Thermodynamics: Mitemo, pfungwa, mafomula uye maekisesaizi

Thermodynamics: Mitemo, pfungwa, mafomula uye maekisesaizi

Thermodynamics inotinyudza muchidzidzo chinonakidza chezviitiko zvesimba uye shanduko dzinoitika mumasisitimu emuviri. Iri bazi refizikisi, rakavakirwa pane yakasimba theoretical framework, rinotipa maturusi anodiwa kuti tinzwisise, kuongorora uye kufanotaura maitiro esimba mumamiriro akasiyana.

Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora thermodynamics, kuongorora mitemo yayo yakakosha, pfungwa dzakakosha dzinoitsigira, mafomula akakosha ekushandiswa kwayo uye nhevedzano yezviitwa zvinoshanda izvo zvichatibatsira kusimbisa ruzivo rwedu.

Tichatanga nekutaura nezvemitemo ye thermodynamics, seti yemisimboti inoraira kuti simba rinoita sei mu thermodynamic system. Kubva pamutemo we zeroth we thermodynamics, iyo inosimbisa pfungwa yekuenzanisa kwekushisa, kusvika kune mutemo wechipiri, unotsanangura hutungamiri hwekuchinja kwesimba, tichaongorora imwe neimwe yezvinyorwa izvi zvakadzama uye kuratidza kushandiswa kwavo.

Tevere, isu tichaongorora mukati meiyo pfungwa pfungwa dze thermodynamics, senge tembiricha, kudzvanywa, vhoriyamu, uye mukati simba. Aya mazano, akakosha pakunzwisisa thermodynamic phenomena, anozoongororwa zvakadzama, achitsanangura mayuniti awo ekuyera, hukama hwawo uye zvazvinoreva mukuverenga.

Saizvozvo, isu tichaongorora mune mafomula anotonga thermodynamics, senge Boyle-Mariotte mutemo, Charles-Gay Lussac mutemo kana mutemo wekuchengetedza simba. Aya masvomhu equation anotibvumira kuita masvomhu chaiwo uye kuwana mhedzisiro yehuwandu, ichitipa kunzwisisa kwakazara kwe thermodynamic phenomena.

Chekupedzisira, tichapedzisa kushanya uku kwe thermodynamics nekupa nhevedzano yezviitwa zvinoshanda, zvakagadzirirwa kuyedza ruzivo rwedu uye hunyanzvi mukugadzirisa matambudziko ethermodynamic. Kuburikidza nezviitwa izvi, tichakwanisa kushandisa mitemo, pfungwa uye mafomula akadzidzwa, nokudaro tichibatanidza kugona kwedu kwechirango chinonakidza ichi.

Pakupedzisira, chinyorwa ichi chine chinangwa chekupa sumo yehunyanzvi uye isina kwayakarerekera kune izvo zvakakosha zve thermodynamics, ichipa vaverengi hwaro hwakasimba hwekunyura mukudzidza kwepamusoro-soro kwechirango ichi uye mashandisiro ayo mukunzwisisa kwesimba maitiro ekwakatitenderedza.

1. Nhanganyaya kuThermodynamics: Mitemo, pfungwa, mafomula uye maekisesaizi

Thermodynamics ibazi refizikisi rinodzidza simba uye shanduko dzaro mumasystem. Iyo sainzi yakakosha iyo inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana senge engineering, chemistry uye meteorology. Muchikamu chino, tichazvisuma kune thermodynamics, tichiongorora mitemo yayo, pfungwa, mafomula uye maekisesaizi.

Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakakosha kunzwisisa mitemo inokosha ye thermodynamics. Mutemo wekutanga unoti simba harina kusikwa kana kuparadzwa, rinoshandurwa chete. Uyu mutemo unozivikanwa semusimboti wekuchengetedza simba uye wakakosha pakunzwisisa thermodynamic maitiro. Mutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics unotaura kuti entropy yeimwe yakasarudzika system inogara ichiwedzera nenguva. Mutemo uyu unotibatsira kunzwisisa mafambiro anoitika maitiro uye zvirambidzo zvinoiswa maererano nekushanda.

