Theory of Cellular Origin

Kugadziridzwa kwekupedzisira: 30/08/2023
Munyori: Sebastian Vidal

Iyo Cell Origin Theory ndiyo mbiru yakakosha mumunda webiology uye inotsvaga kunzwisisa kuti masero ekutanga akamuka sei paNyika. Dzidziso iyi inotsigira kuti marudzi ese ehupenyu ane madzitateguru akafanana uye kuti kubuda kwemaseru kwakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha mukushanduka kwehupenyu. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora zvakadzama hwaro nekufambira mberi kwedzidziso iyi, pamwe neumbowo hunotsigira huchokwadi hwayo hwesainzi. Nekunzwisisa kwakabva masero, tinogona kuwana maonero akazara ekushanduka kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye nhoroondo yedu semhando.

1. Nhanganyaya yedzidziso yeCellular Origin

Theory of Cell Origin ipfungwa yakakosha mubiology inotsvaga kutsanangura kuti masero ekutanga akamuka sei paNyika uye kuti akashanduka sei kuita zvipenyu zvakaoma zvatinoziva nhasi. Kuburikidza netsvakiridzo yesainzi, zvakaratidzwa kuti masero ese anobva kumasero akange aripo, achitevera nzira inoenderera yekukamura maseru. Dzidziso iyi yakaisa hwaro hwekunzwisisa maumbirwo nemashandiro ezvisikwa zvipenyu, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwezvishandiso zvakawanda. mune zvehutano uye biotechnology.

Kuti unzwisise kuti Cell Origin Theory chii, zvinodikanwa kufunga mamwe akakosha pfungwa:

  • Abiogenesis: Ndiyo fungidziro inokurudzira kuti hupenyu hunogona kubva kuzvinhu zvisina hupenyu, kuburikidza nemakemikari uye emuviri maitiro.
  • Biopoiesis: Inoreva mavambo ekutanga organic komisheni, senge amino acids uye nucleotides, inodiwa pakuumbwa kweakakosha mamorekuru ehupenyu.
  • Chemical evolution: Ndiyo nzira iyo yekutanga yakaoma organic mamorekuru akaumbwa kubva kune akareruka mamorekuru, munzvimbo yakanaka.

Muchidimbu, Theory of Cell Origin inotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti masero ekutanga ePasi akasimuka sei kubva kumamorekuru pasi pemamiriro akakodzera. Ruzivo urwu runotibvumira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani kusiyana uye kuoma kwezvinhu zvipenyu, pamwe nekutsvaga nekugadzira zvitsva zvekushandisa mumunda we cell biology. Uyezve, dzidziso iyi inokosha mukudzidza kwezvirwere uye kukura kwemishonga yemajini. Mukupedzisa, Theory of Cell Origin ndiyo mbiru yakakosha yebiology yemazuva ano uye inoramba iri nyaya yekutsvagisa uye zvakawanikwa nesainzi zvinowedzera ruzivo rwedu rwehupenyu hwepasi redu.

2. Nzira dzakarongwa dzemavambo emasero

Kune akati wandei anotsanangurwa dzidziso pamusoro pekwakabva masero, ayo anoedza kutsanangura kuti hupenyu hwakamuka sei paNyika. Aya maitiro anoratidza akasiyana mamiriro umo maseru angadai akashanduka kubva kune prebiotic mamorekuru. Mamwe emhando dzakakurumbira anoratidzwa pazasi:

1. Primordial broth theory: Iyi dzidziso inomiririra kuti masero ekutanga akamuka kubva muto organic mamorekuru paPasi pekutanga. Zvinotendwa kuti mamiriro acho yePasi Panguva iyoyo, kuvapo kwemvura uye simba kubva mumwaranzi yezuva kwaifarira kuumbwa kwemakemikari akaomarara. Aya makomisheni akazorongana kuita echinyakare masero masisitimu anokwanisa kuzvidzokorora uye kupa hupenyu.

