Magadzirirwo anoitwa vacheche

Munyika inonakidza yekuberekana kwevanhu, magadzirirwo evana inyaya yakaoma uye inonakidza yekudzidza. Kubva pakubata pamuviri kusvika pakuzvarwa, nhanho yega yega maitiro aya chishamiso chinotevera nhevedzano yematanho ounyanzvi anobatanidza ose ari maviri padanho remasero sehomoni, inosimudzira kukura uye kukura kwemunhu mutsva. Muchinyorwa ichi chehunyanzvi, tichaongorora zvakadzama kuti kuumbwa kwevana kunoitika sei, kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvekuberekana kwevanhu kubva kune kwazvakarerekera uye kune chinangwa maonero.

1. Nhanganyaya yemaitiro ekubereka kwevanhu

Kuberekwa kwevanhu inzira iyo vanhu vanobereka nayo, zvichiita kuti pave nehupenyu hutsva. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakurarama kwerudzi rwevanhu uye yanga iri nyaya yekutsvagisa nekudzidza kwemazana emakore.

Maitiro ekuberekana kwevanhu ane matanho akati wandei, anosanganisira gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, uye embryo development. Munguva ye gametogenesis, masero ehutachiona anoparadzanisa uye anoparadzanisa kuita gametes, kureva, urume muvarume uye mazai muvakadzi. Fertilization inoitika kana mbeu yabatana nezai, ichiita zygote rinobva rapatsanurana kuita "embryo". Pakupedzisira, "embryo" inomera muchibereko chaamai uye inotanga kukura uye kukura.

Nzira yekuberekwa kwevanhu yakaoma uye inotungamirirwa nehomoni yehomoni, genetic uye zvakatipoteredza. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvakare zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kubereka kwevanhu, senge zvirwere, kusagadzikana kwehomoni kana matambudziko ehutano. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa uye kufunga nezvese zvinhu izvi paunenge uchidzidza nzira yekubereka kwevanhu, nechinangwa chekuvandudza hutano hwekubereka uye kuve nechokwadi chekugara zvakanaka kwezvizvarwa zvinotevera.

2. Kuberekwa kwemukadzi: kubva pakuzadza kusvika pakusangana

Kuberekwa kwemukadzi Inzira yakaoma iyo inosanganisira akati wandei mahormone uye physiological shanduko mumuviri wemukadzi. Kubva pakuita ovulation kusvika pakusangana, nhevedzano yezviitiko zvakakosha zvinoitika zvinobvumira mukana wekubata pamuviri.

Panguva yekuenda kumwedzi, maovari anoburitsa zai rakura nenzira inozivikanwa seovulation. Chiitiko ichi chinoitika chinenge chepakati-kutenderera, kutenderera zuva 14 mumazuva makumi maviri nemasere. Kusunungurwa kwezai kunoitika mukupindura kuwedzera kwe luteinizing hormone mumuviri. Kana rabuda, zai racho rinoenda kuchubhu ye fallopian, uko rinokwanisa kusangana nembeu kuti isanganiswe.

Kana urume husina kuitika, zai risina kubereka rinoparara uye rinoraswa kuburikidza nekuenda kumwedzi. Zvisinei, kana urume hukakwanisa kusanganisa zai, mubatanidzwa unonzi zygote unoumbwa. Zygote inotanga kupatsanuka uye inokura kuita "embryo", iyo inodyara mumucheka wechibereko uye inotanga kubata pamuviri.

Muchidimbu, kubereka kwemukadzi kunotangira pakuita ovulation kusvika pakusangana, uko kubudiswa kwezai rakura kunoitika uye kunobvira kusangana kwaro nembeu yekusangana. Kubva panguva ino, kukura kwe embryo uye kutanga kwepamuviri kunogona kutanga. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa zviitiko uye zviratidzo zvekuberekana kuitira kuronga zvakanaka pamuviri kana kutora matanho ekudzivirira.

