Kufema kweserura ndeimwe yemaitiro akakosha ekuchengetedza hupenyu mumaseru, uye kuita basa iri zvinoda kutora chikamu kweakasiyana akasiyana organelles. Mumwe wevanonyanya kukoshesa muketani iyi yakaoma ye biochemical reactions ndiyo organelle inokonzera kufema kwemasero, ane zita risiri kungoreva nyore, asiwo rinoputira kukosha kwakakosha kwainako kwekushanda kwakanaka kwemasero. Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichaongorora nyika inonakidza yeiyi organelle uye basa rayo rakakosha mukufema kweserura.

Mabasa e organelle anokonzera kufema kwemasero

Iyo organelle inokonzera kufema kweserura ndiyo mitochondria. Ichi chimiro chakasiyana chinowanikwa mumasero ese eukaryotic uye chinotora basa rakakosha mumasero metabolism. Mitochondria inozivikanwa se "powerhouse" yesero nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuburitsa rakawanda resimba rinodiwa pakushanda kweserura.

Rimwe remabasa makuru e mitochondria kuita maitiro ekufema kweserura, inozivikanwawo seketani yekufema. Maitiro aya Zvinosanganisira kubudisa simba kubva kune zvinovaka muviri zvatinodya, zvakadai semakabhohaidhiretsi nemafuta. Mitochondria inoshandura chikafu ichi kuita adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inova mari yesero resimba.

Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwesimba, mitochondria inoitawo mamwe mabasa akakosha esero, anosanganisira:

• Synthesis yemafuta acids uye steroids.
• Kugadziriswa kwe calcium metabolism.
• Kuparara kweprotein uye lipids.
• Kutora chikamu muapoptosis kana kufa kwemasero programmed.

Muchidimbu, mitochondria akakosha organelles ekufema kweserura uye kugadzira simba. Pamusoro pebasa ravo mukugadzira ATP, ivo vanoitawo mamwe mabasa akakosha ekuita kwakakodzera kweserura. Mamiriro avo uye basa ravo zvakadzidzwa nemasayendisiti mazhinji, sekunzwisisa kukosha kwavo kwakakosha pakunzwisisa cellular physiology uye nzira dzinobatanidzwa muzvirwere zvakawanda.

Chimiro uye kuumbwa kwe organelle ye cellular respiration

Metabolic maitiro anobatanidzwa mukufema kwemasero

Kufema nharembozha inzira Chinhu chakakosha chebiochemical chikamu mune zvese zvipenyu zvinovatendera kuti vawane simba kubva kuchikafu chavanodya. Iyi nzira inoitika mumatanho akati wandei, imwe neimwe ichiyananiswa neakasiyana metabolic maitiro. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinotsanangurwa muchidimbu pazasi:

Glycolysis: Iyi ndiyo nhanho yekutanga yekufema kwemasero uye inoitika mu cytoplasm yesero. Munguva yeglycolysis, imwe glucose molecule inoputsika kuita maviri pyruvate molecules. Kunyange zvazvo glycolysis isingadi okisijeni, zvinodikanwa kupa ma substrates ezvikamu zvinotevera zvekufema kwemasero. Inogadzirawo ATP neNADH, iyo inoshandiswa mumatanho ekupedzisira.

Kutenderera kweKrebs: Iyo inozivikanwawo se citric acid cycle kana tricarboxylic acid cycle, danho iri rinoitika mumitochondrial matrix. Munguva yeKrebs cycle, pyruvate inogadzirwa mu glycolysis inowedzera kuputsika, ichibudisa CO2 uye inogadzira ATP, NADH, uye FADH2. Aya magetsi emagetsi anoshandiswa padanho rinotevera rekuita.

Kusanganiswa kwephosphorylation: Iyi nhanho yekupedzisira yekufema kweserura inoitika mukati memitochondrial membrane uye inosanganisira kufambiswa kwemaerekitironi kuburikidza neketani yekutakura erekitironi. Sezvo maerekitironi achifambiswa, mapurotoni anopombwa munzvimbo yepakati pemembrane, achigadzira proton gradient. Maproton anobva ayerera achidzokera mumitochondrial matrix kuburikidza neATP synthase, ichigadzira ATP. Mukuita uku, okisijeni inoshanda seyekupedzisira erekitironi inogashira uye inoderedzwa kuva mvura.