2. RNA theory yenyika: Zvinoenderana nedzidziso iyi, RNA (ribonucleic acid) ndiyo yaive yakakosha molecule mukutanga kwemasero ekutanga. RNA inokwanisa kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemajini uye kukonzeresa maitiro emakemikari, ndosaka ichionekwa semutangiri wemazuva ano nucleic acids (DNA neRNA). Zvinotendwa kuti mune prebiotic scenario, RNA inogona kunge yakangozviumba yega ichibva yashanduka kuita kuti kuve nekuwanda kuomarara kwemasero.

3. Panspermia theory: Dzidziso iyi inoratidza kuti masero ekutanga angadai akasvika paNyika kubva kune mamwe mapuraneti kana mitumbi yedenga. Zvinoenderana nepfungwa iyi, hutachiona hunogona kunge hwakatakurwa nemameteorites kana zvimwe zvinhu zvemu cosmic, uye kamwe paPasi, vaigona kuchinjika uye kukura kuita zvipenyu zvakaomarara. Kunyange zvazvo ichiri dzidziso ine gakava, yakawana tsigiro nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwezvipembenene zvinonzi extremophile microorganisms zvinokwanisa kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa akafanana neaya ari kunze.

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3. Kukosha kwenzvimbo yekutanga muCell Origin Theory

The Cell Origin Theory inosimbisa kukosha kwenzvimbo yekutanga mukubuda kwehupenyu paPasi. Iyi nharaunda inoreva mamiriro emuviri nemakemikari aivepo papasi redu rekutanga, angangoita mabhiriyoni mana emakore apfuura. Kudzidza kwenzvimbo yekutanga kunotitendera kuti tinzwisise kuti masero ekutanga angave akamuka uye akashanduka sei.

Nzvimbo yepakutanga yakapa zvinhu nemamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa pakuumbwa kwema organic molecules, akadai seamino acids uye nucleotides, izvo zvakakosha pahupenyu. Pamusoro pezvo, pakanga paine masimba emagetsi, akadai semwaranzi yeultraviolet kubva kuzuva uye kubuda kwemagetsi kubva kumadutu, izvo zvaigonesa kuita kwemakemikari anodiwa pakuumbwa kwemamwe makomisheni akaomarara.

Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvenzvimbo yekutanga zvinosanganisira:

  • Mhepo yakapfuma mumagasi akadai semethane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen uye mvura mhute.
  • Kusavapo kwemahara molecular oxygen mumhepo.
  • Kuvapo kwemitumbi yemvura, yakaita semakungwa nemadziva, ayo akashanda sematura emakemikari emakemikari.
  • Kuvapo kwemakomo anoputika uye geothermal chiitiko chakaburitsa magasi nemamineral.

Kunzwisisa aya mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza kwakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti masero ekutanga angave akaonekwa sei uye kuti hupenyu hungadai hwakavapo sei kubva maari. Kuongorora nekugadzirisa zvakare nharaunda yekutanga murabhoritari kunotibvumira kuita zviedzo uye zvidzidzo zvinojekesa nyaya iyi yakakosha mubiology.

4. Kuongorora kushanduka kwekutanga biomolecules

Iko kushanduka kwekutanga biomolecules inzvimbo inonakidza yekutsvagisa inotarisana nekunzwisisa kuti ma organic mamorekuru akakosha kuhupenyu paPasi akabuda sei. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwehumbowo hwesainzi uye kuyedza kwakadzama, masayendisiti akawana nzwisiso yakakosha mu biochemical uye magariro maitiro ayo akagonesa mabviro nekuvandudzwa kweaya ekutanga biomolecules.

Chinhu chakakosha chekufunga nezvacho kuumbwa kwema organic molecules pasi pemamiriro ekutanga ePasi. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti, kutanga kubva kune zviri nyore inorganic zvinhu zviripo mumhepo yekutanga, senge ammonia, methane, uye mvura, kungoerekana kwaita synthesis yeamino acids, zvivharo zvekuvaka zvemapuroteni, zvinogoneka. Aya maamino acids, mushure mekuungana mumakungwa nemitumbi yemvura, angadai akapindirana kuumba peptides nemapuroteni, zvichipa yekutanga biological macromolecules.

