Munyika inonakidza yemicrobiology, peptidoglycan, inozivikanwawo semurein, inobuda sechinhu chakakosha mukuvaka. yemadziro sero rebhakitiriyaIyi yakaomeswa layer, iri pasi pe plasma membrane, inopa mabhakitiriya chimiro chayo uye inoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira nekuramba kwakasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye hutachiona. Asi nei chimiro ichi chakanzi peptidoglycan? Muchinyorwa chino, isu tichaongorora izvo zvekutanga zvezita iri uye toongorora maitiro eiyo membrane. uye mabasa anokosha peptidoglycan mubhakitiriya.
I. Nhanganyaya kune peptidoglycan seyakaomarara musara webhakitiriya cell wall
Peptidoglycan imorekuru rakakosha rinowanikwa mune madziro esero yebhakitiriya. Icho chigadziko chakasimba chinopa tsigiro nekudzivirira kumasero ebhakitiriya, kuve nechokwadi chekuvimbika kwavo kwechimiro. Iyi morekuru inoumbwa netitatu-dimensional network inogadzirwa nekuchinjana cheni dzeN-acetylglucosamine neN-acetylmuramic acid, dzakabatanidzwa ne peptide bond.
Pamusoro pekupa kuomarara ku rusvingo rwechitokisi Mutsika yebhakitiriya, peptidoglycan inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza chimiro chesero uye kuramba kune osmotic pressure. Nekuda kwekuomarara kwayo uye inopokana zvakanyanya, peptidoglycan inobvumira mabhakitiriya kuchengetedza hunhu hwavo uye kutsungirira shanduko muosmotic pressure. Pasina iyi dhizaini yakaoma, mabhakitiriya angangonyanya kukuvara uye sero lysis.
Chimiro che peptidoglycan chine akati wandei akakosha maitiro. Kune rimwe divi, ayo matatu-dimensional furemu inoumbwa zvakanyanya nemutsara cheni dzeN-acetylmuramic acid uye N-acetylglucosamine zvikamu. Aya maketani akabatanidzwa nemabhiriji epeptide, ayo anopa kugadzikana kwakanyanya kune yakazara peptidoglycan chimiro. Mukuwedzera, mune mamwe mabhakitiriya, mamwe mamorekuru, akadai se teichoic uye lipoteichoic acids, anogona kuwanikwa, anosunga peptidoglycan uye anobatsira pakushanda kwayo.
II. Kemikari yakagadzirwa peptidoglycan uye basa rayo rekuita
Peptidoglycan chinhu chakakosha yemadziro emadziro yebhakitiriya uye archaea, ichipa kuomarara uye kudzivirira kune aya maseru. Chimiro chayo chemakemikari inoumbwa zvakanyanya nemutsara wepolysaccharide maketani akaumbwa nekudzokorora kwemhando mbiri dzeshuga zvikamu, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) uye N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Cheni idzi dzinopindirana kuita mesh ine mativi matatu inotenderedza sero uye inopa chimiro chayo.
Chimiro che peptidoglycan chinosanganisirawo mapfupi peptide maketani akabatana neN-acetylmuramic acid. Kuumbwa kwemapeptide aya kunogona kusiyanisa pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ebhakitiriya uye archaeal, zvichibatsira mukusiyana-siyana kwemadziro emadziro emuviri. Zvisungo zviri pakati pepeptides neshuga zvinopa kuwedzera kusimba kwesimba, kuve nechokwadi chekuvimbika kwesero.
Basa guru re peptidoglycan ndere kupa rubatsiro uye kuramba kune osmotic pressure. Pamusoro pekuchengetedza sero chimiro, chimiro chepeptidoglycan chinoibvumira kutsungirira shanduko dzinongoerekana dzachinja. Chimiro ichi chinonyanya kukosha kune mabhakitiriya uye archaea anogara munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa apo mamiriro emuviri anogona kuve akasiyana zvakanyanya. Kuomarara kwe peptidoglycan kunopawo chidziviriro chinoshanda chinopesana nekupinda kwepathogenic mamorekuru uye maajenti, nekudaro kudzivirira bhakitiriya kana sero rekuchera kubva pakukuvadzwa.