3. Kugadzirwa nekukura kwembeu

Icho chiitiko chakakosha mu nzira yekubereka murume. Inotanga mu seminiferous tubules, izvo zvimiro zviripo mu testicles. Aya tubules anovaka masero eutachiona, ayo anopatsanura nekusiyanisa kuita urume.

Maitiro ekugadzirwa kwembeu, inozivikanwa se spermatogenesis, ine matanho akati wandei. Kutanga, masero eutachiona anopatsanurwa kuburikidza ne mitosis kuumba masero anonzi spermatogonia. Masero aya anopatsanuka zvakare nenzira inonzi meiosis, zvichiita kuti pave nemasero anonzi spermatids. Iyo spermatids, zvakare, inochinja mune morphology uye yemukati sangano kuti ive yakakura spermatozoa.

Munguva yekukura, inozivikanwa se spermiogenesis, ma spermatids anochinja akatevedzana kuti awane chimiro uye chimiro chembeu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuumbwa kweacrosome, chimiro mumusoro wembeu ine ma enzymes anodiwa pakusangana, uye kugadzirwa kwemureza, izvo zvinobvumira urume kufamba. Kana maturation yapera, urume hunoburitswa mumigero ye seminiferous ducts uye zvobva zvafamba kuenda ku epididymis, kwaanowana kugona kwayo kwekufamba uye kusanganisa zai.

Muchidimbu, inzira yakaoma inosanganisira kupatsanurwa kwesero, kusiyanisa uye mutsara wekuchinja kwemaitiro. Mumatanho ese aya, masero eutachiona anoshanduka kuita urume hwakura hunokwanisa kuberekesa zai. Iyi nzira yakakosha pakubereka kwemurume uye inobatsira pakubereka kwevanhu.

4. Kukosha kwekusangana: kubatana kwemagametes kugadzira chisikwa chitsva

Fertilization inzira yakakosha mukuberekana kwepabonde kwezvipenyu. Inosanganisira kubatanidzwa kwevarume nevakadzi gametes kugadzira munhu mutsva. Kukosha kwechiitiko ichi chiri muchokwadi chekuti ndiyo yekutanga kuumbwa kwe embryo uye, pakupedzisira, chipenyu chakakwana. Munguva yese iyi, zviitiko zvakatevedzana zvinoitika zvinobvumira kusanganiswa kwemageteti, kusanganiswa kweiyo genetic zvinhu uye kuumbwa kwemunhu mutsva.

Danho rekutanga pakusangana ndiko kusunungurwa uye kukura kwemagametes. Muvanhu, gametes isperm nemazai. Urume hunogadzirwa muma testes uye hunokura mu vas deferens. Kune rumwe rutivi, mazai anogadzirwa mumaovari uye anokura mu fallopian tubes. Kana ma gametes akura, akagadzirira kusunungurwa uye kuwanikwa.

Nhanho yechipiri ndeyekubatana kwemagametes. Izvi zvinoitika mumachubhu e<em>fallopian, apo urume hunokwanisa kuyambuka zvidimbu zvezai ndokupinda mukati maro. Kana izvi zvikaitika, kusanganiswa kweiyo nuclei yesperm nezai kunoitika, nekudaro vachibatanidza genetic zvinhu. Ichi chiitiko chinoratidza kutanga kweiyo embryo development process. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mbeu imwe chete ndiyo inokwanisa kubatanidza zai, nokudaro zvichidzivirira kuumbwa kwe "embryo" dzinopfuura imwe.

Muchidimbu, kubereka idanho rakakosha mukuberekana kwezvisikwa zvipenyu. Kuburikidza nekubatana kwemagametes echirume neechikadzi, kusikwa kwemunhu mutsva kunowanikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zviitiko zvakatevedzana, zvakadai sekukura kwemagametes, kusunungurwa kwavo, uye pakupedzisira, kusanganiswa kwenyuclei yavo. Fertilization inoratidza kutanga kwekukura kwe "embryo" uye inotarisa genetic maitiro emunhu mutsva.

