Chimiro cheatomu Ndiyo imwe yeakakosha pfungwa dze chemistry uye fizikisi. Inokutendera kuti unzwisise kuumbwa uye maitiro nezvenyaya yacho pamwero wemicroscopic. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, zvinoreva kurongeka nekugovaniswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvemaatomu. Kunzwisisa chimiro cheatomu kwakakosha pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaita sekuchinja kwemakemikari, zvinhu zvemukati, uye radioactivity, pakati pezvimwe.
Kutanga kwazvose, Izvo zvinodiwa kuti unzwisise kuti atomu chii. Atomu ndicho chikamu chidiki pane chemakemikari chinochengetedza hunhu hwayo muviri uye makemikari. Inoumbwa nepakati nucleus, iyo ine zvidimbu zvinochajiswa zvakanaka zvinonzi maproton uye zvidimbu zvisina kuchaja zvinonzi manyutroni. Pakatenderedza nucleus, pane maerekitironi, zvidimbu zvisina kunaka zvinotenderera zvinotenderera pamatanho esimba akasiyana.
Chimiro cheatomu Inobva pamuenzaniso wakataurwa naNiels Bohr muna 1913. Maererano nemuenzaniso uyu, maerekitironi anoparadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kana mazinga emagetsi akapoteredza nucleus. Imwe neimwe nhanho yesimba inogona kubata huwandu hwemaerekitironi, ichitevera mutemo we octet. Kureva kuti, nhanho yekutanga inogona kuva nemaerekitironi maviri, yechipiri kusvika maerekitironi masere uye zvichingodaro.
Kunze kweizvozvo, Ma electrons anogona kusvetuka kubva kune imwe orbit achienda kune imwe, achitora kana kubudisa simba nenzira yemaphoton. Chiitiko ichi chakakosha pakunzwisisa kuti shanduko yemagetsi inoitika sei, izvo zvinokonzeresa kubuda kwechiedza muchimiro chechimiro, chinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, senge spectroscopy.
Muchidimbu, Chimiro cheatomu ndiko kurongeka nekugoverwa kwemaatomu anoumba zvinhu. Kunzwisisa kwayo kwakakosha kuti unzwisise zvimiro uye maitiro ezvishandiso. Iyo modhi yakatsanangurwa naBohr inopa yakapfava asi inoshanda inomiririra yekuti maerekitironi anotora sei mazinga esimba akasiyana akatenderedza nucleus. Chidzidzo chechimiro cheatomu ndiyo hwaro hwekunzwisisa zviitiko zvekemikari uye zvemuviri, zvichipa muono wakakwana wepasirese diki.
Chimiro cheatomu uye kukosha kwayo musainzi
Atomic chimiro chidzidzo chekuti maatomu akarongwa sei uye kuti anodyidzana sei. Maatomu ndiwo zvidimbu zvidiki zvematter zvichiri kuchengetedza zvimiro zvechimwe chinhu chemakemikari. Kunzwisisa chimiro cheatomu kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise zvakasiyana zvemuviri nemakemikari zvinoitika zvakatipoteredza.
Chimiro cheatomu chinoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu zvakakosha: protons, manyutroni nemaerekitironi. Iyo mapurotoni Zvimedu zvinochajiswa zvakanaka zvinowanikwa mukati meatomu. The manyutroni, nerumwe rutivi, zvimedu zvisina kuchaja zvinogarawo munucleus. Pakupedzisira, the maerekitironi Zvimedu zvinochajiswa zvisina kunaka zvinotenderera pamwoyo. Izvi zvimedu zvinodyidzana kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi uye kuona zvimiro uye maitiro emaatomu.
Kukosha kwekunzwisisa atomic chimiro chiri muiri zvinoenderana nesainzi uye tekinoroji. Ruzivo rwakadzama rwemarongerwo akaitwa maatomu rwakatibvumira kufambira mberi kwakakosha munzvimbo dzakawanda, kubva pamushonga nesimba renyukireya kusvika kumagetsi nemakomputa. Pamusoro pazvo, kudzidza kwechimiro cheatomu kwaita kuti tiwane zvinhu zvemakemikari uye kwakatibvumira kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvepasi nepasi padanho reatomu.
