Pfupiso yeComputer Generations: Kutariswa kwenhoroondo kushanduka kwemidziyo yemakombuta. Kubva kumakomputa makuru uye echinyakare echizvarwa chekutanga kusvika kune azvino zvishandiso zve kugadzirisa kwedata Makomputa anhasi abva kure maererano nehukuru, kukura uye kumhanya. Ichi chinyorwa chinopa pfupiso yekwakarerekera yehunyanzvi hwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana zvemakomputa, ichiratidza maitiro makuru uye kufambira mberi kwakatsanangura nhanho imwe neimwe.
Chizvarwa chekutanga: Ima 40s uye 50s yakaratidza kuberekwa kwemakombiyuta emagetsi. Aya mahofori emuchina, akavakirwa pavacuum mavharuvhu uye makadhi ane perforated, aive akakura uye aida kuisirwa zvinoshamisira. Kunyangwe kumhanya kwavo kwaive kushoma, vaive mapiyona mukugadzirisa ruzivo rwedhijitari uye vainyanya kushandiswa kuverengera kwakaoma kwesainzi uye mabasa echiuto.
Chizvarwa chechipiri: Kuvandudzwa kweiyo transistor muma50 kwakaunza shanduko yehunyanzvi hwekombuta Nehukuru hudiki uye kusimba kukuru, ma transistors akatsiva machubhu ane bulky vacuum, izvo zvakabvumira kuderedzwa kukuru muhukuru hwemakina uye kuwedzera kukuru kwekumhanya kwavo. uye kukwanisa kugadzirisa. Makomputa echizvarwa chino aive akavimbika uye achiwanikwa, achiwedzera kushandiswa kwawo mune zvedzidzo uye zvebhizinesi marongero.
Chizvarwa chechitatu: Pakati pema60, kugadzirwa kwedunhu rakasanganiswa (IC) kwakaratidza kumwe kusvetuka kwehunyanzvi. munhoroondo yemakombiyuta. Maseketi akabatanidzwa akabvumira kubatanidzwa kweakati wandei transistors pane imwechete chip, iyo yakawedzera kufambisa iyo miniaturization yemidziyo uye yakawedzera kumhanya kwayo uye kugona kugadzirisa. Chizvarwa ichi chakaonawo kubuda kwemitauro yekutanga yepamusoro-soro, iyo yakagonesa otomatiki yakakura uye kugadzirwa kwesoftware yakaoma.
Chizvarwa chechina: Muma70s, nguva ye microprocessors yakaratidza kutanga. Aya maturusi akanyatsobatanidzwa aive nezvose zvakakosha pakushanda kubva pakombuta mukati meimwe silicon chip, zvichiwedzera kuderedza saizi yemidziyo. Uyezve, vakasumwa operating systems yakanyatsoshanda uye yekutanga graphical mushandisi interfaces yakagadzirwa, iyo yakavandudza ruzivo rwevashandisi uye kuwana ruzivo.
Chizvarwa chechishanu: Makore gumi ema 80s na90s akaona kubuda kwemakomputa makuru uye njere dzakagadzirwa. Masupercomputers, ane masimba epamusoro-soro ekugadzirisa, akaita kuti kutevedzera kwezviitiko zvakaoma uye kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwedata. Zvichakadaro, hungwaru hwekugadzira hwakatanga kuwana pasi nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi masisitimu uye kugadzirwa kwemutauro wechisikigo, vachiisa hwaro hwekufambira mberi mune ramangwana mukombuta.
Mukupedzisa, muzvizvarwa zvakasiyana-siyana, shanduko yemakomputa yave inonakidza, kubva pakugara mumakamuri ese kusvika pakukwana muchanza cheruoko. Kumhanya, kugona kugadzirisa, uye kushanda kwezvishandiso izvi zvakavandudzika zvakanyanya, kushandura nzira yatinodyidzana nayo neruzivo uye nekushandura zvingangoita zvese zvehupenyu hwedu.