Uyezve, iyo primordial soup theory inoratidza kuti mamiriro akanaka ezvakatipoteredza, akadai semabhanan'ana uye ultraviolet mwaranzi, anogona kunge akakonzeresa maitiro akakosha emakemikari mukuumbwa kweanotangira kune biomolecules. Izvi zvakatungamira mukuzivikanwa kwezvikamu zvakakosha mupikicha yekutanga shanduko, senge nucleic acids. Aya mamorekuru akakosha pakufambisa uye kuchengetwa kweruzivo rwemajini, uye kubuda kwavo kunoumba chiitiko chakakosha. munhoroondo zvehupenyu panyika.

5. Basa rema microorganisms mumavambo ehupenyu hweserura

Mabviro emasero edzidziso yehupenyu anoratidza kuti ma microorganisms akaita basa rakakosha mukubuda kwehupenyu paPasi. Izvi zvipenyu zviduku, zvakadai sebhakitiriya uye archaea, ndizvo zvipenyu zvekutanga kugara pasi redu, mabhiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi abiogenesis, tupukanana twakakwanisa kubatanidza mamorekuru akaomarara kubva kumakemikari aripo munharaunda. nharaunda primitive.

Kuvapo kwema microorganisms pamavambo ehupenyu hweserura kunoratidzwa nenzira dzakati wandei. Kune rumwe rutivi, kukwanisa kwavo kubereka nokukurumidza uye nekubudirira kwakabvumira kuunganidza kwemajini akasiyana-siyana nekufamba kwenguva, zvichiita kuti pave nekubuda kwemitsara mitsva uye kusiyanisa kwehupenyu. Uyezve, ma microorganisms akaratidza hukuru hwemetabolism, kugona kuchinjika kune akasiyana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye kushandisa huwandu hwakawanda hwezviwanikwa kuti vararame.

Ma microorganisms akaitawo basa rinokosha mukuumbwa kwemasero ekutanga. Maprimitive microorganisms anofungidzirwa kuti akagadzira compartmentalization mechanisms, senge cell membranes, yakavabvumira kuchengetedza maitiro avo emakemikari mukati menzvimbo inodzorwa. Aya maseru akafanana neaya akazoshanduka kuita masero ekutanga, zvichipa hupenyu sezvatinohuziva. Muchidimbu, ma microorganisms anga akakosha mukutanga nekushanduka kwehupenyu hweserura, zvichiisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwezvakanyanya kuomarara zvipenyu zvakawanda munhoroondo. yenhoroondo evolutionary

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6. Kuongorora kwakakosha kweuchapupu hwekuedza mukutsigira Cellular Origin Theory

Zvinokutendera kuti uongorore zvakadzama zvidzidzo zvinotsigira iyi dzidziso yakakosha mubiology. Pazasi pane dzimwe pfungwa dzinokosha dzekufunga kana uchiongorora humbowo uhu:

1. Miller-Urey kuyedza:

  • Izvi zviedzo zvine mukurumbira zvakaratidza kuti organic komisheni inodiwa pahupenyu inogona kuumbwa kubva kune inorganic zvinhu pasi pemamiriro akafanana neaya ari paPasi.
  • Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvivakwa zvekuvaka zvekutanga zvemasero zvinogona kunge zvakangoerekana zvaitika munzvimbo yePasi yekutanga.
  • Kutsoropodza kukuru kwezviedzo izvi kuri muchimiro chemuchadenga chinoshandiswa, chinosiyana nekubvumirana kwazvino pamusoro pemamiriro ePasi rekutanga.

2. Kutariswa kwemasero mumicroscope:

  • Kuongorora kwemasero ari pasi pemicroscopy kwakaratidza kuvapo kwakapararira kwemasero muzvinhu zvipenyu zvose.
  • Izvi zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti masero ndiwo matombo ekuvaka ehupenyu uye kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvese zvinogovana cellular mavambo.
  • Zvisinei, zvisingakwanisi kuitwa ne microscopy, zvakadai sekugadzirisa uye kusvibisa matekiniki, zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro.