5. Kukura kweEmbryonic: matanho ekutanga ekuumbwa kwemunhu mutsva

Embryonic development ndiyo nzira iyo munhu mutsva anoumbwa kubva mukubatana kwezai nembeu. Mukati mekutanga kwekukura uku, nhevedzano yezviitiko zvakakosha zvinoitika izvo zvinozotungamira mukuumbwa kwezvinyama zvakasiyana uye nhengo dzefetus.

Muchikamu chezvikamu, zygote inopatsanurwa kuita masero madiki akati wandei anonzi blastomeres. Iyi nzira yekupatsanurwa kwesero inoenderera kusvika pakugadzira chimiro chinonzi morula. Mushure meizvozvo, compaction process inoitika iyo inopa kuumbwa kwe blastocyst.

Muchikamu chekuiswa, blastocyst inonamatira uye inopinda muendometrium yechibereko chaamai. Kana blastocyst yatangwa, masero anopatsanura kuita zvidimbu zviviri: embryoblast uye trophoblast. Embryoblast ichaita kuti "embryo" pachayo, ukuwo trophoblast iite zvimiro zvine chekuita nekudya uye kudzivirira kwe "embryo".

6. Basa reDNA pakusarudza nhaka yedzinza

DNA kana deoxyribonucleic acid inoita basa rakakosha pakuona genetic nhaka. Morekuru iri riripo mukati memwoyo wemasero ese ari mumuviri uye rine ruzivo rwemajini emunhu.

Kutanga, DNA inoumbwa necheni mbiri dzehelical dzemanucleotides, dzinobatanidzwa pamwe chete nemabhondi ehydrogen. Aya ma nucleotide anoumbwa ne nitrogenous base, shuga inonzi deoxyribose, neboka re phosphate. Kune mabhesi mana enitrogenous: adenine, thymine, cytosine uye guanine, uye kutevedzana kwezvigadziko izvi ndiko kunosarudza hunhu hwemunhu.

DNA ikodhi ine mirayiridzo yese inodiwa pakuumbwa uye kushanda kwechinhu chipenyu. Mirayiridzo iyi inowanikwa mumajini, ari zvidimbu zveDNA zvinoisa mapuroteni. Mapuroteni ndiwo mamorekuru akakosha mukukura nekushanda kwezvisikwa zvipenyu, saka ruzivo rwemajini rwuri muDNA rwakakosha pakugara nhaka yehunhu hwemuviri nehupenyu.

Muchidimbu, zvinokosha. Iyi morekuru inokodha ruzivo rwemajini kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwemabhesi enitrogenous uye majini, ayo anotara hunhu hwemuviri uye hwehupenyu hwemunhu. Kunzwisisa kuti DNA inoshanda sei uye kuti inogarwa sei kwakakosha kusainzi yemajini uye kunovhura mikova yekunzwisisa kukuru kwekushanda kwezvisikwa zvipenyu.

7. Zvinhu zvinokonzera kubereka kwevanhu: zera, mararamiro uye hutano huzhinji

Kuberekwa kwevanhu kunokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei zvinosanganisira zera, mararamiro uye hutano hwese. Zvinhu izvi zvinogona kukanganisa varume nevakadzi, uye zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise maitiro azvo pakubudirira kubereka.

Zera: Zera ndiro rinotaridza kuberekana kwevanhu. Vakadzi vanobereka zvakanyanya mukati mechikamu chehupenyu hwavo chinozivikanwa se "zera ravo rekubereka," iro rinowanzotangira pamakore makumi maviri kusvika ku20 ezera. Sezvo vakadzi vachikura, kunaka uye kuwanda kwemazai avo kunoderera, zvichiita kuti kubata pamuviri kuome. Varume vanogonawo kuona kudzikira kwemhando yembeu pavanenge vachikura.