Kukosha kwekufema kwemasero ekushanda kwemasero

Kufema kweserura inzira yakakosha yekushanda uye kurarama kwemaseru muzvinhu zvipenyu zvakawanda. Kuburikidza nemaitiro aya, maseru anowana simba raanoda kuita mabasa awo akasiyana uye kuchengetedza homeostasis. Kufema kweserura kunoitika mumitochondria, zvimiro zvinokonzeresa kuburitsa simba mumaseru.

Rimwe remabasa makuru ekufema kweserura kugadzirwa kweadenosine triphosphate (ATP), iyo molekuru ine basa rekuchengetedza simba mumaseru. ATP inoshandiswa sesosi yesimba kune ese mabasa emasero, kubva kuprotein synthesis kusvika kune inoshanda kutakura zvinhu mukati mesero membranes. Pasina kufema kweserura, maseru aisazokwanisa kugadzira ATP yakakwana uye aisazokwanisa kuita mabasa avo. mabasa ayo zvinhu zvinokosha.

Pamusoro pezvo, kufema kweserura kunoitawo basa rakakosha mukuwana okisijeni uye kubvisa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi. Munguva yekufema kwemasero, masero anotora mweya weokisijeni kubva kunharaunda uye anoburitsa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi semarara. Uku kubviswa kwekabhoni dioxide kwakakosha pakuchengetedza acid-base chiyero mumaseru uye kudzivirira kabhoni dioxide toxicity. Saizvozvovo, kuwana oxygen kwakakosha pakugadzira simba kuburikidza nekufema kwemasero.

Nzira dzekutakura zvinhu mu organelle ye cellular respiration

Iyo organelles inotarisira kufema kweserura, senge mitochondria, ine dzakatevedzana dzekufambisa nzira dzinovimbisa kutenderera kwakanaka kwezvinhu zvinodiwa kuita maitiro ekufema. Maitiro aya akakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri: membrane transporters uye proton pombi.

Membrane transporters mapuroteni akasarudzika anowanikwa mumitochondrial membrane. Aya mapuroteni anoita sekupinda uye kubuda magedhi emamorekuru akasiyana kuburikidza ne membrane. Mimwe mienzaniso yevatakuri vemembrane mu organelle ye cellular respiration iprotein ADP/ATP translocase, iyo inofambisa kupinda kweADP mumitochondria kune inotevera phosphorylation, uye protein NADH/ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ine basa rekutakura NADH kuenda kune elektroni yekutakura cheni yakaoma.

Proton pombi, kune rumwe rutivi, mapuroteni ari mukati memitochondrial membrane anogadzira proton concentration gradient. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekushandisa simba rinoburitswa panguva yekufambisa erekitironi mucheni yekufambisa kupomba mapurotoni munzvimbo yepakati. Uku kuunganidzwa kwemaproton kunogadzira electrochemical gradient inotyaira ATP synthesis kuburikidza neiyo enzyme ATP synthase.

Muchidimbu, nzira dzekufambisa mu organelle yekufema kwema cell kwakakosha kuchengetedza kukwana kwakakwana kwezvinhu zvinodiwa pakugadzira simba. Vatakuri veMembrane vanobvumira kupinda uye kubuda kwemamorekuru chaiwo, nepo mapombi eproton achigadzira proton concentration gradient inotyaira ATP synthesis. Matanho aya anoshanda pamwe chete kuti ave nechokwadi chekufema kwakanaka kweserura uye kwakaringana mitochondrial basa.

Hukama pakati pekufema kwemasero uye ATP chizvarwa

Kufema kweserura uye chizvarwa cheATP chine hukama hwepedyo, sezvo ATP iri iyo huru sosi yesimba rinoshandiswa nemaseru muma metabolic maitiro. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) imorekuru rinoumbwa neadenine base, shuga inonzi ribose, uye mapoka matatu emaphosphate. Inoonekwa se "mari yesimba" yesero, sezvo ichipa simba rekuita cellular mabasa.

Kufema kweserura ndiyo nzira iyo maseru anoshandura nayo chikafu kuita ATP. Izvo zvinotora nzvimbo mumitochondria, yakanyanya hunyanzvi uye yakanyanya metabolic cell organelles. Maitiro acho ane matatu makuru matanho: glycolysis, iyo Krebs kutenderera, uye oxidative phosphorylation.

