Muchidzidzo chemasero eprokaryotic, chinhu chakakosha kunzwisisa kutenderera kwesero, nzira yakanyatsogadziriswa inoita kuti masero akwanise kudzokorora uye kupatsanurwa. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, prokaryotic cell cycle imaging inova yakakosha tekinoroji chishandiso chekuongorora uye kuongorora matanho akasiyana eiyi yakakosha maitiro mune unicellular organisms. Ichi chinyorwa chinotarisa munyika inonakidza yeprokaryotic cell cycle imaging, ichipa tekinoroji isina kwayakarerekera maonero anojekesa manzwisisiro edu eiyi yakaoma cellular muchina.
1. Nhanganyaya yeprokaryotic cell cycle: Hunhu uye matanho anokosha
Kutenderera kwesero prokaryote Inzira yakakosha mune zvipenyu zve unicellular izvo zvisina iyo yakatsanangurwa nucleus uye yemukati compartmentalization. Kusiyana neeukaryotic organisms, prokaryotic cell cycle inguva inoenderera, isina kuzorora kana kunyura. Kunzwisisa hunhu uye matanho akakosha ekutenderera uku kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kukura uye kupatsanurwa kwemasero eprokaryotic.
Izvo zvakakosha zveiyo prokaryotic cell cycle zvinosanganisira kukurumidza uye inoshanda kudzokorora kweDNA, kukurumidza kupatsanurwa kwesero, uye kushomeka kwenyukireya membrane yakatenderedza genetic zvinhu. Uyezve, masero eprokaryotic anowanzo kupatsanurwa nemaitiro anonzi binary fission, apo sero remubereki rinopatsanurwa kuita masero maviri emwanasikana akafanana. Kutenderera kwesero uku kunogona kukamurwa kuita zvinhanho zvakati wandei, imwe neimwe iine maitiro ayo uye zviitiko.
Iyo matanho ekufamba kwesero prokaryotes anosanganisira:
- Chinongedzo: Munguva iyi, sero rinogadzirira kudzokororwa kweDNA yaro.
- Kudzokorora kweDNA: Panguva ino, DNA yesero inodzokororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti sero remwanasikana wega wega rine kopi yakazara yemajini.
- Kupatsanurwa kwemasero: Panguva ino, sero rinopatsanurwa nebinary fission kuti ripe vanasikana vaviri masero.
- Kukura uye metabolism: Mushure mekuparadzaniswa kwesero, masero emwanasikana anokura uye anoita mabasa ayo chaiyo metabolic.
Muchidimbu, iyo prokaryotic cell cycle inzira yakakosha muhupenyu hwemasero eprokaryotic. Kunzwisisa maitiro ayo nematanho kunobvumira kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti maseru aya anopatsanurwa nekukura sei, izvo zvinogona kubatsira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekudzidza, senge microbiology uye biotechnology.
2. DNA replication: Nhanho yekutanga yakakosha muprokaryotic cell cycle
DNA replication chinhu chakakosha musero kutenderera yezvipenyu zveprokaryotic. Munguva iyi, molecule yeDNA inodzokororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mwanasikana wesero anowana kopi chaiyo yemajini. DNA replication inzira chaiyo uye inodzorwa zvakanyanya inosanganisira mapuroteni akasiyana-siyana uye maenzayimu.
Kutanga, kudzokorora kweDNA kunotanga nekuparadzaniswa kwetambo mbiri dzemorekuru reDNA rekutanga. Kusununguka uku kunokonzereswa neenzyme inonzi helicase, iyo inotyora mabhondi ehydrogen pakati pezvigadziko zvenitrogenous zvinowirirana. Kana yapatsanurwa, tambo yega yega inoshanda setemplate yekubatanidza tambo itsva inowirirana.