Chechipiri, tichaongorora pfungwa dzakakosha dze thermodynamics. Mamwe emafungiro aya anosanganisira tembiricha, kudzvanywa, vhoriyamu, uye simba remukati. Imwe neimwe yeiyi pfungwa yakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro e thermodynamic masisitimu. Pamusoro pezvo, isu tichaongorora mafomula makuru anoshandiswa mu thermodynamics kuverenga zvivakwa zvakaita sebasa, kupisa, uye kugona. Vacharatidzwawo mienzaniso nemabasa ekudzidzira nhanho nhanho kuti unzwisise mashandisiro aya mafomula mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda.

2. Mutemo wekutanga weThermodynamics: Nzira Yakadzama

Mutemo wekutanga weThermodynamics ndeimwe yemitemo yakakosha inotonga maitiro esimba mune thermodynamic systems. Mutemo uyu unotaura kuti simba rose regadziriro yega yega inochengetedzwa; Ndiko kuti, simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, rinogona kungotamiswa kana kushandurwa kubva kune imwe fomu kuenda kune imwe.

Kuti unzwisise uye ushandise nemazvo mutemo uyu, zvakakosha kutevera nzira yakadzama. Kutanga, zvinodikanwa kujekesa zvakajeka iyo thermodynamic system iri mubvunzo uye kutsanangura miganhu yehurongwa. Izvi zvichatibvumira kuti tive nemaonero akajeka emagetsi emagetsi uye zvigadzirwa. muhurongwa.

Zvadaro, zvakakosha kuongorora maitiro akasiyana-siyana emagetsi aripo muhurongwa, akadai sekinetic simba, simba rinogona kuitika uye simba remukati. Izvi zvichatibatsira kuziva matsime uye shanduko yesimba mukati mehurongwa. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kuzvidavirira kune chero simba rekufambisa pamiganhu system, ingave iri muchimiro chebasa kana kupisa.

Muchidimbu, kunzwisisa uye kushandisa Mutemo Wokutanga weThermodynamics kunoda nzira yakadzama inosanganisira kuzivikanwa kwakajeka kweiyo thermodynamic system, kuongororwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzesimba dziripo muhurongwa, uye kutariswa kwekufambiswa kwesimba kuyambuka miganhu yehurongwa. Iyi nhanho-nhanho nzira ichatibatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko ane chekuita nekuchengetedza simba mune thermodynamic systems.

3. Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wechipiri weThermodynamics uye zvazvinoreva

Mufizikisi, Mutemo Wechipiri weThermodynamics wakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro eiyo thermodynamic masisitimu. Mutemo uyu unoti entropy yeimwe yakasarudzika system inowedzera kuwedzera nekufamba kwenguva. Entropy inoreva chiyero chekusagadzikana kana mhirizhonga muhurongwa.

Mutemo Wechipiri une zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana, zvakadai seinjiniya, biology, uye chemistry. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzira injini yekupisa, mutemo uyu unotaura kuti hazvibviri kuvaka injini inoshanda pa 100%. Zvakare mubiology, Mutemo Wechipiri unotsanangura kuti sei biological process ine yakasarudzika, sekugaya kana kufema.

Kuti unzwisise uye ushandise Mutemo Wechipiri weThermodynamics, zvakakosha kuti titarise akati wandei pfungwa nemisimboti. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinosanganisira pfungwa ye thermodynamic equilibrium, kuchengetedza kwesimba, uye hukama pakati pe entropy uye tembiricha. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti Mutemo Wechipiri unoisa chidziviso chakakosha pane thermodynamic maitiro uye inoisa zvirambidzo munzira iyo simba rinogona kushandiswa nekushandurwa kuita mafomu ebasa..

Mukuita, zvinogoneka kushandisa maturusi uye matekiniki ekuongorora nekugadzirisa matambudziko anosanganisira Mutemo wechipiri weThermodynamics. Mamwe mazano akajairwa anosanganisira kushandisa dhayagiramu yesimba, kushandisa hukama pakati pe entropy uye tembiricha, uye kushandisa yakakodzera thermodynamic equations. Zvinokurudzirwa kugara uchifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu uye mamiriro chaiwo edambudziko rega rega, sezvo izvi zvingakanganisa kushandiswa kweMutemo Wechipiri nezvaunoreva.