Mu glycolysis, imwe glucose molecule inoputsika kuita maviri pyruvate molecules, ichiita shoma shoma yeATP. Iyo pyruvate inobva yapinda muKrebs cycle, iyo yakasvibiswa uye mamorekuru emagetsi, kusanganisira NADH neFADH, anogadzirwa. Aya mamorekuru anobva ashandiswa muketani yekutakura erekitironi, inozotungamira kune oxidative phosphorylation, uko ruzhinji rweATP runogadzirwa. Sezvo maerekitironi achifambiswa achitevedza cheni yekutakura, mapurotoni anopombwa nepakati pemukati mitochondrial membrane, achigadzira electrochemical gradient inoshandiswa kugadzira ATP.

Regulation of cellular respiration pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ezvakatipoteredza

Kudzorwa kwekufema kwemasero kwakakosha pakushanda kwakanaka kwemaseru pasi pemamiriro ekunze akasiyana. Kuburikidza nemaitiro chaiwo, maseru anogona kugadzirisa mashandisiro awo okisijeni uye kugadzirwa kweATP, iyo molecule yesimba, zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nharaunda yavo.

Pasi pemamiriro ekuwanikwa kweokisijeni yakaderera, senge hypoxia, masero anoshandisa mutsara wemhinduro dzinogadziriswa kuchengetedza metabolism yavo. Imwe yemhinduro idzi ndeyekushandiswa kweanaerobic metabolic pathways, yakadai selactic acid fermentation, iyo inobvumira kugadzirwa kweATP mukushayikwa kweokisijeni. Uyezve, hypoxia inokurudzira kutaura kwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakadai seHIF-1α, iyo inodzora kutaura kwemajini anokosha anobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kune oxidative stress.

Kune rumwe rutivi, pasi pemamiriro ekuwanikwa kweokisijeni yakawanda, yakadai senormoxia, masero anovandudza kufema kwavo kweaerobic kuti abudise huwandu hwehuwandu hweATP. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzora ketani yekutakura erekitironi uye oxidative phosphorylation. Uyezve, maseru anogona kugadzirisa zviyero zve glycolysis, iyo Krebs cycle, uye fatty acid oxidation kuti iwedzere kushanda nesimba.

Kudyidzana kweiyo cellular respiration organelle nemamwe ma cellular maumbirwo

Iyo organelle inotarisira kufema kweserura, inozivikanwa semitochondria, haishande yakazvimiririra mukati mesero, asi inodyidzana nemamwe ma cellular maumbirwo kuita basa rayo rekuburitsa simba. Kudyidzana uku kwakakosha kune kwakaringana sero basa uye kuchengetedza homeostasis.

Imwe yekudyidzana kukuru kwe mitochondria ndeye rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Mitochondria yakabatana zvakanyanya neRER, ichigadzira macomplexes anonzi mitochondrial-ribosome complexes. Aya macomplexes akakosha kune mapuroteni synthesis mumitochondria, sezvo achibvumira kumira kweRER ribosomes kune organelle, uko mapuroteni anodiwa kune simba metabolism anogadzirwa. Kudyidzana uku kunovimbisa kugara uchipihwa ma enzymes anodiwa kune biochemical maitiro ekufema kwemasero.

Kumwe kuwirirana kunoshamisa kunoitika pakati pemitochondria uye peroxisome. Ose ari maviri organelles anobatana mukusanganisa kwemafuta acids. Iyo mitochondria inokonzera beta-oxidation ye-refu-chain mafuta acids, nepo peroxisome inokonzera oxidation ye-refu-chain chain fatty acids. Kuburikidza nekudyidzana uku, iyo mitochondria uye peroxisome inopindirana uye inosimbisa lipid metabolism muchitokisi.

Mhedzisiro yekusashanda mu organelle ye cellular respiration

Kufema kweserura chinhu chakakosha mumaseru chinoburitsa simba kuburikidza nekuparara kwema organic molecules. Nekudaro, kusashanda zvakanaka mu organelle inokonzera kufema kweserura kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakomba pakushanda kwakanaka kwemaseru. Izvi zvisina kujairika zvinogona kukanganisa matanho akasiyana ekufema kwemasero, kubva pakutakura mamorekuru kusvika pakugadzirwa kweATP.