Kugadzira tambo itsva dzeDNA, kuita kweenzyme inonzi DNA polymerase inodiwa. Iyi enzyme inosunga kusvika ku3 ′ kumagumo kweiyo template strand uye inowedzera nucleotides mukutevedzana kunopindirana kune template. DNA polymerase inoshanda munzira 5'-ku-3', zvichireva kuti DNA strand itsva inoumbwa panguva imwe chete yakapesana nekusunungurwa kwayo.
3. Gene expression uye regulation: Crucial controls panguva yeprokaryotic cell cycle
Gene kutaura uye kudzora maitiro akakosha ekuona kusimudzira kwakaringana uye kushanda kwemasero eprokaryotic mukati mesero yavo yese. Kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo akanyatsorongeka, izvi zvakakosha zvinodzora zvinobvumira kuvhurwa kana kuvharirwa kwemajini chaiwo panguva chaiyo, nekudaro kuve nechokwadi chekuita kwezvinodiwa cellular mabasa.
Mune prokaryotic cell cycle, maitiro ejini kutaura uye mutemo akabatana zvakanyanya. Geni kutaura kunoreva kunyorwa kweDNA kuita mutumwa RNA (mRNA), ukuwo mutemo unodzora kumhanya uye ukuru hwekuita uku. Chinhu chakakosha chekutonga ndiko kuvapo kwemaoperons, umo majini akawanda akaiswa mumRNA imwe chete. Izvi zvinobvumira kukurumidza kupindura kune shanduko yezvakatipoteredza, kungave nekuita kana kudzoreredza gene transcription.
Kune akasiyana siyana ekudzora maitiro ekutaura kwemajini panguva yeprokaryotic cell cycle, senge kudzvinyirira regulation, umo repressor protein inosunga kune anoshanda muDNA, kudzivirira kunyorwa kwejeni. Imwe nzira ndeye activation, uko activator protein inosunga kuDNA, ichikurudzira kunyorwa. Uyezve, cis-regulatory elements, sevanosimudzira nevashandisi, vanoita basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa gene expression. Pamwe chete, maitiro aya anovimbisa kurongeka kwakaringana kwebasa remajini panguva yeprokaryotic cell cycle.
4. Kuparadzaniswa kwemakromosomes ebhakitiriya: Maitiro uye nzira dzekugovera kwakanyatso
Bacterial chromosome segregation inzira yakakosha inova nechokwadi chekugovaniswa kweruzivo rwemajini panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwesero. Kusiyana nemasero eukaryotic, mabhakitiriya ane machromosomes edenderedzwa uye haana mitotic spindle, iyo inoda nzira dzakakosha kuti uwane kusarura kwakarurama.
Kune akati wandei maitiro uye nzira dzinobatanidzwa mukuparadzaniswa kwebhakitiriya machromosomes. Imwe yeiyi huru ndeyekubatanidzwa kwePar mapuroteni, ayo anoita basa rinokosha mukuparadzaniswa kwemakromosomes panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwesero. Aya mapuroteni anoumba protein yakaoma inodyidzana nechromosomal DNA uye inobatsira kuiparadzira zvakaenzana pakati pemwanasikana maseru. Uyezve, mapuroteni ePar anobatanidzwawo mukuparadzaniswa kweplasmids, extrachromosomal DNA inowanikwa mumabhakitiriya akawanda.
Imwe nzira yakakosha ndeye passive translocation yeDNA panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwesero. Mukuita uku, kudzokororwa kwekromosome yebhakitiriya kunoburitsa makopi maviri anoramba akabatanidzwa pakati pesero. Sezvo sero rinorebesa nekutetepa, iyo DNA inotambanuka uye ichiungana pasero pole, ichiva nechokwadi chekugovera kwayo kwakaringana pakati pemwanasikana maseru. Iyi nzira inobatsirwa nemapuroteni akadai SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) uye condensins, iyo inofambisa kubatanidzwa uye kuendeswa kweDNA panguva yekuparadzaniswa kwebhakitiriya.