III. Peptidoglycan sechinhu chakakosha mukudzivirira kwebhakitiriya uye kugadzikana
Peptidoglycan chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedzwa kwebhakitiriya uye kugadzikana. Icho chimiro chakasimba chiripo mubhakitiriya cell wall, ichipa mechanical simba uye kudzivirira kubva kune osmotic lysis. Pazasi pane matatu akakosha mapoinzi nezvekukosha kwepeptidoglycan mukupona kwebhakitiriya:
1. Dziviriro pakurwisa kwekunze: Peptidoglycan inoumba chipingamupinyi chakasimba chemuviri chinodzivirira mabhakitiriya kubva kukurwisa kwakasiyana kwekunze, sekuita kwema lytic enzymes uye kuratidzwa kune antimicrobial makemikari. Ichi chimiro chinopa nhovo yebhakitiriya, ichidzivirira kuti irege kuparara uye ichivachengeta vakasimba mukutarisana nekunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza.
2. Kugadziriswa kwesero chimiro: Peptidoglycan inobatsira kune chimiro uye kuoma kwebhakitiriya, ichiita seyakaumbwa scaffold inotsigira sero. Nekuda kwechinhu ichi, mabhakitiriya anogona kuchengetedza chimiro chavo, achivimbisa kushanda kwavo uye kudzivirira deformation inogona kukanganisa maitiro avo emetabolic uye kugona kubereka.
3. Kuramba kune osmotic pressure: Peptidoglycan inonyanya kukosha kuchengetedza kutendeseka kweiyo bhakitiriya sero madziro kurwisa shanduko yezvakatipoteredza osmotic pressure. Chimiro ichi chinopa mabhakitiriya kugona kutsungirira misiyano muhuwandu hwekusangana pakati pekunze nemukati mesero, kudzivirira kupinda kwemvura yakawandisa uye kuchengetedza cell turgor inodiwa kuti vararame.
IV. Peptide uye glycosidic zvisungo mu peptidoglycan uye kukosha kwavo
Peptidoglycan chinhu chakakosha chebhakitiriya cell wall, inopa kuomarara uye kudzivirira. Iyi polymer inoumbwa kubva mukubatana kwemhando mbiri dzezvisungo: peptide bond uye glycosidic bond.
Peptide bonds inotangwa pakati peamino acids inoumba peptidoglycan, zvichibvumira kuumbwa kwechimiro chetatu-dimensional. Izvi zvisungo zvinopikisa zvakanyanya uye zvinobatsira kusimba remagetsi ebhakitiriya cell wall, kudzivirira kuputika pasi pekumanikidzwa kweosmotic.
Kune rimwe divi, zvisungo zveglycosidic zvinoumbwa pakati peshuga N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) uye N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) inoumba peptidoglycan. Aya mabhondi akakosha pakuchengetedza kurongeka kwesero madziro uye kuve nechokwadi chekudzivirira kwayo. Uyezve, zvisungo zveglycosidic zvinobvumira peptidoglycan kuwedzera, zvichiita kuti sero rikure uye kupatsanurwa.
V. Peptidoglycan sechinangwa chekurapa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya
Peptidoglycan idhizaini yakaoma inowanikwa musero madziro ebhakitiriya uye inoita basa rakakosha mukupona kwavo. Ndicho chinangwa chekutanga che beta-lactam antibiotics, senge penicillin uye amoxicillin. Zvisinei, mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kwave nekuwedzera kunotyisa kwekupikisa mishonga iyi inorwisa mabhakitiriya, zvichiita kuti pave nekudiwa kwekugadzira mishonga mitsva inotarisa peptidoglycan.
Masayendisiti anga achiferefeta nzira dzakasiyana dzekudzivisa peptidoglycan synthesis kana kudzikisira senzira yekurwisa hutachiona hunoramba. Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kuvimbisa ndeyekugadzirwa kweinhibitors ye enzyme transpeptidase, iyo inobatanidzwa mukugadzira iyo yakakosha crosslinks mune peptidoglycan chimiro. Aya inhibitors anogona kubatsira kuderedza bhakitiriya cell wall uye kuita kuti mabhakitiriya awedzere kune mamwe maantibioti.