1. Tsanangudzo uye kupatsanurwa kwezvizvarwa zvekombuta
Chizvarwa chekutanga: Ichi chizvarwa chemakomputa chakatanga kuma1940 uye chaizivikanwa nekushandisa vacuum valves pachinzvimbo chetransistors yekugadzira data Michina iyi yaive mikuru, yaidhura, uye yaipedza simba rakawanda. Mimwe mienzaniso Pamakomputa aya ENIAC neUNIVAC.
Chizvarwa chechipiri: Mukupera kwema1950, chizvarwa chechipiri chekombiyuta chakagadzirwa, icho akatsiva vacuum chubhu pamwe transistors. Izvi zvaibvumira makomputa kuita madiki, nekukurumidza, uye kushandisa simba shoma. Magnetic memory yakaunzwa, iyo yakavandudza dura rekuchengetedza.
Chizvarwa chechitatu: Muma1960, chizvarwa chechitatu chemakomputa chakagadzirwa, icho yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwemasekete akabatanidzwa. Aya maseketi akabatanidzwa akabvumira kukurumidza kwekugadzirisa uye simba rekuchengetedza data kuti riwedzere. Mukuwedzera, pfungwa yekugoverana nguva yakatangwa, iyo yakabvumira vanhu vakati wandei kushandisa komputa imwechete panguva imwe chete. Munguva iyi, iyo BASIC programming mutauro yakagadziridzwa uye mamwe masisitimu epamberi ekushandisa akagadzirwa.
2. Shanduko yehardware muchizvarwa chega chega chemakomputa
Munyika inonakidza yetekinoroji, shanduko yehardware muzvizvarwa zvemakomputa Yave iri nguva dzose inofadza. Kubva pamakomputa ekutanga kusvika nhasi, takaona zvinhu zvitsva zvisati zvamboitika zvakashandura mararamiro edu nekushanda. Chizvarwa chega chega chakaunza kufambira mberi kwakakosha maererano nekugadzirisa, kuchengetedza, uye kugona kwekubatanidza.
In the chizvarwa chekutanga chemakomputa, iyo yakatanga kubva kuma40 kusvika kumavambo ekuma60, michina yacho yakanga yakakura uye yaishandisa mavharuvhu emagetsi kuita masvomhu. Kumhanyisa kumhanya uye kugona kuchengetedza zvaive zvishoma. Zvisinei, panguva ino kuvandudzwa kweiyo komputa yekutanga inoshanda: iyo ENIAC, iyo yakaratidza kutanga kwenguva itsva.
With the advance to the chizvarwa chechipiri Mumakomputa, mukupera kwema1950, transistors yakatsiva machubhu emagetsi. Izvi zvakabvumira saizi yemidziyo kuderedzwa uye kumhanya kwekugadzirisa kuwedzera. Pamusoro pezvo, mitauro yekutanga yepamusoro-soro yakaunzwa, zvichifambisa kugadzirwa kwesoftware yakaoma. Kufambira mberi uku kwakaisa hwaro hwekubuda kwemaminicomputers uye yekutanga multitasking masisitimu anoshanda.
3. Magadzirirwo eSoftware nemaitiro ayo kuzvizvarwa zvakasiyana zvemakomputa
Zvizvarwa zvemakombiyuta zvanga zvichishanduka nekufamba kwemakore, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwesoftware inovatyaira. Chizvarwa chega chega chakamirira kufambira mberi kwakakosha maererano nehukuru hwekugadzirisa, kumhanya uye kuchengetedza. Sezvo software inokura, zvizvarwa zvemakomputa zvinova zvine simba zvakanyanya uye zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvine tarisiro yakananga kune yedu hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Chizvarwa chekutanga chemakomputa Yakanga yakaratidzwa nekushandiswa kwevacuum valves uye yakagara nzvimbo huru dzemuviri. Iyo software yenguva iyi yaive padanho rekutanga uye yaingogumira kuzvirongwa zvakapfava sekuverenga masvomhu uye basa remasvomhu. Zvisinei nekupidigura uku, uku kwaive kutanga kweshanduko yetekinoroji yaizoshandura nyika yemakomputa zvachose.