5. Kukosha kwebhinari fission: Kuparadzaniswa kwesero kunoitika sei muprokaryotes
Binary fission inzira yakakosha mukuberekana kwemasero eprokaryotic. Kuburikidza nemuchina uyu, sero remubereki mumwechete rinopatsanurwa kuita maviri masero emwanasikana akafanana. Uku kupatsanurwa kwesero kwakakosha pakukura kwezvipenyu zveprokaryotic, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwetishu uye kugadzirisa kukuvara. Uyezve, mabhinari fission anoita basa rakakosha mukuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona, zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kuumbwa kwenzvimbo itsva uye kujairana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
The division process masero muprokaryotes Iyo inoratidzirwa nenhevedzano yezviitiko zvinonyatsogadziriswa. Chekutanga, sero remubereki rinodzokorora DNA yaro kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti masero emwanasikana anowana kopi yakazara yemajini. Zvadaro, maitiro e chromosome condensation uye kupatsanurwa kunobvumira kuparadzaniswa kwakakodzera kwemakromosomes akadhindwa mumasero emwanasikana panguva yecytokinesis. Pakupedzisira, chromosome itsva inoumbwa. madziro esero pakati pemwanasikana maseru, nokudaro kupedzisa binary fission.
Binary fission muprokaryotes ine akati wandei mabhenefiti ekushanduka-shanduka. Nekuti inokurumidza uye inoshanda maitiro, masero eprokaryotic anogona kubereka zvakanyanya kakawanda kupfuura eukaryotic masero. Uyezve, bhinari fission inobvumira kukurumidza chizvarwa chekusiyana kwemajini kuburikidza nekuchinja uye kusanganiswa kwemajini. Idzi shanduko dzemajini dzinogona kupa maseru eprokaryotic ane mabhenefiti ekugadzirisa munharaunda yavo, achigonesa kurarama kwavo uye shanduko mukupindura kwakasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza.
6. Cell cycle checkpoints: Kuve nechokwadi chekufambira mberi kwebhakitiriya uye kurarama
Bhakitiriya cell cycle inzira yakakosha inovimbisa kupatsanurwa kwakanaka uye kurarama. Kutevedzana kwenzvimbo dzekutarisa kunovimbisa kuti yega yega nhanho yekutenderera inopedzwa nemazvo isati yaenda kune inotevera. Aya ekutarisa anoita semaserura "vachengeti," achiramba achiongorora kuvimbika kweDNA uye kudzokororwa kwakaringana kwezvikamu zvemasero.
Imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha ndeye DNA yekuongorora, iyo inoongorora kuvimbika kweiyo genetic zvinhu zvisati zvadzokororwa uye kupatsanurwa. Munguva iyi yekuongorora, DNA inotariswa kukuvara kana kukanganisa, nokudaro kudzivirira kupararira kwekuchinja kunokuvadza. Kana paine kukuvara kwakaonekwa, sero rinogona kumisa kutenderera, richimisikidza nzira dzekugadzirisa kana, muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, kukonzeresa kufa kwesero kudzivirira kurarama kwehutachiona hwakakanganisika.
Imwe nzvimbo yakakosha yekutarisa inowanikwa muchikamu chekuparadzanisa chromosome, iyo inova nechokwadi chekuti machromosomes anopatsanura nekugovanisa nemazvo pakati pemwanasikana maseru. Iyi yekutarisa inoongorora kuti machromosome akanyatsobatanidzwa kune mitotic spindle uye kuti hapana zvikanganiso zvekugadzirisa. Kana paine chisionekwi chikaonekwa, kupatsanurwa kwesero kunomiswa uye nzira dzekugadzirisa dzinoitwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuparadzaniswa kwakakodzera.