Kuumbwa uye kurongeka kwechimiro cheatomu
La atomic chimiro Rinoreva kuumbwa nekurongeka kwemaatomu, anova ndiwo mayuniti akakosha e matter. Maatomu anoumbwa neatomic particles, akadai mapurotoni, manyutroni y maerekitironi. Mapurotoni ane chaji yakanaka, manyuturoni haana kwaakarerekera, uye maerekitironi ane chaji isina kunaka. Ma protoni nemanyuturoni anowanikwa mu the nucleus yeatomu, ukuwo maerekitironi achitenderera kutenderera nucleus munzvimbo dzinonzi. electronic layers o simba layers.
La kugoverwa kwemaerekitironi muzvikamu zvemagetsi zvinotevera modhi inozivikanwa se simba layer kana level model. Mumuenzaniso uyu, maerekitironi anozadza mateko ari padyo nenyukiresi asati aenda kumateko ekunze. Goko rerekitironi rekutanga rinogona kuva nemaerekitironi maviri, goko rechipiri kusvika maerekitironi masere, uye rechitatu goko rinosvikawo maerekitironi masere. Uku kugoverwa kwemaerekitironi mumatemba emagetsi kunotarisisa chimiro chemakemikari nemaatomu.
La atomic chimiro Izvo zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti maatomu anodyidzana sei kuti aumbe mamorekuru nemakomponi Kudyidzana pakati pemaerekitironi emaatomu akasiyana makemikari bond. Maatomu anogona kugovera, kurasikirwa kana kuwana maerekitironi kuti asvike pakugadzika kwemagetsi zvigadziriso zvobva zvaita kemikari mabhondi. Aya ma link anogona kuva covalent (apo maatomu anogovana maerekitironi), ionic (apo maatomu anotamisa maerekitironi) kana simbi (apo maatomu anogovera a “gore” remaerekitironi). Muchidimbu, chimiro cheatomu ndicho hwaro hwekunzwisisa chemistry uye nyika yakatitenderedza.
Zvinhu zvakakosha zveatomu
Atomu, chikamu chekutanga chezvinhu zvose, ine yakaoma atomic chimiro inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakosha. Izvi zvikamu zvinokonzeresa zvimiro uye maitiro emakemikari zvinhu. Kuziva chimiro cheatomu kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti maatomu anodyidzana sei uye kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinogadzirwa sei.
Nucleus, iri pakati peatomu, ndiyo chinhu chikuru ye chimiro cheatomu. Iyi nucleus inoumbwa ne subbatomic particles inonzi maproton nemanyutroni. Mapurotoni, ane chaji yemagetsi yakanaka, anotarisisa kuzivikanwa kweatomu, sezvo nhamba yavo ichitsanangura chimiro chemakemikari. Kune chikamu chavo, manyutroni haana mutero wemagetsi uye basa ravo nderekuchengetedza kugadzikana mukati meiyo nucleus.
Kutenderedza nucleus kune electrons, ari iwo zvidimbu zvisina kunaka yeatomu. Maerekitironi aya akagoverwa mumasimba akasiyana siyana kana magoko akatenderedza nucleus. Goko rega rega rinogona kutakura huwandu hwemaerekitironi, ichitevera mimwe mitemo yakadzikwa. Huwandu hwemaerekitironi mumazinga ekunze ndiwo hunoratidza kudzokororwa kweatomu uye kugona kwayo kuumba makemikari bond nemamwe maatomu.
Kufurira kwemaerekitironi pachimiro cheatomu
Chimiro cheatomu chinoreva kurongeka uye kuronga kwezvikamu zvakakosha zveatomu. Mukati meatomu mune mapurotoni nemanyuturoni, ukuwo maerekitironi achitenderera munhanho kana mateko akatenderedza musimboti uyu. Chinhanho chega chega chinogona kubata huwandu hwemaerekitironi uye anonzi K, L, M, N, zvichingodaro. Kugovaniswa chaiko kwemaerekitironi muzvikamu izvi kune a basa rakakosha mumakemikari uye chimiro chemamiriro ekunze.