Muchidimbu, Mutemo Wechipiri weThermodynamics musimboti wakakosha mufizikisi uye une zvakakosha muzvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakati wandei. Kunzwisisa kwayo uye kushandisa kwayo kunoda kujairana neakakosha pfungwa nemisimboti yakakosha. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvakakodzera uye maitiro, zvinokwanisika kuongorora nekugadzirisa matambudziko anosanganisira Mutemo Wechipiri, nguva dzose uchifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu uye mamiriro chaiwo.

4. Mitemo yeThermodynamics muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva

Iyo Mitemo yeThermodynamics misimboti yakakosha inotonga maitiro esimba mune akasiyana masisitimu. Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sezvisinganzwisisike, zviripo muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva nenzira dzatisingafungidziri. Mitemo iyi inotibatsira kunzwisisa uye kufanotaura zviitiko zvemuviri zvinoitika zvakatipoteredza, kubva pakubika zviri nyore kusvika pakushanda kwemotokari nemidziyo.

Muenzaniso wakajairika weMutemo wekutanga weThermodynamics, iyo inotaura kuti simba harigone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa, kungoshandurwa chete, ndiyo nzira yekupisa imba. Apo patinoshandura kupisa, simba remagetsi kana mafuta anoshandurwa kuva kupisa, izvo zvinotamirwa kune zvakatipoteredza uye zvinowedzera kupisa kwekamuri. Mutemo uyu unotibvumira kunzwisisa kuti nei zvakakosha kuchengetedza simba uye kudzivisa kutambisa, sezvo simba rose ratinoshandisa rinobva kune imwe shanduko yapfuura.

Mutemo Wechipiri weThermodynamics unotitaurira nezvepfungwa ye entropy, iyo inoreva chiyero chekusagadzikana kana mhirizhonga muhurongwa. Mutemo uyu unotaura kuti mune yakasarudzika system, entropy inogara ichiwedzera uye shanduko yesimba inowanzoita shoma nekufamba kwenguva. Semuenzaniso, patinoshandisa muchina kutonhodza mumba, rimwe resimba rinorasika sekupisa kwemarara, izvo zvinokonzeresa entropy. Kunzwisisa mutemo uyu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei paine miganhu yekubudirira kweakasiyana maitiro uye nei zvakaoma kuwana muchina une 100% kunyatsoshanda.

Muchidimbu, Mitemo yeThermodynamics mbiru dzakakosha mukunzwisisa maitiro emuviri anoitika mumuviri wedu. hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vanotibvumira kuti tinzwisise kuti simba rinoshandurwa sei, rinochengetedzwa uye rakaraswa muzvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana, pamwe chete nemiganhu yekushanda kwemaitiro aya. Kuburikidza nemitemo iyi, tinokwanisa kuongorora nekugadzirisa mashandiro emidziyo nemichina, pamwe nekuita sarudzo dzinoziva uye dzakasimba zvine chekuita nekushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwesimba muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva.

5. Mafungiro akakosha muThermodynamics: Simba uye basa

Mumunda we thermodynamics, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise iwo akakosha pfungwa dzesimba uye basa. Energy ipfuma yemasystem anovabvumira kuita basa kana kutamisa kupisa. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzesimba, senge kinetic, inogona, yemukati uye yekupisa simba. Zvakakosha kuchengeta mupfungwa kuti simba rinogara rakachengetedzwa, kureva kuti, harina kusikwa kana kuparadzwa, rinongoshandurwa kubva kune imwe chimiro kuenda kune imwe.

Kune rumwe rutivi, basa inzira iyo simba rinotamiswa kubva kune imwe hurongwa kuenda kune imwe nekushandisa simba pamusoro pechinhambwe. Inotsanangurwa sechigadzirwa chesimba rinoshandiswa pachinhu uye nhambwe inofambwa nechinhu ichienda kune simba. Basa rinogona kuve rakanaka kana rakashata zvichienderana nekuti rinoitwa pahurongwa kana nehurongwa, zvichiteerana.