7. Mhinduro kumatambudziko uye DNA kukanganisa: Kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa maitiro muprokaryotes
Prokaryotes, senge mabhakitiriya uye archaea, zvipenyu zvisingaite izvo zvinogara zvichiratidzwa kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvisikwa izvi zvinosangana nedambudziko rekuchengetedza nekugadzirisa genetic material, DNA, kuti ive nechokwadi chekupona kwavo uye kugadzirisa. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora mhinduro dzekutambudzika uye kukuvadzwa kweDNA muprokaryotes, tichitarisa pakugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa maitiro anoshandiswa nema microorganisms aya.
1. Magadzirirwo eDNA:
- Base excision kugadzirisa: Prokaryotes inogona kugadzirisa zvikanganiso muDNA zvinokonzerwa nekubatanidzwa kwemabhesi asina kururama panguva yekudzokorora. Muchina uyu unosanganisira kubviswa kwemabhesi asiri iwo uye kuiswa kweiyo mabhesi nema enzymes ane hunyanzvi.
- Nucleotide excision kugadzirisa: Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kugadzirisa zvakanyanya kukuvadza kweDNA, senge izvo zvinokonzerwa nemirairo ye ultraviolet. Zvinosanganisira kubvisa nucleotides yakakuvadzwa uye kugadzira nucleotides itsva kuti ivatsive.
- Homologous recombination kugadzirisa: Muchiitiko chekuputsika kwekaviri-strand DNA, maprokaryotes anoshandisa nzira iyi kugadzirisa kukanganisa. Inosanganisira kuchinjanisa ruzivo rwemajini pakati pezvakafanana DNA sequences kudzorera kuvimbika kwejenome.
2. Nzira dzekugadzirisa kushushikana:
- Point mutation: Prokaryotes inogona kuenderana nekushushikana kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza nekuunganidza shanduko mune yavo genetic zvinhu. Idzi shanduko dzinogona kupa zvakanakira sarudzo, zvichibvumira vanhu kuti vararame uye vabereke mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka.
- Genomic rearrangement: Prokaryotes inogonawo kugadzirisa kushushikana nekugadzirisa zvakare genetic zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira shanduko muchimiro chejenome, senge inversions, deletions, kana duplications, izvo zvinogona kuburitsa genetic musiyano uye kufambisa kuchinjika kune inoshanduka nharaunda.
- Gene regulation: Prokaryotes inogona kugadzirisa gene kutaura kwavo mukupindura kushushikana. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekugadzirisa basa revanokurudzira gene uye repressors, zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwekusarudza kana kudziviswa kwemajini anodiwa kuti agadzirise kushungurudzika uye kugadzirisa kukuvara kweDNA.
8. Cell kutenderera uye hutachiona hwehutachiona: Evolutionary nzira dzekupona uye hutachiona.
Kutenderera kwesero uye hutachiona hwehutachiona hune hukama hwepedyo, sezvo kugona kwebhakitiriya kurarama uye kuve nehutachiona kunokonzerwa zvakananga nesero rayo. Utachiona hwakagadzira akati wandei nzira dzekushanduka-shanduka kuti dzijairane nekwavanogara uye kuve nechokwadi chekurarama kwavo, ukuwo vachiwedzera kuita basa rekuparadzira chirwere. Pazasi pane mamwe maitiro akajairika anoshandiswa nemabhakitiriya pathogens panguva yavo yesero.
1. Kugadziriswa kweGene expression: Utachiona hunogona kushandura geneti yavo kugadzira mapuroteni chaiwo anopa mabhenefiti munharaunda yavo. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kugadzira maenzayimu anovabvumira kunzvenga mhinduro yekudzivirira kweanopotera kana kuburitsa muchetura unokuvadza maseru.
2. Kugadzirwa kweBiofilm: Utachiona hwemabhakitiriya hunogona kuumba mapoka emasero anozivikanwa sebiofilms, izvo zvinovapa kuwedzera kupikisa kumishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya uye kudzivirira kwemauto. Biofilms zvimiro zvakarongeka zvakaumbwa neextracellular matrix inodzivirira mabhakitiriya kubva kune zvakaipa zvinhu, zvichivabvumira kurarama uye kuunganidza matishu kana biological nzvimbo.