Kana maerekitironi ari panhanho dzesimba padyo nenyukiresi, kukwezva kwawo kumapurotoni kunowedzera, zvichikonzera simba rakaderera, kugadzikana kwakanyanya uye kuderera kwekemikari kuitazve kweatomu. Kune rimwe divi, maerekitironi ari mumazinga esimba ari kure nepakati simba rakakwirira, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuwanikwa kutora chikamu mukuita kwemakemikari uye kugadzira zvisungo nemamwe maatomu. Ndiko kugadziridzwa kwemagetsi uku kunotarisisa kuti maatomu anodyidzana sei, achigadzira covalent, ionic kana simbi zvisungo uye zvichipa mukana kune akasiyana siyana emakemikari komisheni aripo munharaunda yedu.
Pamusoro pezvo, maerekitironi anoitawo basa rakakosha mukufambiswa kwemagetsi nekupisa kwezvinhu. Maerekitironi eValence, ayo anowanikwa munzvimbo dzekunze dzeatomu, ane basa rekuita kwemagetsi. Atomu ne maerekitironi emahara valence Iyo inonyanya kuendesa magetsi emagetsi kuburikidza nechinhu, ichiita conductor. Ukuwo, maatomu ane zvese valence nzvimbo dzakagarwa Nekuda kwemaerekitironi avo vanogadzira insulating zvinhu, sezvo vasingakwanisi kufambisa nyore kuyerera kwemagetsi emagetsi. Aya mazano anoratidza zvakajeka kukosha kwemaerekitironi muchimiro cheatomu uye simba rawo pane zvinhu zvezvinhu.
The atomic nucleus nebasa rayo repakati
The atomic nucleus ndiyo pakati peatomu uye inoita basa rakakosha muchimiro chayo. Inoumbwa zvakanyanya nemaproton nemanyutroni, ayo ari mukubatana nguva dzose. Mapurotoni ane zvidimbu zvinochajiswa, nepo manyuturoni asina chaji yemagetsi. Kudyidzana kuri pakati aya marudzi maviri ezvimedu kunochengeta nucleus pamwe chete uye inopa kugadzikana..
Pamusoro pemapurotoni nemanyutroni, nucleus inogonawo kunge iine tudiki twunonzi quarks. Aya ma quarks ndiwo akakosha ekuvaka maturusi uye anosanganiswa kugadzira maproton nemanyutroni. Kugadziriswa kwema quarks mukati me nucleon, sekudaidzwa kunoitwa mapurotoni nemanyutroni, kunotara hunhu hwenyucleus nemaatomu zvawo..
The atomic nucleus yakakosha kunzwisisa maitiro nemaatomu. Hukuru hwayo idiki zvakanyanyisa kana ichienzaniswa nehukuru hweatomu, asi huremu hwayo hunotora hunenge hwese huremu hweatomu. Nekuda kwekusangana kwechaji yakanaka mukati memukati, maerekitironi, ayo ane zvidimbu zvisina kunaka, anoitenderedza mune dzimwe nzira.. Aya ma electron orbits, anozivikanwawo semazinga esimba, anotarisisa makemikari echinhu uye kuti anodyidzana sei nezvimwe zvinhu.
Masimba anobata maatomu pamwechete
Atomic structure inoreva kurongeka uye kuronga kwemaatomu muchinhu. Maatomu anoumbwa nepakati nucleus, ine mapurotoni nemanyuturoni, akakomberedzwa nemaerekitironi anotenderera. Masimba anobata maatomu pamwechete anozivikanwa se intermolecular forces.
Kune marudzi akasiyana emasimba epakati pemamolekyulu anoita pakati peatomu, anonyanyozivikanwa ari ionic force, covalent force, uye simba reVan der Waals. The ionic simba Zvinoitika pakati pemaatomu anochajiswa magetsi, imwe ine chaji yakanaka uye imwe ine chaji isina kunaka, izvo zvinopa kukwezva kwemagetsi. Ukuwo, the covalent force Zvinoitika kana maatomu achigovana maerekitironi nemamwe maatomu ari pedyo, achigadzira zvisungo zvemakemikari zvakasimba. Pakupedzisira, iyo Van der Waals force Iyo inogadzirwa nekudyidzana pakati peanogara dipoles kana induced dipoles mumaatomu akavakidzana kana mamorekuru.