Imwe yezvinonyanya kukosha zvinokonzeresa dysfunctions mune organelle yekufema kweserura ndiko kudzikira kwekugadzirwa kweATP. ATP ndiyo sosi huru yesimba rinoshandiswa nemasero, uye kushomeka kunogona kukanganisa kushanda kwenzira dzakawanda dzemasabolism. Izvi zvinogona kutungamira mukudzikira kwekuteerera kwesero, kushandura maitiro akadai seprotein synthesis, DNA replication, uye sero kusaina.

Uyezve, kusashanda zvakanaka mumasero ekufema organelle kunogona kutungamira mukuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvine chepfu mumaseru. Munguva yekufema kwemaserura, zvigadzirwa zvakadai sehydrogen peroxide zvinogadzirwa, izvo zvinofanirwa kuderedzwa ne antioxidant enzymes. Nekudaro, kana iyo organelle yekufema isingaite, pane kusaenzana mukugadzira uye kubviswa kwezvinhu izvi zvine muchetura, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kukuvadza kune cellular DNA, mapuroteni, uye lipids.

Hukama pakati pekufema kwemasero uye zvirwere zvevanhu

Kuziva kwehukama pakati pekufema kwemasero uye chirwere chevanhu kwakakosha zvakanyanya mukutsvaga kurapwa kunoshanda. Kufema kweserura chinhu chakakosha mumetabolism yezvisikwa zvipenyu, iyo inoshandisa oxygen kugadzira simba muchimiro cheATP. Zvisinei, kana nzira iyi ikakanganiswa, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kumuka.

Chimwe chezvirwere zvine chekuita nekufema kwemaserura chirwere chemitochondrial, boka rekusagadzikana kwemajini kunokanganisa basa remitochondria, iro rinokonzeresa kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi. Zvirwere izvi zvinogona kusanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana. cheni kufema ‍mitochondrial, zvichikonzera kudzikira kweATP kugadzirwa uye kuunganidzwa kweane muchetura metabolites. Zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvemitochondrial⁤ zvinosiyana zvakanyanya, kubva kuneta uye kushaya simba kwetsandanyama kusvika kumatambudziko ekukura uye kusashanda kwenhengo.

Chimwe chirwere chakabatana negomarara, icho chinosanganisira kuchinjwa kwekufema kwemasero. Mumasero egomarara, shanduko inoitika mukati kushandiswa kwemasero inozivikanwa seWarburg effect, umo maseru anoisa pamberi anaerobic glycolysis pamusoro pe aerobic cellular respiration, kunyangwe pamberi peokisijeni. Iyi shanduko yemetabolism inobatsira maseru egomarara kukura uye kuparadzaniswa zvisingadzoreki. Kudzidza hukama pakati pekufema kweserura negomarara kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekugadzira marapirwo akanangana nekenza maseru.

Matekinoroji anoshandiswa kudzidza iyo organelle ye cellular kufema

Electron microscopy: Imwe yeanonyanya kushandiswa matekiniki ekudzidza organelles ekufema kwemasero ielectron microscopy. Iyi nzira inobvumira mifananidzo yepamusoro-yepamusoro yezvikamu zvemukati zvesero, kusanganisira organelle yekufema kwemasero kunozivikanwa se mitochondria. Electron microscopy inoshandisa matanda erekitironi pachinzvimbo chechiedza, ichibvumira kukwidziridzwa kwepamusoro uye kutarisisa kuri nani kwezvimiro.

Kufema kweserura pachikamu chemolecular: Imwe nzira inoshandiswa kudzidza iyo organelle ye cellular respiration ndeye ma molecular level analysis. Izvi zvinosanganisira ongororo yakadzama yemamorekuru akasiyana uye kuita kwemakemikari kunoitika mumitochondria panguva yekufema kwemasero. Uchishandisa matekiniki akadai senge spectroscopy uye chromatography, masayendisiti anogona kuona uye kuverenga mamorekuru akasiyana anobatanidzwa mukuita kwekufema kweserura, senge okisijeni, kabhoni dhimoni, uye akasiyana epakati uye zvigadzirwa zvemabatiro.