Mararamiro uye hutano huzhinji: Mararamiro uye hutano hwese hunoitawo basa rakakosha mukuberekana kwevanhu. Fodya, doro, uye kushandisa zvinodhaka zvekunakidzwa zvinogona kukanganisa kubereka muvarume nevakadzi. Pamusoro pezvo, kuwandisa kana kufutisa kunogona kuita kuti kubata pamuviri kuwedzere kuoma uye kuwedzera njodzi yematambudziko panguva yekuzvitakura. Kuchengeta kudya kwakadzikama, kurovedza muviri nguva dzose, uye kuderedza kushushikana kunogona kuvandudza mikana yako yekuve nepamuviri.

8. Nzira dzekubatsira kubereka: dzimwe nzira dzeavo vane dambudziko rekuzvara

Nzira dzekubatsira kubereka dzimwe nzira dzeavo vanhu kana vakaroorana vanosangana nematambudziko pakuzvara. zvakasikwa. Nzira idzi dzinosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobatsira superar problemas yekubereka uye kuwana mimba yaunoda.

Imwe yenzira dzakajairika ndeye in vitro fertilization (IVF), uko mazai nembeu zvinobatanidzwa kunze kwemuviri zvozoendeswa kuchibereko. Iyi nzira inogona kuve sarudzo inoshanda kune vakadzi vane fallopian tube matambudziko kana varume vane yakaderera urume.

Imwe nzira ndeyekupinzwa muchibereko, apo urume hunoiswa zvakananga muchibereko chomukadzi. Iyi nzira inobatsira kune vakaroorana vane sperm motility kana dambudziko rehuwandu. Pane zvakare mukana wekushandisa sperm kana egg donors mune zviitiko pazvinenge zvichidikanwa.

9. Kukosha kwekudya uye kutarisirwa kwepamuviri kwepamuviri kune hutano

Zvokudya zvinovaka muviri uye kutarisirwa kwepamuviri kunobata basa rakakosha mukukudziridza nhumbu ine hutano. Munguva iyi, zvakakosha kuvimbisa kugara zvakanaka kwevose amai nemwana, kuburikidza nekudya kwakakwana uye kutorwa kwemaitiro ane hutano.

Kudya kwakakwana panguva yekuzvitakura kunopa hutano hunodiwa pakukura nekukura kwe fetus, pamwe nekuchengetedza hutano hwaamai. Zvakakosha kuisa zvokudya zvakapfuma mune iron, calcium, folic acid, mapuroteni uye mavitamini. Izvi zvinovaka muviri zvinobatsira kudzivirira matambudziko ekuzvitakura, akadai seanemia, high blood pressure, uye neural tube defects.

Kuchengeta vasati vaberekwa kunosanganisirawo kurarama mararamiro ane utano. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzivisa kushandiswa kwedoro, fodya nezvinodhaka, pamwe nekuedza kuchengetedza uremu hwakanaka. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakakosha kuti ugare uchishanyira chiremba ane hunyanzvi kuti atarise uye ongororo yekukura kwemwana, pamwe nekugamuchira nhungamiro inodiwa pakudya nekuchengeta panguva yakakosha iyi.

10. Kuchinja kwemuviri uye manzwiro panguva yekuzvitakura: kugadzirisa zvinodiwa pakukura kwemwana

Nhumbu inhanho yekuchinja kukuru kwemuviri nepfungwa muhupenyu hwemukadzi. Munguva iyi, muviri unotarisana nenhevedzano yezvigadziriso zvinodiwa pakukura kwakakodzera kwemwana. Idzi shanduko dzinogona kuzviratidza nenzira dzakasiyana mumukadzi wega wega, asi kazhinji dzinosanganisira shanduko muhurongwa hormonal, kukura kwechibereko, kuwedzera uremu uye kuonekwa kwezviratidzo zvakadai sekusvotwa, kuneta uye kuchinja kwemafungiro.