Kuti tinzwisise pfungwa idzi zvakajeka, zvinobatsira kuongorora mienzaniso inoshanda. Fungidzira injini inopisa mukati, apo kemikari simba remafuta rinoshandurwa kuva simba remagetsi kuburikidza nekupisa. Muchiitiko ichi, basa rinoitwa apo magasi anogadzirwa panguva yekupisa anosundira pasi piston, iyo inotenderera crankshaft. Uyezve, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti mitemo ye thermodynamics inogadza hukama pakati pesimba nebasa, ichipa maturusi anokosha ekuongorora maitiro e thermodynamic.

6. Yakakosha mafomula echokwadi thermodynamic kuverenga

Thermodynamics ibazi rakakosha refizikisi rinoita basa rekufunda shanduko yesimba mune zvemuviri nemakemikari masisitimu. Kuti uite maverengero akarurama mu thermodynamics, zvakakosha kuve nemafomula akakodzera. Muchikamu chino, tichapa mamwe akakosha mafomula anozobatsira zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa matambudziko ethermodynamic.

Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha mafomula mu thermodynamics mutemo wekuchengetedza simba, unozivikanwawo semutemo wekutanga we thermodynamics. Mutemo uyu unosimbisa kuti simba rose regadziriro yakavharwa rinoramba riripo, kureva kuti, simba harina kusikwa kana kuparadzwa, rinongoshandurwa chete. Iyi fomula yakakosha pakugadzirisa kupisa uye matambudziko ebasa mu thermodynamics.

Imwe fomula yakakosha mu thermodynamics ndiyo zeroth law ye thermodynamics, iyo inotaura kuti kana maviri masisitimu ari mukudziya kweyechitatu system, saka iwo ari mukupisa kuenzana kune mumwe nemumwe. Izvi zvinotibvumira kumisikidza yakajairika tembiricha chiyero uye ndiyo hwaro hwekuvakwa kwema thermometers uye tsananguro yetembiricha. Iyo fomula yemutemo we zeroth ye thermodynamics yakakosha pakuyera kwakaringana tembiricha mumasisitimu akasiyana.

7. Kudzidzira kurovedza kushandisa mitemo ye thermodynamic uye mafomula

Muchikamu chino, zvakambodzidzwa zvicharatidzwa. Aya maekisesaizi achakubatsira kubatanidza kunzwisisa kwako kweiyo theoretical concepts uye kukudziridza hunyanzvi kugadzirisa matambudziko zvinoenderana ne thermodynamics.

Kugadzirisa maekisesaizi aya, zvinokurudzirwa kutevedzera zvinotevera matanho:

• Identificar los datos: Tanga nekuziva uye kunyora pasi ese akakodzera data nezve dambudziko. Izvi zvinosanganisira huwandu hunozivikanwa, zvisingazivikanwe, mamiriro ekutanga, uye chero rumwe ruzivo rwakapihwa.
• Sarudza mutemo wakakodzera kana fomula: Kana wanyatsojeka nezve data, sarudza mutemo we thermodynamic kana fomula inonyatsoenderana nedambudziko riripo. Rangarira kubvunza manotsi ako kana mabhuku ekudzidza kuziva mutemo wakakodzera.
• Shandisa mutemo kana fomula: Shandisa iyo inozivikanwa data uye yakasarudzwa thermodynamic mutemo kugadzirisa dambudziko nhanho nhanho. Ita chero masvomhu anodiwa uye uve nechokwadi chekushandisa iwo chaiwo mayunitsi.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kugadzirisa maekisesaizi kunobatsira kuve nekarukureta yesainzi uye nekunzwisisa kwakanaka kwemayuniti ekuyera. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinokurudzirwa kudzidzira maekisesaizi akati wandei kuti uzive zviitiko zvakasiyana uye mamiriro angamuka. Zvadaro, zvicharatidzwa mimwe mienzaniso de maekisesaizi akagadziriswa iyo inogona kushanda segwara mukudzidza kwako kwe thermodynamics.