3. Horizontal gene transfer: Kufambiswa kwemajini pakati pebhakitiriya, inozivikanwa sehorizontal gene transfer, inzira yakakosha mukushanduka kwebhakitiriya. Kutamisa uku kunogona kubvumira hutachiona hwehutachiona kuwana hutsva hutsva, senge antibiotic kuramba, kugadzira chepfu, kana kugona kunamatira kune anotambira maseru.
9. Biotechnological zvinoreva: Kushandiswa kweprokaryotic cell cycle mu genetic engineering
Mhedzisiro yebiotechnological yekushandisa iyo prokaryotic cell kutenderera mune genetic engineering yakakura uye inovimbisa. Vachitora mukana wezvakasiyana siyana zvemasero aya, masayendisiti akagadzira matekiniki epamusoro ekushandisa genetic zvinhu uye kuwana mhedzisiro inoshamisa.
Pakati pezvinonyanya kukosha ndeye mukana wekugadzira recombinant mapuroteni ekurapa uye ekurapa zvinangwa. Kuburikidza nemajini enjiniya, majini ekufarira anogona kuunzwa mumabhakitiriya, ayo anobva ashanda sediki mafekitori emagetsi anokwanisa kugadzira mapuroteni chaiwo ane mashandisirwo ekurapa, senge recombinant insulin yekurapa chirwere cheshuga.
Uyezve, kushandiswa kweprokaryotic cell cycle mu genetic engineering kwakagonesa kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro chaiwo uye anoshanda ekugadzirisa gene, senge CRISPR-Cas9. Ichi chishandiso cheshanduko chinobvumira kudzora uye kwakanangwa kugadziridzwa kwemajini, kugadzira nzira yekugadziriswa kwezvirwere zvemajini, kuvandudzwa kwehunhu muzvirimwa zvekurima, uye kutsvakisisa kwesainzi.
10. Tsvagiridzo Zvishandiso: Zvishandiso zvekudzidza uye kunyengera kweiyo prokaryotic cell cycle.
Kudzidza uye kunyengera kweiyo prokaryotic cell kutenderera kwakakosha zvakanyanya mukutsvagisa kwesainzi. Neraki, isu tine akasiyana maapplication uye maturusi anofambisa maitiro aya. Pazasi, isu tichataura mamwe anonyanya kukosha:
1. Kuongororwa kwechiedza cheFluorescence: Iyi nzira inotibvumira kuona matanho akasiyana eprokaryotic cell cycle nekunyatsojeka. Nekuwedzera chaiyo fluorochromes, tinogona kuona uye kudzidza ma cellular zvimiro zvinosanganisirwa muDNA kudzokorora, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome, uye kupatsanurwa kwesero.
2. Flow cytometry: Flow cytometry inotibvumira kuongorora uye kuyera huwandu hwesero muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesero kutenderera. Tichishandisa fluorescent probes, tinogona kuona huwandu hweDNA huripo musero rega rega uye nekudaro tinoona maseru muzvikamu zveG1, S, uye G2/M. Iyi tekinoroji inonyanya kubatsira pakudzidza nguva uye kudzorwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chesero kutenderera.
3. Maitiro ekunyengedza majini: Genetic engineering inotipa zvishandiso zvine simba zvekushandisa prokaryotic cell kutenderera. Kuunza majini chaiwo mubhakitiriya kunotibvumira kudzidza kubatanidzwa kwavo mukutonga kwesero cycle uye kupindura kune zvekunze zvinokurudzira. Uyezve, matekiniki akadai seCRISPR-Cas9 anotibvumira kunyatso gadzirisa iyo genome yebhakitiriya, iyo yakakosha pakunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro anodzora kutenderera kwesero.