Imwe yekuchinja kwakanyanya kwemuviri panguva yekuzvitakura ndiko kukura kwechibereko. Sezvo mwana anokura, chibereko chinowedzera kuita kuti mwana awane nzvimbo. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwakadai sekumanikidzwa padundira uye manzwiro ekuve "anorema." Uyezve, kuwedzera uremu chikamu chemuviri wepamuviri uye kunokonzerwa nekukura kwemwana, placenta, uye kuwedzera kweropa. Zvakakosha kuti vakadzi vane pamuviri vadye kudya kwakakwana uye kurovedza muviri zvakachengeteka kudzora uremu zvakakodzera.

Mukuwedzera kune kuchinja kwemuviri, pamuviri unogonawo kuuya nekuchinja kwemanzwiro. Kuchinja-chinja kwehomoni kunogona kukanganisa mafungiro emukadzi, kumuita kuti ave nyore kuchinja manzwiro ake kamwe kamwe, uye kutungamirira kumanzwiro efunganyo kana kusuruvara. Zvinowanzoitika kuti vakadzi vane pamuviri vanosangana nemisanganiswa yemanzwiro, kubva pakufara uye kutarisira kusvika kwemwana, kunetseka uye kutya pamusoro pekuzvara uye basa idzva rinouya nekuve amai. Zvakakosha kuti madzimai akazvitakura atsvage rutsigiro rwepfungwa panguva iyi, kungave kuburikidza nemudiwa wavo, mhuri kana shamwari, kana kubvunza nyanzvi yezveutano hwepfungwa.

11. Kuberekwa: nzira yekupedzisira yekuumbwa kwemwana

Kusununguka muitiro wokupedzisira wokuumbwa kwomwana, umo mwana anosiya dumbu raamai achienda kunyika yokunze. Ichi chiitiko chakakosha kune vese amai nemwana achangozvarwa, uye chinowanzoonekwa nguva iyo nhumbu inopera uye nhanho yekurera inotanga.

Iyi nzira yakakamurwa kuita matanho matatu makuru: dilation, kudzingwa uye kuendesa placenta. Panguva yekuwedzera, muromo wechibereko unovhurika zvishoma nezvishoma kuti mwana apfuure nemugero rekuzvara. Panguva yekusununguka, amai vanonzwa kugwinha kwakanyanya kunovabatsira kusundira mwana kunze. Pakupedzisira, kana mwana angoberekwa, placenta inovhara uye inobudiswa kubva muchibereko.

Kusununguka kunogona kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana, kungave kwemukadzi kana nechikamu chekuvhiya. En el parto Mukati memukadzi, mwana anopfuura nemugero rekuzvara uye anozvarwa nepanhengo yemukadzi. Kana pakaitwa cesarean section, mudumbu nechibereko chinochekwa kuti mwana abvise. Nzira mbiri idzi dzine zviratidzo uye njodzi dzakabatana, saka zvakakosha kuva nezano rakakodzera rekurapa kuti uone nzira yakanakisisa munyaya imwe neimwe.

12. Nguva yekuyamwisa: kukosha kwekudya kweamai pakukura kwemwana

Nguva yekuyamwisa idanho rinokosha muupenyu hwemwana, sezvo kudya kwaamai kuchiita basa rinokosha mukukura nekukura kwake. Mumwedzi yekutanga yehupenyu, mukaka wezamu unopa zvose zvinovaka muviri zvinodiwa kuti mwana akure ane hutano uye asimbise maitiro ake ezvirwere.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kudya kwaamai hakungopi zvinovaka muviri zvinodiwa kumwana, asiwo kunopfuudza ma antibodies uye kudzivirira zvirwere. Mukaka wezamu une zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira kumwana, zvakadai semapuroteni, mavhitaminzi, mamineral uye akakosha mafuta acids.

Kudya kwaamai kwakakwana panguva yekuyamwisa kunosanganisira kutevera kudya kwakakwana uye kwakasiyana-siyana. Zvinokurudzirwa kudya zvokudya zvakapfuma mune zvinovaka muviri, zvakadai semichero, miriwo, mapuroteni uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Zvakakoshawo kuchengetedza mvura yakanaka. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinodikanwa kudzivirira kudyiwa kwezvikafu zvakagadzikiswa, zvakarungwa zvakanyanya kana zvakarungwa, uye zvinwiwa zvinodhaka.