Intermolecular forces yakakosha kunzwisisa chimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari yezvinhu. Kusimba kwemasimba aya kunotemesa painofashaira, kunyungudika, uye kufambiswa kwemagetsi kwezvinhu Pamusoro pezvo, masimba aya anopesvedzera chimiro chemokuru uye nzira iyo zvinhu zvinobatana nazvo. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise masimba anobata maatomu pamwechete kuti unzwisise mafambiro enyaya padanho remicroscopic uye macroscopic.
Zvinokurudzira kuti unzwisise chimiro cheatomu
Atomic chimiro ipfungwa yakakosha mufizikisi uye chemistry. Kuziva kuti maatomu akarongeka sei uye kunzwisisa kushanda kwawo kwemukati kwakakosha kuti unzwisise chikamu chikuru chezviitiko zvenyaya. Tevere, tinokupa mamwe mazano kuitira kuti iwe ugone kunzwisisa zviri nani ichi chinonakidza chimiro.
1. Dzidza maatomu emhando: Masayendisiti akakurudzira mhando dzakasiyana dzekutsanangura chimiro cheatomu mukati mese yenhoroondo. Kubva pamuenzaniso wekare weDalton kusvika kune yazvino quantum modhi, zvakakosha kuziva maitiro makuru eumwe neumwe uye kuti akashanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinokubatsira iwe kunzwisisa mabhesi eatomu chimiro uye kuti ruzivo rwedu mundima iyi rwakakura sei.
2. Nzwisisa kugoverwa kwemaerekitironi: Ma electrons ma particles anogara achifamba akatenderedza nucleus yeatomu. Kudzidza pfungwa dzakadai se orbitals uye nhamba dze quantum zvinokutendera iwe kuti unzwisise zviri nani kugovera uku uye kuti inopesvedzera sei makemikari zvimiro zvezvinhu.
3. Ziva interatomic masimba: Mukati meatomu, mune masimba akasiyana anobata zvikamu zvaro pamwechete. Masimba aya anosanganisira simba renyukireya rakasimba, rinokweva mapurotoni kunucleus zvisinei nekuchaira kwawo kwakanaka, pamwe nemasimba emagetsi ari pakati pemaerekitironi nenucleus. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti masimba aya anodyidzana sei uye kuti anokanganisa sei kugadzikana uye zvimiro zveatomu.
Zvishandiso zveatomu chimiro muhunyanzvi uye mushonga
Chidzidzo che atomic chimiro yakashandura tekinoroji uye mushonga mumakore achangopfuura. Mune tekinoroji, ruzivo rwechimiro cheatomu chakagonesa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvepamberi, semiconductors anoshandiswa mukugadzira machipisi nemidziyo yemagetsi Nekunzwisisa kuti maatomu anorongedzerwa sei muchinhu, masayendisiti anogona kugadzira zvinhu zvine chaiwo zvimiro, senge simba rakakura , kushandiswa kwesimba shoma kana kuti simba guru kuchengetera data.
Mumishonga, ruzivo rwe atomic chimiro yave yakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemaitiro ekuongorora uye marapirwo akanyatsojeka, semuenzaniso, tekinoroji yeMRI inoshandisa ruzivo rwekuti maatomu anoita sei pamberi pesimba remagineti kugadzira mifananidzo yakadzama yemukati memukati meiyo. muviri wemunhu. Uyezve, kunzwisisa maumbirwo eatomu yemakemikari emakemikari akabvumira kugadzirwa kwemishonga inoshanda ine mhedzisiro shoma, nekugadzira mamorekuru anodyidzana chaizvo nemamorekuru emuviri.
Imwe yakakosha application ye atomic chimiro Inowanikwa mune nanotechnology, uko masayendisiti anoshandura uye anodzora zvinhu zveatomu neatomu Izvi zvakakonzera kufambira mberi kwakakosha mundima dzakadai semagetsi, simba, kuvaka sensor, uye mushonga wekuvandudza. Nekunzwisisa kuti maatomu anobatana uye kurongeka sei, masayendisiti anogona kugadzira nanostructures ane akasiyana zvivakwa uye kugadzirisa mashandiro uye kuita kweakasiyana masisitimu.
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