Pamusoro pe transpeptidase enzyme inhibitors, mamwe maitiro ari kuongororwa kuti atarise peptidoglycan. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutsvaga kwemakemikari anokanganisa kuumbwa kwepeptidoglycan precursors, pamwe chete nevamiririri vanoita pane ma enzymes anosvibisa chimiro ichi. Idzi nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinovavarira kunetesa bhakitiriya cell wall uye kuwedzera kushanda kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iripo kana kugadzira mishonga mitsva inorwisa mabhakitiriya inonangana nepeptidoglycan.
VI. Zvinhu zvinokanganisa peptidoglycan synthesis uye hukama hwavo nekuramba kwebhakitiriya
Peptidoglycan chinhu chakakosha chebhakitiriya cell wall uye inoita basa rakakosha mukuramba kwebhakitiriya. Peptidoglycan synthesis inodzorwa nezvinhu zvakati kuti zvinogona kukanganisa bhakitiriya kuramba. Pano, tichakurukura zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi uye hukama hwavo kune peptidoglycan synthesis uye bhakitiriya kuramba.
1. Maenzymes ane chekuita nepeptidoglycan synthesis: Peptidoglycan synthesis inosanganisira akatevedzana ma enzymes anokonzera matanho akasiyana ekuita. Aya ma enzymes anosanganisira ligases, synthetases, uye hydrolases, ayo anokonzeresa kuumbwa nekugadziriswa kwepeptide uye glycosidic bond mu peptidoglycan. Chero shanduko mukuita kwema enzymes aya inogona kukanganisa peptidoglycan synthesis uye, nekudaro, kupikisa kwebhakitiriya.
2. Kuvapo kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya: Mimwe mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshanda nekudzivisa peptidoglycan synthesis. Semuenzaniso, penicillin uye vancomycin vanoita nekudzivisa kushanda kwema enzymes anokonzera kuumbwa kwepeptide bond mu peptidoglycan. Kuvapo kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kunogona kunonoka kana kumisa peptidoglycan synthesis, zvichiita kuti utachiona hushoma.
3. Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemajini: Peptidoglycan synthesis inotemerwa neiyo genetic makeup. Shanduko dzemajini encoding enzymes inobatanidzwa mu peptidoglycan synthesis inogona kukanganisa basa ravo uye, nekudaro, kuramba kwebhakitiriya. Uyezve, kuvepo kwehutachiona hwekuramba majini, senge iwo encoding efflux pombi uye ekugadzirisa ma enzymes, anogona zvakare kukanganisa peptidoglycan synthesis uye bhakitiriya kuramba.
VII. Peptidoglycan semucherechedzo wetaxonomic uye mupiro wayo mukuzivikanwa kwebhakitiriya
Peptidoglycan chinhu chakakosha cheiyo bhakitiriya sero madziro, uye chimiro chayo chakasiyana chinoita kuti ive yakakosha taxonomic chiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kwebhakitiriya. Kuumbwa uye kugovera peptide zvisungo uye glucose mamorekuru aripo peptidoglycan anosiyana pakati pemhando dzebhakitiriya, zvichivabvumira kuti vasiyaniswe uye vagoiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzetaxi.
Kuona iyo peptidoglycan yemukati yemuenzaniso webhakitiriya inogona kuitwa uchishandisa hunyanzvi hwakasiyana, senge infrared spectroscopy, chromatography, uye electron microscopy. Matekinoroji aya anobvumira kuongororwa kwechimiro chepeptidoglycan uye kuumbwa, uko kunokosha pakuziva mabhakitiriya nemazvo.
Mupiro wepeptidoglycan mukuzivikanwa kwebhakitiriya wakakosha nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo uye kushanduka kwekuchengetedza. Ichi chikamu chiripo mumabhakitiriya akawanda, zvichiita kuti chive chakavimbika uye chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvidzidzo zvetaxonomic uye phylogenetic. Kukwanisa kwayo kusiyanisa marudzi ebhakitiriya, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu ekufanana kwemajini, inoita kuti ive chinhu chinokosha chekugadzirisa mabhakitiriya.
Mibvunzo neMhinduro
Mubvunzo: Sei iyo yakaomesesa musara webhakitiriya cell wall inonzi peptidoglycan?
