosha musainzi, ichibvumira vaongorori kudzidza nekunzwisisa zvirinani maitiro anoitika mukati memasero. Muchidzidzo ichi chese, takakwanisa kunzwisisa kuti kushandiswa kwemifananidzo kwakasandura sei minda yebiology nemishonga, zvichipa ruzivo rwakadzama uye runoyevedza.
Chekutanga, kushandiswa kwekufungidzira kwekuberekana kwesero kwakabvumira masayendisiti kuona uye kuongorora matanho akasiyana e mitosis uye meiosis nemazvo zvisati zvamboitika. Izvi zvakatibvumira kuziva uye kunzwisisa maitiro akakosha akadai sekudzokorora kweDNA, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome, uye kuumbwa kwegamete. Iyi mifananidzo yakatipa kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwekuti kuberekana kwesero kunoitika sei, kuvhura musuwo wekutsvaga kutsva uye kuwanikwa.
Uyezve, mifananidzo yekuberekesa sero yakagonesa kugadzirwa kwemaitiro akajeka uye anoshanda ekuongorora ekurapa. Semuenzaniso, kucherechedzwa kwechromosomal abnormalities mumifananidzo yemaseru egomarara kwakatungamira mukuonekwa kwezvirwere nekutanga kurapwa. Saizvozvowo, mifananidzo iyi yakabvumira kuongororwa kwemajini malformations uye kusawirirana kwenhaka, kupa vashandi vehutano nechokushandisa chakakosha chekuongorora uye kuongorora zvirwere.
Mibvunzo neMhinduro
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi cell reproduction?
MHINDURO: Kuberekana kwesero inzira inokosha yekuti masero apatsanure oita kuti pave nemasero matsva.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi mitosis?
A: Mitosis imhando yekuberekana kwesero kunoitika mumasero e somatic, kureva, mumaseru ari chikamu chematishu emuviri. Munguva ye mitosis, sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa kuita masero maviri emwanasikana akafanana.
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi matanho e mitosis?
A: Mitosis ine zvikamu zvina zvikuru: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, uye telophase. Munguva yeprophase, ma chromosomes anowedzera uye mitotic spindle inotanga kuumba. Mu metaphase, ma chromosomes anowirirana pakati pesero. Mune anaphase, ma chromosomes anoparadzana uye anoenda kune akatarisana nematanda esero. Pakupedzisira, mutelophase, machromosome decondense uye masero matsva emwanasikana anoumbwa.
Mubvunzo: Uye meiosis?
A: Meiosis rudzi rwekuberekana kwemasero kunoitika mumasero epabonde, kureva, mumaseru anotora chikamu mukuumbwa kwemagametes (mazai nembeu). Kusiyana nemitosis, meiosis ine zvikamu zviviri zvemasero anotevedzana, anonzi meiosis I uye meiosis II.
Mubvunzo: Mitosis uye meiosis zvakasiyana sei?
A: Musiyano mukuru pakati pemitosis uye meiosis uri muhuwandu hwemwanasikana maseru uye kusiyanisa kwemajini. Mu mitosis, masero maviri emwanasikana akafanana anoumbwa, nepo mu meiosis, masero mana evanasikana anogadzirwa nehafu yenhamba yemakromosomes. Uyezve, meiosis inobatsira pakugadzirwa kwemajini akasiyana, sezvo kusanganiswa kusina kujeka kwemakromosome evabereki kunoitika panguva yekubatanidzwazve kwemajini.
Mubvunzo: Chii chakakosha pakubereka masero?
A: Kuberekana kwesero kwakakosha pakukura, kusimukira, nekuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakawanda. Izvo zvakakoshawo pakugara nhaka uye kufambiswa kweruzivo rwemajini kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chinotevera.
Mubvunzo: Pane here zvirwere zvine chekuita nekuberekana kwesero?
A: Hongu, kune zvirwere zvakati wandei zvine chekuita neshanduko mukuberekana kwesero. Somuenzaniso, kenza ihosha umo masero omuviri asingatevedzeri mirau yakajairika yokuberekana kwesero uye anokamukana zvisingadzoreki. Pamusoro pezvo, kumwe kukanganiswa kwemajini kunogona kuve kwakabatana nekusakwana mu meiosis, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko ekubereka kana kutaridzika kwezvirwere zvemajini muvana.
Kupedzisa
Muchidimbu, kubereka nharembozha inzira yakakosha muhupenyu hwezvipenyu. Zvose mitosis uye meiosis inzira dzakaoma dzinobvumira kuumbwa kwemasero matsva uye kusiyana kwemajini mune zvipenyu zvepabonde.
Mitosis ndiyo hurongwa hwekuparadzaniswa kwesero kunoitika mumaseru e somatic, zvichikonzera masero evanasikana maviri ane geneti akafanana nesero remubereki. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakukura, kusimudzira, uye kugadzirisa matishu mune zvipenyu zvakawanda.
Ukuwo, meiosis inzira yokubereka nayo inoitika mumasero eutachiona, akadai semazai nembeu. Kusiyana nemitosis, meiosis inosanganisira masero maviri akatevedzana akatevedzana, zvichiita kuti vanasikana vana masero, rimwe nerimwe riine hafu yenhamba yemakromosome yesero remubereki. Izvi zvinobvumira kuumbwa kwemagametes, anodiwa pakuberekwa kwepabonde uye kusiyana kwemajini.
Kunzwisisa maitiro aya ekuberekana kwemasero kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti hupenyu hunopfuuridzirwa sei paPasi. Ose ari maviri mitosis uye meiosis anodzorwa zvakanyanya uye anodzorwa maitiro, uye chero kukanganisa kwavari kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakomba, senge genetic mutations kana zvirwere.
Tinovimba kuti gwara iri remifananidzo yekuberekana kwesero, mitosis uye meiosis, rabatsira uye rakapa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweaya akakosha maitiro mubiology. Kucherechedza nekudzidza mifananidzo iyi kunopa nzwisiso inokosha yekuti masero edu anopatsanurwa nekuberekana sei, zvichibatsira mukusimukira kwehupenyu sezvatinohuziva.
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