Genetic manipulation: Genetic manipulation inoitawo basa rakakosha mukudzidza kwe organelle ye cellular respiration. Masayendisiti anogona kushandisa hunyanzvi hwakadai sesaiti-inotungamirwa mutagenesis kugadzirisa chaiwo majini ane chekuita nekufema kwemasero mumitochondria. Izvi zvinobvumira mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemajini pane mitochondrial basa uye chimiro kuti chidzidzwe, ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha mumaitiro emamorekuru ari pasi pekufema kwemasero. Uye zvakare, genetic manipulation inoitawo kuti zvikwanise kugadzira transgenic cell modhi kana mhuka dzisina mamwe majini ane chekuita nekufema kwemasero, zvichiita kuti tinzwisise zviri nani basa ravo muhutano uye chirwere.

Kufambira mberi kwazvino mukutsvagisa pane organelle ye cellular respiration

Mumakore achangopfuura, kwave nekufambira mberi kukuru mukutsvaga pamusoro peiyo cellular respiration organelle, chikamu chakakosha chekushanda kwemasero eukaryotic. Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza maonero matsva muchimiro uye kushanda kweiyi organelle, ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha kuti unzwisise zvirinani maitiro ekugadzira simba mumaseru edu.

Imwe yebudiriro inocherekedza kwave kuri kuzivikanwa kwemapuroteni matsva anobatanidzwa mukutakurwa kweelectron mukati me organelle yekufema kwemasero. Aya mapuroteni anoita basa rakakosha mucheni yekutakura erekitironi, iyo ine basa rekugadzira rakawanda resimba rinoshandiswa nemasero. Kushandisa nzira dzepamusoro dzekufungidzira uye kuongorora kweproteomic, vatsvakurudzi vakakwanisa kuona uye kuratidza mapuroteni aya, izvo zvakawedzera ruzivo rwedu rwekuoma kwechiitiko ichi.

Kumwe kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwave kuwanikwa kwenzira nyowani dzemetabolism mukati meiyo cellular respiration organelle. Yakaratidzwa kuti iyi organelle haingobatanidzi mukugadzirwa kwesimba kubva kune zvinovaka muviri oxidation, asiwo inoita basa mu biosynthesis yematabolites akakosha kune cellular function. Iyi nzwisiso nyowani yeakawanda mabasa eiyo cellular respiration organelle yakavhura musuwo wekutsvaga kutsva mumunda webioenergetics uye cell biology.

Biotechnological application yakavakirwa paruzivo rwe organelle ye cellular kufema

Vakashandura nzira yatinogadzirisa nayo matambudziko aripo esainzi uye ekurapa. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwakadzama kweiyi organelle, takagadzira matekinoroji uye marapiro ayo aimboita sengano yesainzi.

Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha maapplication kugadzirwa kwebioenergy kuburikidza neinjiniya yezvipenyu. Nekuda kweruzivo rwedu rwe cellular respiration organelle, takakwanisa kugadzira ma genetically modified microorganisms anokwanisa kugadzira biofuel. zvinobudirira uye inogoneka. Kubudirira uku kwakavhura musuwo kune yakachena, inovandudzwazve simba sosi iyo inogona kuderedza kutsamira kwedu pamafuta efossil uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwedu kwezvakatipoteredza.

Kumwe kushanda kwakakosha kugadzirwa kwemajini ekurapa zvirwere zvemitochondrial. Zvirwere zveMitochondrial genetic disorder inokanganisa basa rema cell ekufema organelles uye inogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko makuru ehutano. Nekuda kwekunzwisisa kwakadzama kweiyi organelle, zvave zvichigoneka kugadzira marapirwo ejeni anoedza kugadzirisa genetic mutations inokonzera zvirwere izvi. Mishonga iyi inovimbisa kuve tariro kune avo vanorwara nezvirwere zvemitochondrial, sezvo vachigona kuvapa hupenyu huri nani uye vachikwanisa kurapa mamiriro avo.

Mibvunzo neMhinduro

Mubvunzo: Zita re organelle rinoita kufema kweserura rinorevei?
A: Iyo organelle inotarisira kufema kweserura inozivikanwa semitochondria.

Mubvunzo: Nderipi basa guru re ⁢mitochondria mukufema kwemasero⁢?
A: Basa guru remitochondria nderekugadzira simba muchimiro che ATP (adenosine triphosphate) kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa se cellular respiration.