8. Thermodynamics uye thermodynamic systems: Tsanangudzo uye mienzaniso

Muchidzidzo che thermodynamics, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise pfungwa ye thermodynamic systems. Thermodynamic system inoreva imwe nzvimbo yemuviri kana chinhu chiri kuongororwa. Izvi zvinogona kuvhurika, kuvharwa kana kuparadzaniswa, zvichienderana nekuti kana kwete inotsinhanisa huwandu kana simba nenharaunda yayo.

Iyo yakavhurika sisitimu inobvumira kuchinjana kwezvose simba uye misa pamwe nenharaunda yayo. Muenzaniso weizvi ungave poto pachitofu, uko steam inogona kubuda uye kuwanda kwemvura kunogona kuderera nekufamba kwenguva. Kune rumwe rutivi, chirongwa chakavharwa hachibvumi kuchinjana kwehuwandu, kunyange zvazvo inobvumira kuchinjana kwesimba. Chigadziko chakavharwa chine gasi mukati muenzaniso wegadziriro yakavharwa. Pakupedzisira, imwe yega system haibvumiri kuchinjana kwehuwandu kana simba nemhoteredzo. Mvura yakanyatsogadziriswa mvura inopisa ingave muenzaniso wemhando iyi yehurongwa.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti thermodynamic masisitimu anogona kuve ese macroscopic uye microscopic. Iyo macroscopic system inotenderedza huwandu hukuru hwezvimedu uye inoratidzwa nekuve nekuyerwa zvivakwa padanho remacro, senge tembiricha uye kudzvanywa. Nekune rimwe divi, microscopic system inoreva nhamba diki yezvikamu uye inoongororwa padanho diki, sekudyidzana pakati peatomu nemamorekuru. Kudzidza kwe thermodynamic systems kunotibvumira kuti tinzwisise kuti simba rinoshandurwa sei uye rinoendeswa sei, pamwe chete nezvinhu uye shanduko dzinoitika mazviri.

9. Pfungwa ye entropy uye kukosha kwayo muThermodynamics

Entropy ipfungwa yakakosha mumunda we thermodynamics uye yakakosha zvikuru mukudzidza kwemuviri nemakemikari masisitimu. Inotsanangurwa sechiyero chechiyero chekusagadzikana kana kusarongeka kwehurongwa. Entropy ine hukama nenhamba yezvinogona kuitika zvidiki zvidiki umo zvikamu zve system zvinogona kuwanikwa.

Mu thermodynamics, entropy inoratidzwa seS uye inoratidzwa muzvikamu zvesimba zvakakamurwa nekupisa. Sezvo sisitimu inopinda maitiro umo kusagadzikana kwayo kunowedzera, entropy inowedzerawo. Pane zvinopesana, kana hurongwa huri mumamiriro ekurongeka kana kuenzana, iyo entropy inowanzove yakaderera.

Kukosha kwe entropy mu thermodynamics ndeyekuti inopa chiyero chechiyero chegwaro umo maitiro anowanzo shanduka. Zvinoenderana nemutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics, mune yakasarudzika system, entropy inogara ichiwedzera kusvika yasvika pakukosha kwepamusoro mu thermodynamic equilibrium. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maitiro ega ega anoitika munzira iyo iyo yakazara entropy yehurongwa inowedzera.

10. Simba remukati uye enthalpy: Mazano makuru muThermodynamics

Thermodynamics ibazi refizikisi rinodzidza maitiro ane chekuita nesimba uye kupisa. Pfungwa mbiri dzakakosha mu thermodynamics isimba remukati uye enthalpy. Simba remukati re thermodynamic system inoreva kuwanda kwesimba rose rezvikamu zvinoriumba, kusanganisira kinetic uye simba rinogona kuitika. Enthalpy, kune chikamu chayo, ibasa iyo inoshandiswa kuyera kuwanda kwesimba rinopisa rinotsinhaniswa pakati pehurongwa nemhoteredzo yaro panguva yehurongwa hwekumanikidza nguva dzose.