A: Zita rekuti Peptidoglycan rinoshandiswa kutsanangura iyo yakaomesesa layer iripo muchimiro chebhakitiriya cell wall nekuda kwemakemikari ayo uye chaiwo maitiro.
Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi peptidoglycan inoumbwa?
A: Peptidoglycan inoumbwa nemaketani akareba, akabatanidzwa ekudzokorora zvikamu zveN-acetylglucosamine (NAG) uye N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Aya mayuniti akabatanidzwa ne glycosidic bonds.
Mubvunzo: Ndeipi basa rePeptidoglycan mubhakitiriya cell wall?
A: Peptidoglycan yakakosha pakupa kuomarara uye kudzivirira kumasero ebhakitiriya. Inoshanda sechivharo chemuviri chinodzivirira sero lysis uye inobatsira kuchengetedza chimiro chebhakitiriya.
Mubvunzo: Peptidoglycan inobatsira sei pakurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya?
A: Peptidoglycan ndiyo inonyanya kunangwa yemishonga yakawanda inorwisa mabhakitiriya, sezvo kuumbwa kwayo uye chimiro chiri chinangwa chikuru chekurapa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona. Utachiona hunoita kurwisana nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inowanzova neshanduko kana nzira dzekugadzirisa mu peptidoglycan dzinovabvumira kuramba chiito chavo.
Mubvunzo: Pane mabhakitiriya asina Peptidoglycan muropa ravo here? rusvingo rwayo rwesero?
A: Hongu, kune mamwe mabhakitiriya anozivikanwa se mycoplasmas asina peptidoglycan mumadziro emasero avo. Aya mabhakitiriya akagadzira mamwe maitiro ekuchengetedza kuvimbika kwechimiro chesero membrane yavo, sekubatanidzwa kwemamwe lipids.
Mubvunzo: Sei zvakakosha kudzidza Peptidoglycan?
A: Kudzidza kwepeptidoglycan kwakakosha pakunzwisisa chimiro uye kushanda kwebhakitiriya cell wall, pamwe nekugadzira nzira itsva dzekurapa dzekurwisa hutachiona hwehutachiona. Uyezve, kunzwisisa kuti mabhakitiriya anogona sei kushandura kana kunzvenga chiito che peptidoglycan kunotibatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko riri kukura rekurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.
Nzira Yekumberi
Muchidimbu, izwi rekuti "peptidoglycan" rinoshandiswa kutsanangura iyo yakaoma layer yebhakitiriya cell wall nekuda kwekusiyana kwayo uye kwakakosha kuumbwa mumabhakitiriya. Ichi chimiro chepolymeric chinoumbwa kunyanya chetani dzeshuga dzakagadzirwa neN-acetylglucosamine uye N-acetylmuramic acid zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete. Aya maketani akabatanidzwa ne peptide mabhiriji, ayo anopa kugadzikana uye simba kune bhakitiriya sero madziro.
Basa rekutanga re peptidoglycan ndere kupa simba remagetsi kune mabhakitiriya uye kuvadzivirira kubva kuosmotic lysis. Iyi yakaomeswa layer inoshandawo sepuratifomu yekubatanidza mapuroteni nema enzymes anoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kwebhakitiriya uye kurarama.
Kudzidza uye kunzwisisa kwe peptidoglycan kwakatibvumira kunyura mumagadzirirwo emishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kugadzira mishonga mitsva yeantimicrobial, uye kutsvaga nzira dzekuderedza madziro emasero ebhakitiriya uye kurwisa hutachiona. Kuburikidza nekumwe tsvagiridzo, isu tinotarisira kuwedzera ruzivo rwedu rweiyi yakakosha layer uye kuenderera mberi nekubatsira mukufambisira mberi kwemicrobiology nemushonga.
Mukupedzisa, izwi rekuti "peptidoglycan" rinoreva kuomarara kweiyo bacterial cell wall nekuda kwekuumbwa kwayo kwakasiyana uye basa rakakosha mukupona kwebhakitiriya. Kudzidza kwaro kunoramba kwakakosha, sezvo kuchibatsira pakunzwisisa kwedu kwekurwisa utachiona uye kunoita kuti tiongorore nzira nyowani dzekurwisa hutachiona hwehutachiona.
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