Mubvunzo: Kufema kweserura kunoitika sei mumitochondria?
A: Kufema kweserura mumitochondria kunoitika mumatanho matatu makuru: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, uye ketani yekutakura erekitironi. Matanho aya anosanganisira nhevedzano yemaitiro ebiochemical anoshandura chikafu kuita simba iro sero rinogona kushandisa.

Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa re glycolysis mukufema kweserura?
A: Glycolysis ndiyo nhanho yekutanga yekufema kwemasero uye inoitika mu cytoplasm yeseroMunguva yeglycolysis, imwe glucose molecule inoputsika kuita maviri pyruvate molecules, ichigadzira rimwe simba muchimiro cheATP neNADH.

Mubvunzo: Chii chinoitika muKrebs kutenderera kwekufema kweserura?
A: The Krebs cycle, inozivikanwawo se citric acid cycle, inoitika mumitochondrial matrix uye ndiyo yechipiri nhanho yekufema kwemasero. Munguva yeKrebs kutenderera, pyruvate yakaputsika zvachose, ichigadzira mamorekuru eATP, NADH, FADH2, uye carbon dioxide.

Q: Chii chinonzi erekitironi yekufambisa cheni mukufema kweserura?
A: Iyo electron yekutakura cheni ndiyo yechitatu uye yekupedzisira nhanho yekufema kwemasero. Inotora nzvimbo mukati me membrane ye mitochondria uye inoshandisa NADH neFADH2 mamorekuru anogadzirwa mumatanho apfuura kuti abudise huwandu hwakawanda hweATP. Panguva iyi, maerekitironi akatakurwa pamwe cheni kuburitsa simba. iyo inoshandiswa kugadzira ATP.

Mubvunzo: Masero ese ane mitochondria here?
A: Haasi ese maseru ane mitochondria. Somuenzaniso, masero matsvuku eropa haaiti. Nekudaro, masero mazhinji eukaryotic ane mitochondria, sezvo akakosha pakugadzira simba muchimiro cheATP.

Mukupedzisa

Muchidimbu, iyo organelle inotarisira kufema kweserura, inozivikanwa semitochondria, inoita basa rakakosha musero simba metabolism. Kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai seglycolysis, iyo Krebs kutenderera, uye oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria inoshandura chikafu kuita adenosine triphosphate (ATP), iyo yekutanga simba sosi inoshandiswa nemasero.

Iko kuomarara uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemuchina webiochemical unoratidza mitochondria zvinoshamisa. Kubva pakupinda kwema substrates kusvika pakugadzirwa kweATP, nhanho imwe neimwe inodzorwa zvakanaka uye yakarongedzwa nema enzymes akasiyana, vatakuri, uye masisitimu ekufambisa aripo mune ino organelle. Uyezve, chimiro chayo chakapetwa zvakanyanya uye kuvapo kwemukati membrane kunowedzera kuita basa rekugadzira simba.

Kuburikidza nekuongorora kupfupi uku kweiyo organelle inotarisira kufema kweserura, takawana kunzwisisa kwakazara kwekukosha kwayo muhupenyu hwemasero. Kubva pakupa simba kune ese metabolic mabasa kune basa rayo muapoptosis uye mamwe maseru kusaina nzira, mitochondria chinhu chakakosha cheserura biology.

Sezvinhu zvakakosha zveeukaryotic organisms, basa remitochondrial uye kufema kweserura zvinoramba zviri nzvimbo dzekudzidza zvakanyanya uye kutsvagisa. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro anosanganisirwa mumaitiro aya kwakakosha kufambisira mberi manzwisisiro edu ezvirwere zvine chekuita nekusashanda kwemitochondrial uye kugadzira marapirwo anonangwa emamiriro aya.

Mukupedzisa, kufema kweserura chinhu chakaoma uye chechimiro chakakosha muhupenyu hwemasero, uye mitochondria iri iyo huru inokonzera kuitika kwayo. Kubva pakuwanikwa kwayo kusvika pakudzidza kwazvinoita, organelle iyi yakaburitsa ruzivo rwakakura rwuri kuramba ruchiferefetwa uye runotiita kuti tienderere mberi nekuongorora zvakavanzika zve cell biology uye simba remetabolism.