Iyo yemukati simba re thermodynamic system inogona kugadziridzwa nekutamisa kupisa kana basa rinoitwa pane system. Kana basa richiitwa pane thermodynamic system, simba rayo remukati rinowedzera nehuwandu hwebasa rakaitwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuendeswa kwekupisa kune kana kubva kuhurongwa kunogadzirisawo simba rayo remukati. Kana kupisa kuchiwedzerwa kuhurongwa, simba rayo remukati rinowedzera, asi kana kupisa kuchibviswa kubva muhurongwa, simba rayo remukati rinoderera.

Enthalpy inotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwesimba remukati rehurongwa uye chigadzirwa chekumanikidza kwayo uye huwandu. Mune nguva dzose yekumanikidza, iyo enthalpy shanduko yehurongwa yakaenzana nekupisa kunotamirwa kune kana kubva kuhurongwa. Kana iyo enthalpy shanduko yakanaka, zvinoreva kuti kupisa kwakapihwa kuhurongwa, nepo kana isina kunaka, kupisa kwakabviswa kubva muhurongwa. Enthalpy inonyanya kukosha mukemesitiri, sezvo ichitibvumira kuverenga huwandu hwekupisa hunobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwemakemikari uye kuona kuti kune exothermic kana endothermic.

11. Thermodynamics uye chidzidzo chekushandura simba

Thermodynamics ibazi refizikisi iro rinoita basa rekudzidza shanduko yesimba mumasisitimu uye hukama hwavo nekupisa nekumanikidza. Icho chirango chakakosha mukunzwisisa maitiro esimba, sezvo ichitibvumira kuongorora kuti rinoshandurwa sei kubva kune imwe fomu kuenda kune imwe.

MuThermodynamics, marudzi maviri ehurongwa anoonekwa: iyo yakaparadzana system, uko pasina kuchinjana kwesimba kana nyaya nenharaunda yayo, uye yakavhurika system, uko kune kuchinjana. Kubva pane aya ekutanga pfungwa, akasiyana thermodynamic maitiro anogona kuongororwa, sekumanikidza uye kuwedzera magasi, kupisa uye kutonhora kwezvinhu, shanduko yesimba remagetsi kuita simba rekupisa uye zvinopesana, pakati pezvimwe.

Pakudzidza kweThermodynamics, mitemo nemisimboti yakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa, seZeroth Mutemo weThermodynamics, iyo inotaura kuti miviri miviri mukuenzanisa kwekushisa nemuviri wechitatu zvakare iri mukuenzanisa kwekushisa kune imwe neimwe. Mumwe mutemo unokosha ndiwo Mutemo weKuchengetedza Kwesimba, iyo inotaura kuti mune imwe nzira yega simba rose rinochengetwa, kureva kuti, harina kusikwa kana kuparadzwa, rinongoshandurwa.

12. Zvishandiso zveThermodynamics munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi neindasitiri

13. Thermodynamic mhinduro: Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana uye maitiro avo

Muchidzidzo che thermodynamics, kune mhando dzakasiyana dze thermodynamic mhinduro dzinoshandiswa kunzwisisa uye kuongorora masisitimu emuviri. Mishonga iyi ine zvinhu chaizvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha mumamiriro akasiyana. Nzwisisa mhando dzakasiyana dze thermodynamic mhinduro uye hunhu hwayo Zvakakosha kushandisa mitemo ye thermodynamic zvinobudirira uye zvakanyatsonaka.

Imwe yemhando huru dze thermodynamic mhinduro ndiyo yakanaka mhinduro. Mhinduro yakakodzera ndeiyo umo kudyidzana pakati pemamorekuru kudiki uye kunoonekwa sekusina basa. Iyo yakanakira mhinduro modhi inogona kushandiswa kurerutsa matambudziko uye kuita kuti kuverenga kuve nyore. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chemhinduro dzakakodzera ndechekuti vanotevera mutemo waRaoult, uyo unoti kudzvanywa kwechidimbu kwechikamu mumhinduro yakanaka kwakaenzana nechigadzirwa chemhepo yekumanikidza yechinhu chakachena chechikamu nguva iyo mole chikamu chechikamu ichocho mumhinduro. .