11. Antimicrobial Strategies: Kuongorora Cell Cycle Disruption seTherapeutic Target.
Antimicrobial mazano anobva pakuvhiringidza kwesero cycle sechinangwa chekurapa
Mundima ye microbiology, antimicrobial strategy inoita basa rakakosha mukuvandudza marapirwo anoshanda achipokana nehutachiona uye tupukanana tunopesana neakajairika marapirwo. Imwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa uye nzira itsva ndeye kurwisa zvakananga kutenderera kwesero rezvirwere izvi, zvichikanganisa kugona kwavo kubereka nekupararira.
Kukanganisika kwemaseru kwave kutariswa kwekurapa kwekufarira kukuru nekuda kwekukosha kwayo mukuwanda uye kurarama kwehutachiona. Kushandiswa kwemishonga yakanangana nematanho chaiwo ekutenderera kwesero, senge DNA kudzokororwa kana kupatsanurwa kwesero, kwakaratidza kushanda zvakanyanya mukubvisa hutachiona hwehutachiona uye humwe hutachiona hwehutachiona.
Kuzivikanwa kweakakosha biomolecules uye mapuroteni musero kutenderera kweaya ma microorganisms akagonesa dhizaini yeakanyatso uye anonangwa nzira dzekurapa. Uyezve, kunzwisiswa kwakadzama kwemaitiro emamorekuru uye mirau inosanganisirwa musero kutenderera kwakatungamira kutsvaga kutsvaga kwemakemikari matsva ane antimicrobial chiitiko. Kufambira mberi uku kunobvumira kugadzirwa kwemishonga inoshanda, isina muchetura inobatsira kudzikisira kubuda kweantimicrobial resistance.
12. Inorevy inogadzira: inogona kurapa inovhara yakatarwa yakatarwa cell clcle maitiro
Kufambira mberi kweSainzi kwakatungamira mukuwanikwa kwemishonga mitsva yakanangana nemaitiro ekutenderera kwesero, kuvhura nyika yemikana mumunda wemishonga. Aya magadzirirwo ekurapa anobva pakunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro anodzora kutenderera kwesero uye kuti angakanganisa sei muzvirwere zvakasiyana.
Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarira kuvandudzwa kwemishonga inonangana nekusadzora kupararira kwesero, sezviri kuitika kune mamwe marudzi egomarara. Aya marapirwo anotora mukana wekusiyana pakati peane hutano nekenza maseru kuti anyatso kunanga iwo ekupedzisira, achidzikisa mhedzisiro pamatishu akajairwa. Mimwe mienzaniso Matare ekurapa anosanganisira:
- Kinase inhibitors: Iyi mishonga inovhara kuita kwemamwe ma enzymes anodzora kuwanda kwesero, kudzivirira kukura kusingadzoreki uye kupatsanurwa kwemasero egomarara.
- Kurapa kwemahormone: Kune mamwe marudzi ehomoni kenza, zvinodhaka zvinoshandiswa zvinokanganisa kuita kwehomoni inokurudzira kukura kwekenza masero.
- Kurapa majini: Iyi nzira yekuvandudza inotsvaga kugadzirisa kana kutsiva majini akaremara mumasero egomarara, ichipa imwe nzira chaiyo yekurwisa cancer pasina kukanganisa maseru ane hutano.
Mikana yekurapa kwakanangwa uku inovimbisa zvikuru, sezvo ichigona kushandura nzira iyo dzimwe zvirwere inorapwa nayo uye kupa kurapa kunoshanda uye kwakananga. Nekudaro, kumwe kutsvagisa uye kuyedzwa kwekiriniki kuchiri kudikanwa kuti unzwisise zvizere kushanda kwavo uye kuchengetedzeka. Sezvo isu tichiramba tichifambira mberi mumunda wezvitsva zvekurapa, kugona kwekurapa kunonangana nesero kutenderera maitiro kunowedzera kuoneka.