3. Zvidzidzo zveDNA neRNA:

  • Molecular genetics tsvakurudzo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva uye kuenzanisa kutevedzana kweDNA neRNA mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, zvichiratidza kufanana uye kusiyana kunotsigira dzidziso yemavambo emasero.
  • Zvidzidzo izvi zvakapa humbowo huzhinji hunoratidza dzinza rakafanana uye nhoroondo yakagovaniswa yekushanduka-shanduka pakati pezvipenyu.
  • Zvakadaro, pane kushoropodzwa kwehumbowo uhu nekuda kwekugona kuitika kwezviitiko zvakachinjika zvekuchinja kwemajini uye pesvedzero yekusarudzwa kwechisikigo pakushanduka-shanduka.

7. Maonero eramangwana uye nzvimbo dzekutsvaga dziri kubuda mukudzidza kwemaserura kwakabva

Maonero emangwana muchidzidzo chekwakabva masero

Mundima yetsvakiridzo yemavambo emasero, tarisiro dzakawanda dzeramangwana dziri kubuda. Sezvo kunzwisisa kwedu kwekuoma kwemaserura maitiro kunofambira mberi, mibvunzo mitsva nematambudziko anomukawo. Dzimwe dzenzvimbo dziri kubuda sechivimbiso mukutsvagisa kwesero dzinosanganisira:

  • Kudzidza kwemaitiro emakemikari anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemasero ekutanga.
  • Kusarudzika kwemaseru ekusiyanisa maitiro uye simba ravo pakuvandudzwa kwematishu uye nhengo.
  • Ongororo yemhando nyowani dzekuyedza dzinotitendera kuti tinzwisise zvirinani shanduko yemasero uye kusiyanisa.

Ichiri kusimukira nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa mukudzidza kwemaserura kwakabva

Pamusoro petariro yeramangwana, kune zvakare nzvimbo dziri kusimukira dzetsvagiridzo dziri kuwedzera kukosha mukudzidza kwekwakabva masero. Idzi nzvimbo dzinovimbisa kuvhura mikova mitsva yekunzwisisa kwedu kuti mafomu ekutanga ehupenyu akamuka sei paNyika. Mimwe yeminda iyi inosanganisira:

  • Tsvagiridzo yekwakabva uye kushanduka kwe nucleic acids uye mapuroteni, iwo akakosha mamorekuru ehupenyu sezvatinoziva.
  • Chidzidzo chekudyidzana pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemaserura uye kuti kusangana uku kwakatungamira sei mukubuda kwehupenyu.
  • Kuongororwa kwemhoteredzo dzakanyanyisa uye kuti vangave vakapesvedzera sei mavambo nekushanduka kwehupenyu panyika yedu.

Muchidimbu, chidzidzo chekwakabva maserura chinopa mhedziso izere nemikana yekutsvagisa ramangwana. Zvese zviri zviviri tarisiro yeramangwana nenzvimbo dzichiri kusimukira zvinopa hwindo rinonakidza mukumwe kunzwisisa kuti hupenyu hwakabuda sei paPasi uye zvinorehwa neizvi kumunda webiology zvachose.

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Mibvunzo neMhinduro

Mubvunzo: Chii chinonzi Cell Origin Theory?
A: The Cellular Origin Theory, inozivikanwawo seCell Theory, ndiyo imwe yehwaro hwakakosha hwebiology uye inosimbisa kuti zvipenyu zvese zvinoumbwa nemasero. Maererano nedzidziso iyi, masero ndiwo chikamu chikuru chekuumbwa uye kushanda muzvinhu zvipenyu.