Chizvarwa chechipiri chemakomputa Iyo yakaratidza budiriro nekutsiva vacuum chubhu ne transistors, ichibvumira kuti iwedzere compact saizi uye kushanda kwepamusoro. Panguva ino, software yakatanga kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya uye yekutanga masisitimu ekushandisa akagadzirwa. Makomputa anogona kuita zvirongwa zvakaomarara uye kuita mamwe mabasa akasiyana-siyana, akadai sekutonga mafaera uye kuita zvirongwa zvakawanda.
4. Kufambira mberi mukuchengetedza data uye kukwanisa kugadzirisa
Chizvarwa chekutanga: Munguva iyi nhanho, kuchengetedza data uye kugona kugadzirisa kwaive kushoma kwazvo Makomputa aishandisa vacuum chubhu kuita masvomhu uye akabaya makadhi kuchengetedza ruzivo. Zvimedu zvemichina izvi zvaive zvakakura uye zvaida nzvimbo huru yemuviri. Pamusoro pezvo, kumhanya kwayo kwekugadzirisa kwaive kunonoka, zvichiita kuti zviome kubata mavhoriyamu makuru e data.
Chizvarwa chechipiri: Nekuvandudzwa kwema transistors, kufambira mberi kukuru mukuchengetedza data uye kugona kugadzirisa kwakawanikwa. Makombiyuta echizvarwa ichi akanga ari maduku uye akanyatsoshanda. Mukuwedzera, magineti matepi akatanga kushandiswa uye zvinotyaira zvakaoma kuchengetedza ruzivo, izvo zvakabvumira kuwana zviri nani kune data. Pasinei nekufambira mberi uku, zvaive zvichiri kudikanwa kuita mabasa zvakatevedzana, izvo zvairambidza kukurumidza kugadzirisa.
Chizvarwa chechitatu: Kusvika kwemaseketi akabatanidzwa kwakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha mukuchengetedza data uye kugona kugadzirisa Makombiyuta enguva ino aikurumidza uye aigona kuita mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete. Pamusoro pezvo, midhiya yakanyatso chengetedza yakatanga kushandiswa, senge floppy disk drives uye optical disks. Izvi zvakabvumira kukurumidza kuwana kune data uye yakakura kuchengetedza huwandu. Nekudaro, kunyangwe kufambira mberi uku, makomputa achiri kuda nzvimbo yakakura yemuviri.
5. Pesvedzero yezvizvarwa zvekombuta munharaunda nebhizinesi
Pfupiso yeComputer Generations
Zvizvarwa zvemakombiyuta zvakave ne chakakosha kukanganisa munharaunda uye bhizinesi mumakore apfuura. Chizvarwa chega chega chakaunza kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwemichina uko kwakasandura mararamiro atinoita nekushanda.
Chizvarwa chekutanga emakombiyuta, ayo aiva nemichina mikuru yaitora makamuri ose, yaiita kuti zvikwanisike kuita masvomhu akaoma kunzwisisa uye kugadzirisa mashoko zvakanaka kupfuura kare. Michina iyi yainyanya kushandiswa nemasangano edzidzo uye ehurumende pamabasa esainzi nemauto.
Chizvarwa chechipiri Yakaona kuunzwa kwemakomputa etransistorized, madiki uye nekukurumidza kupfuura avo vakavatangira. Aya makomputa akaita kuti kushandiswa kwemitauro yepamusoro-soro kuvepo uye akashandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemabhizinesi maapplication, akadai seakaunzi uye kugadzirisa data. Pamusoro pezvo, makomputa echizvarwa chino akashandiswawo pakuvandudzwa kwemitambo yekutanga yemavhidhiyo uye masisitimu evaraidzo.
6. Matambudziko nemikana yezvizvarwa zvinotevera zvemakomputa
Zvizvarwa zvenguva yemberi zvemakomputa zvichasangana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana nemikana inozogadzira nzira yetekinoroji. Munyika iri kuramba ichiziva nezvekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba kuchave chinhu chakakosha kumakomputa emangwana. Kuti uite izvi, kufambira mberi kunozodiwa mu miniaturization yezvikamu, mukugadzirisa kwema processors uye mukushandiswa kwesimba rinowanikwazve. Saizvozvo, mukana unovhurika wekutora mukana wezvinogoneka tekinoroji, senge quantum computing, kugadzirisa matambudziko yakaoma zvakanyanya.