13. Maonero emangwana: Kufambira mberi uye matambudziko mukunzwisisa prokaryotic cell cycle
Kudzidza kweprokaryotic cell cycle kwave kunakidza zvikuru mukutsvagisa kwesainzi, nekuti kunotitendera kuti tinzwisise maitiro akakosha anotonga kuberekana nekukura kwemasero eprokaryotic. Sezvo ruzivo rwedu rwunofambira mberi, maonero matsva nematambudziko anonakidza anobuda mundima iyi.
Imwe yeinonyanya kuvimbisa kufambira mberi mukunzwisisa kwedu kweprokaryotic cell cycle ndeyekuzivikanwa kwemapuroteni matsva ekutonga. Masayendisiti anoenderera mberi nekuwana zvinhu zvakakosha zvinodzora matanho akasiyana ekutenderera, senge DNA replication, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome, uye kupatsanurwa kwesero. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinotipa maonero akazara ekuti prokaryotic cell cycle inorongeka uye inodzorwa sei.
Rimwe rematambudziko aripo mundima iyi kunzwisisa maitiro ezvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa kutenderera kwesero reprokaryotic masero. Zvinhu zvakadai sekuwanikwa kwechikafu, kushushikana, uye kudyidzana nezvimwe zvipenyu zvakaonekwa kuti zvishandure kutenderera uye kukanganisa chiyero chekuberekwa kwesero. Kuziva nekunzwisisa aya cues kwakakosha kuti unzwisise masimba uye kuchinjika kweprokaryotic microorganisms munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
14. Mhedziso: Kutarisa kwakazara kweprokaryotic cell cycle imaging
Mukupedzisa, kuongororwa kwakazara kwemifananidzo yeprokaryotic cell cycle kwatibvumira kuwana tarisiro yakazara yemaitiro akasiyana uye zviitiko zvinoitika panguva yekukamurwa kwesero mu prokaryotic organisms. Kuburikidza nemifananidzo iyi, takakwanisa kunyatsocherechedza matanho akasiyana-siyana ekutenderera kwesero, kusanganisira kudzokorora kweDNA, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome, uye kuumbwa kwevanasikana vatsva.
Imwe yemhedziso huru yatinogona kutora ndeyekunyanya kushanda uye kumhanya uko zvisikwa zveprokaryotic zvinopedzisa kutenderera kwesero. Kusiyana neeukaryotic organisms, prokaryotes inokwanisa kupedzisa kutenderera kwesero munguva pfupi nekuda kwemaitiro avo akanyatsoshanda uye maitiro ekutonga.
Uyezve, nekuda kwemifananidzo yakawanikwa, takakwanisa kuona kuvepo kwemamwe makiyi mamaki uye mapuroteni anoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa prokaryotic cell cycle. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekutsvagisa ramangwana mumunda webiology. cellular uye molecular, uye inogona kuva nemigumisiro inokosha mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro matsva ekurapa uye mishonga yekurapa.
Mibvunzo neMhinduro
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi prokaryotic cell cycle mifananidzo?
A: Prokaryotic cell cycle mifananidzo inoratidzira mifananidzo inoratidza nhanho dzakasiyana uye maitiro anoitika panguva yekutenderera kwesero mune prokaryotic organisms.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi cell cycle mu prokaryotic organisms?
A: Kutenderera kwesero mune zvipenyu zveprokaryotic ndiyo nzira iyo sero rinodzokorora uye kupatsanurwa kuti ripe masero evanasikana maviri akafanana. Kutenderera uku kune matanho akati wandei, anosanganisira kudzokorora kweDNA, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome, uye kupatsanurwa kwesero.
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi matanho makuru eiyo prokaryotic cell cycle?
A: Iyo prokaryotic cell cycle ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: chikamu chekukura (G1), DNA replication phase (S), uye cell division phase (M). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti prokaryotes haina nucleus yakatsanangurwa, ndicho chikonzero kupatsanurwa kwesero kuchizivikanwa sebhinari fission.
Mubvunzo: Ndeapi maitiro echikamu chimwe nechimwe cheprokaryotic cell cycle?