Mubvunzo: Ndeapi makuru postulates eCellular Origin Theory?
A: The Cell Origin Theory inobva pamashoko matatu makuru. Yekutanga inotaura kuti zvipenyu zvese zvinoumbwa nesero rimwe kana akawanda. Chechipiri, inotaura kuti sero ndiro diki diki uye inoshanda chikamu chezvipenyu. Chekupedzisira, dzidziso iyi inoratidza kuti maseru ese anobva kumasero agara aripo.

Mubvunzo: Ndivanaani masayendisiti vakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kweCell Origin Theory?
A: The Cell Origin Theory yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti akati wandei pamusoro pe munhoroondo yeseMumwe weakanyanya kubatsira aive musayendisiti wekuGermany Rudolf Virchow, uyo akakurudzira muna 1855 kuti masero ese anosimuka kubva kune mamwe masero akange aripo. Imwe nyanzvi yesainzi yakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso iyi yaive yeGerman biologist Matthias Schleiden, uyo muna 1838 akataura kuti zvinomera zvakaumbwa nemasero. Zvichakadaro, Theodor Schwann, mumwe muongorori wezvinhu zvipenyu wokuGermany, muna 1839 akawedzera kutaura uku kumhuka zvakare, achisimbisa pfungwa yokuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvose zvinoumbwa nemasero.

Mubvunzo: Chii chakakosha cheCell Origin Theory mubiology?
A: Dzidziso yeCellular Origin yakakosha zvikuru mubhayoloji, sezvo ichimisa hwaro hwakakosha hwekudzidza kwehupenyu. Dzidziso iyi inopa tsananguro yepasi rose yekunzwisisa maumbirwo nemashandiro ezvipenyu zvose, kubva kumasero akapfava kusvika kune akaomesesa ane masero akawanda. Uyezve, dzidziso yacho yave yakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwebiology. cellular uye molecular, uye yakagonesa kufambira mberi kukuru mukunzwisisa kwezvirwere nekuvandudzwa kwemishonga yekurapa.

Mubvunzo: Pane here kunze kweiyo Cell Origin Theory?
A: Nepo iyo Cell Origin Theory inoshanda kune akawanda anozivikanwa ehupenyu mafomu, pane zvimwe zvinozivikanwa zvisiri izvo, senge mavhairasi. Mavhairasi ari acellular biological entities; haana kugadzirwa nemasero uye anogona kungodzokorora mukati memasero ezvimwe zvipenyu. Kunyangwe mavhairasi asingasangane nezvinotumirwa zveCell Origin Theory, anoonekwa seaparasitic organisms uye ari muchikamu chakasiyana.

Mubvunzo: Pane here tsvakurudzo inoenderera mberi ine chekuita neCell Origin Theory?
A: Hongu, tsvakiridzo ine chekuita neCell Origin Theory inogara ichiitwa. Masayendisiti anotsvaka kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti masero ekutanga akatanga sei paNyika uye kuti akashanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva. Tsvagiridzo irikuitwa zvakare mukusiyana kwemasero muzvisikwa zvakasiyana uye kuti maseru anoita basa rakakosha sei mukukura kwezvirwere. Tsvakurudzo iyi inoramba ichipfumisa ruzivo rwedu uye kudzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwehupenyu.

Maonero Eramangwana

Mukupedzisa, iyo Cell Origin Theory yakapa hwaro hwakasimba hwekunzwisisa kubuda kwehupenyu paPasi. Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakadzama kwechimiro nekushanda kwesero, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana nzwisiso yekuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakashanduka sei uye zvakajairirwa kunharaunda yazvo mukati memireniyamu. Dzidziso iyi yajekesa nzira dzakakosha dzakaita kuti pave nekusiyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvatiri kuona nhasi. Kunyangwe zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvichiri kuda kugadziriswa, dzidziso iyi inoramba iri iyo yakakosha hurongwa hwekuongorora nekunzwisisa kwakabva nekushanduka kwehupenyu panyika yedu. Kuburikidza netsvakiridzo yeramangwana uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, isu ticharamba tichidzamisa manzwisisiro edu emaseru uye kukosha kwawo kwakakosha kuvepo kwehupenyu hwese.