Imwe mhando ye thermodynamic solution ndiyo isina-ideal solution. Muchiitiko ichi, kuwirirana pakati pemamorekuru kwakakosha uye hakugoni kuregererwa. Kusiyana nemhinduro dzakakodzera, idzi mhinduro hadziteveri mutemo waRaoult. Kuti ugadzirise matambudziko anosanganisira asina-akanaka mhinduro, zvinodikanwa kushandisa mamwe mamodheru akaoma, senge chiitiko chebasa. Iyi modhi inofunga nezvemamwe mamorekuru ekudyidzana aripo mune zvisiri-zvakanakira mhinduro uye inobvumira kune kwakaringana kufanotaura.

14. Kuongorora kweThermodynamic kwema cycles uye maitiro

Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora . Kuti unzwisise uye nekugonesa mashandiro emuchina kana thermodynamic system, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro ayo mukati menguva yese yekushandisa kwayo. Ongororo yeThermodynamic inotibvumira kudzidza zvakakosha zvehurongwa, senge tembiricha, kudzvanywa uye vhoriyamu, uye kuti zvivakwa izvi zvinosiyana sei panguva yekutenderera.

Kuti uite ongororo yakakwana ye thermodynamic, mamwe matanho anofanira kuteverwa. Chekutanga pane zvese, zvinodikanwa kumisikidza inodiwa hypotheses uye fungidziro kurerutsa dambudziko. Tevere, iyo thermodynamic mitemo nemisimboti inoenderana nekutenderera kana maitiro ari mubvunzo anoiswa. Mitemo iyi inosanganisira kuchengetedza simba, kuchengetedza huwandu, uye entropy.

Kana iyo thermodynamic mitemo yashandiswa, zvinokonzeresa equations zvinogadziriswa kuti uwane hunhu hunodiwa, hwakadai sekushanda kwekupisa kana basa rakaitwa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kune akati wandei maturusi uye nzira dziripo dzekuongorora nekugadzirisa thermodynamic matambudziko, senge dhizaini dhiyagiramu, matafura e thermodynamic zvivakwa uye kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi software. Zvishandiso izvi zvinofambisa maitiro ekuongorora uye zvinokutendera iwe kuti uwane yakarurama uye yakavimbika mhedzisiro.

Mukupedzisa, thermodynamics ibazi rakakosha refizikisi rinodzidza mitemo nemisimboti inotonga maitiro esimba mumasisitimu enyama. Kuburikidza nemitemo yayo, yakadai sekuchengetedza simba uye entropy, tinogona kunzwisisa uye kufanotaura zviitiko zve thermodynamic uye maitiro.

Muchinyorwa chino, takaongorora mitemo ye thermodynamics, kubva kumutemo we zeroth kusvika kune wechitatu mutemo, uye takakurukura pfungwa dzakakosha senge thermodynamic equilibrium, tembiricha, uye kudzvanywa. Saizvozvo, isu takagadzirisa mafomula makuru uye equations inotitendera kuyera uye kuongorora shanduko yesimba mumasisitimu.

Kunzwisisa thermodynamics kwakakosha mune akawanda tekinoroji nesainzi mashandisirwo, kubva pakugadzirwa kweinjini dzinopisa dzemukati kusvika kutsvagiridzo yefizikisi. Pamusoro pezvo, thermodynamics inotipa maturusi ekunzwisisa zviitiko zvechisikigo senge kutenderera kwemvura, kutamisa kupisa munharaunda, uye maitiro ekugadzira simba.

Chekupedzisira, isu takapa maekisesaizi anoshanda ayo anobvumidza iwe kuti uise pfungwa uye mafomula akadzidzwa mukuita. Kuburikidza neaya maekisesaizi, iwe unozokwanisa kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwako hwekugadzirisa matambudziko uye kushandisa misimboti ye thermodynamic kumamiriro chaiwo.

Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chave dhairekitori rinobatsira rekunzwisisa zvakakosha zve thermodynamics. Gara uchiyeuka kurangarira mitemo uye pfungwa dzakaratidzwa pano kuti dziongorore uye nzira yakaoma kana uchigadzirisa chero dambudziko rethermodynamic. Ramba uchiongorora nekushandisa ruzivo urwu muzvidzidzo zvako zvesainzi uye tekinoroji uye mabasa!