A: Munguva yekukura (G1), sero rinowedzera kukura uye rinogadzirira kutevedzera DNA yaro. Muchikamu cheDNA chekudzokorora chikamu (S), makopi akafanana eDNA yekutanga anogadzirwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mwanasikana wesero anowana ruzivo rwakafanana. Pakupedzisira, panguva yechikamu chechikamu chechikamu (M), zviri mukati mesero zvinopatsanurwa uye zvinogovaniswa zvakaenzana pakati pemwanasikana maseru.
Mubvunzo: Ko prokaryotic cell cycle mifananidzo inoshandiswa kune chero chinangwa chaicho?
A: Hongu, prokaryotic cell cycle mifananidzo inoshandiswa kuona uye kunzwisisa zviri nani maitiro akasiyana anoitika panguva yekutenderera kwesero mune prokaryotic organisms. Izvi zvinomiririra mifananidzo zvinobvumira vaongorori kuongorora nekudzidza zvakadzama matanho akakosha uye zviitiko zvinosanganisirwa mukudzokororwa kwesero uye kupatsanura.
Mubvunzo: Pane misiyano here pakati peprokaryotic cell cycle uye eukaryotic cell cycle?
A: Hongu, pane misiyano yakakura pakati pesero kutenderera kweprokaryotic uye eukaryotic organisms. Kusiyana neprokaryotes, eukaryotes ine nucleus yakatsanangurwa apo DNA kudzokorora uye kupatsanurwa kunoitika. Uyezve, iyo eukaryotic cell cycle inosanganisira imwe nhanho inonzi chikamu chekuzorora (G0), nepo prokaryotes isingapfuuri nechikamu ichi.
Mubvunzo: Iyi mifananidzo yeprokaryotic cell cycle inogona kuwanikwa kupi?
A: Mifananidzo yeprokaryotic cell cycle inogona kuwanikwa mune dzakasiyana zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, senge cell biology mabhuku, magazini esainzi, uye. mawebhusaiti nyanzvi mune molecular uye cellular biology. Vanogonawo kuwanikwa muhurukuro dzemusangano kana hurukuro dzesainzi dzine chekuita nemusoro.
Nzira Yekumberi
Muchidimbu, prokaryotic cell cycle imaging inopa kutarisa kunonakidza uye kwakadzama pamatanho akakosha anoitika mumaseru eprokaryotic. Iyi mifananidzo inotibvumira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kudzora uye kubatana kweDNA kudzokorora, kupatsanurwa kwechromosome, uye kupatsanurwa kwesero mune izvi zvipenyu zvisingaite.
Kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwepamusoro senge fluorescence microscopy uye electron microscopy, takakwanisa kuwana yakakwirira-resolution uye yakajeka mifananidzo, kunyatso ratidza zviitiko zvakasiyana zvinosanganisira prokaryotic cell cycle. Iyi mifananidzo haingori chishandiso chakakosha mukutsvaga kwesainzi, asiwo inotibatsira kuona zviri nani uye kunzwisisa maitiro akaoma uye ane simba anoitika mumaseru aya.
Kudzidza kweprokaryotic cell cycle mifananidzo zvakare kune zvakakosha kune iyo biotechnology indasitiri uye mune zvehutanoKunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro ekutanga emasero mune zvipenyu zveprokaryotic kunogona kuvhura mikana mitsva yekuvandudzwa kweakanyanya kushanda marapirwo uye marapirwo anopokana nemabhakitiriya nezvirwere zvehutachiona.
Mukupedzisa, mifananidzo yeprokaryotic cell cycle inotipa chishandiso chakakosha chekuongorora nekunzwisisa biology yezvipenyu zveunicellular. Kuburikidza nemifananidzo iyi, tinogona kukoshesa kunaka uye kuoma kwemaitiro aya padanho remicroscopic, nokudaro tichifambisa kufambira mberi kwakakura mukutsvagisa kwesainzi uye kutsvaga mhinduro dzekurapa dzinoshanda.
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