Rimwe dambudziko rakakodzera richava kuwedzera kwekuchengetedza data uye kugona kugadzirisa. Nekukura kwakanyanya kweruzivo rwunogadzirwa nemushandisi uye kubatana kwepasirese, makomputa emangwana achada kukwanisa kubata mavhoriyamu makuru e data nekukurumidza uye nemazvo. Kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvitsva uye matekiniki ekugadzira kuchawedzera kuchengetedza uye kuvimbisa kukurumidza kugadzirisa. Uyezve, kuisirwa kwepamusoro-soro algorithms uye kushandiswa kwehuchenjeri hwekugadzira kuchave kwakakosha kubata ruzivo hungwaru uye kubvisa ruzivo runobatsira.
Chekupedzisira, chengetedzo yeruzivo ichabuda seimwe yematambudziko makuru kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera zvemakomputa. Nekuwedzera kwekurwiswa kwe cyber uye kukosha kwekuchengetedza data rakavanzika, zvakakosha kukudziridza akasimba ekuchengetedza masisitimu uye mapuroteni. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufambira mberi muhardware uye software dhizaini, pamwe nekudzidziswa kwenyanzvi dzine hunyanzvi hwekuchengetedza komputa. Dhata encryption, biometric authentication uye maitiro ekuongorora achave mamwe ematekiniki achashandiswa kuchengetedza ruzivo mune inowedzera digitalized nharaunda.
Muchidimbu, zvizvarwa zveramangwana zvemakomputa zvichasangana nematambudziko akakosha ekushanduka kwavo, senge simba rekushandisa, kuchengetedza data uye chengetedzo. Nekudaro, kune zvakare mikana inonakidza yekushandisa matekinoroji ari kusimukira uye kugadzirisa matambudziko aya nenzira itsva. Kufambira mberi uye kusimukira munzvimbo idzi kuchave kwakakosha kufambiro mberi yetekinoroji uye kubatsira kwenharaunda yese.
7. Zvinokurudzirwa zvekugadzirisa zviwanikwa muchizvarwa chega chega chemakomputa
Zvizvarwa zvemakomputa zvave kushanduka nekufamba kwemakore, zvichipa kugona kukuru uye nekugadzirisa zviwanikwa. Tevere, nhevedzano yekurudziro ichaunzwa kuti iwedzere kugona muchizvarwa chega chega.
Kutanga, muchizvarwa chekutanga chemakomputa, inozivikanwa nekushandisa vacuum mavharuvhu, zvakakosha gonesa nzvimbo zvenyama. Aya makomputa akatora nzvimbo yakakura nekuda kwehukuru hwemavharuvhu, saka zvakakosha kuita dhizaini yakakwana kuti ishandise zvakanyanya nzvimbo iripo.
Kechipiri, muchizvarwa chechipiri chemakomputa, yakavakirwa pamatransistors, yakakosha gadzirisa kushandiswa yendangariro. Tichifunga kuti munhanho iyi saizi yezvikamu zvakaderedzwa, zvakakosha kunyatso gadzirisa ndangariro iripo kudzivirira kutambisa zviwanikwa uye kuvimbisa kuita kwakaringana.
Finalmente, muchizvarwa chechitatu chemakombiyuta, apo masangano akabatanidzwa akaiswa, zvakakosha Gadzirisa manejimendi emagetsi. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwesimba remagetsi kunobvumira hupenyu hunobatsira hwezvikamu kuti huwedzere uye, zvakare, hunoderedza mari yekushandisa. Kuti uite izvi, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa masisitimu ekuchengetedza simba uye nehungwaru manejimendi algorithms.
Ini ndiri Sebastián Vidal, injiniya wekombuta anofarira nezve tekinoroji uye DIY. Uyezve, ndini musiki we tecnobits.com, kwandinogovera zvidzidzo kuti tekinoroji iwanikwe uye inonzwisisika kumunhu wese.