13. Kukura uye kukura kwemwana: kubva paudiki kusvika pakuyaruka

14. Mafungiro ekupedzisira pamusoro pemaitiro ekusika hupenyu hwevanhu

Pakusvika padanho rino rekuongorora nezve kusikwa kwehupenyu hwemunhu, zvakakosha kuti tiite nhevedzano yefungidziro inotitendera kuti tinzwisise kuoma uye kushamisa kwechiitiko ichi. Hazvirambiki kuti kukura nekukura kwemunhu kubva pakubata pamuviri kusvika pakuzvarwa kunosanganisira kutevedzana kwezviitiko zvinoshamisa, zvinodzorwa nehutaneti hwakaoma kunzwisisa hwemagadzirirwo nemaitiro.

Imwe yemafungiro anokatyamadza ndeyekuti chipenyu chese chinoumbwa sei kubva musero rimwe. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se embryogenesis, ndeyechokwadi cellular ballet, apo mamirioni ezvinhu anopindirana nenzira chaiyo uye yakarongeka kuti iite masisitimu akasiyana uye nhengo dze muviri wemunhu. Zvinonakidza kufunga nezve akawanda maseru kupatsanurwa, kusiyanisa masero, uye kuumbwa kwematishu uye nhengo dzinoitika panguva iyi.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekufunga nezvacho ibasa re epigenetics mukusikwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu. Ichi chirango chinodzidza kuti zvinhu zvekunze, senge nharaunda uye kudya kwaamai, zvinogona kukanganisa kutaura kwemajini uye, nekudaro, kukura kwe fetus. Kudyidzana uku pakati pejenome nemhoteredzo kunovhura imwe nhanho yekuomarara mukugadzira hupenyu hwevanhu, uye kunotitungamira kuti tifungisise pamusoro pesimba guru iro hupenyu hwaamai nenharaunda yavo hunogona kuita panguva yekuzvitakura.

Muchidimbu, maitiro ekubereka kwevanhu chinhu chakaoma uye chinonakidza. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwezai nembeu, kamwana kachangobva kunambwa kanoiswa muchibereko chaamai, nokudaro kutanga kukura kwomunhu mutsva.

Munguva iyi, zvinhu zvakawanda, zvose genetic uye zvakatipoteredza, zvinogona kukanganisa kukura kwe "embryo" uye "fetus". Kubva pakuumbwa kwemagametes kusvika pakuzvarwa, nhanho imwe neimwe yekuzvitakura nekuzvara kwakakosha uye inoda kupindira kwemaitiro akasiyana siyana ebhayoloji.

Fertilization, implantation, embryonic and fetal development, pamwe nebasa remahomoni uye genetic regulation, zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuberekana kwevanhu izvo masayendisiti uye vanachiremba vanoramba vachiferefeta mukutsvaga mhinduro dzakakwana uye dzakanyatsojeka.

Saizvozvo, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti, kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwesainzi nezvekurapa, matambudziko embereko anogona kukanganisa vamwe vanhu nevaroorani, izvo zvingaita kuti vade kushandisa nzira dzekubatsira kubereka. Nzira idzi, dzakadai se in vitro fertilization, inogona kuva sarudzo kune avo vanoda kuita vana asi vanotarisana nematambudziko ekubereka.

Mukupedzisa, kunzwisisa kuti vana vanoitwa sei kunosanganisira kuongorora zvakadzama nezvebiology uye kubereka kwevanhu. Kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvese zvenyama uye zvipenyu, kushamisika kwehupenyu kunomuka. Kudzidza kwemaitiro aya kunoramba kuchiwedzera ruzivo rwedu uye kuwedzera mikana mundima yekubatsira kubereka.