Zvekuita kana Windows yakapa APIPA IP (169.xxx): zvikonzero chaizvo uye mhinduro chaiyo

Kana mudziyo wako ukabuda nekero ye 169.254.xx uye network ichiratidza yambiro yekubatanidza ine shoma, zvinogoneka kuti APIPA inogadzirisa kero iri kushanda. Muchina uyu unopa emergency yepanzvimbo IP kana iye DHCP Falla, kubvumira kumwe kutaurirana pane imwechete network network asi pasina mukana kune mamwe manetwork.

Munzvimbo dzepamba nemakambani, inyaya inodzokororwa: makadhi ari muDHCP asingagamuchire mhinduro uye anowira muAPIPA, malaptop anobatana neWi-Fi pasina internet, kana maseva ayo, nekuda kwedambudziko rakati, anomira kuvandudza chibvumirano chavo. Kunzwisisa kuti APIPA chii, kuti inoshanda sei, uye sei kuidzima kana kuiongorora Ichakuchengetera nguva nemusoro.

Chii chinonzi APIPA uye ndechei?

APIPA (Otomatiki Yakavanzika IP Kero) is an IPv4 feature inogadzirisa otomatiki iyo interface ine kero kubva ku169.254.0.0/16 block kana pasina DHCP server iripo. Inongopa IP kero uye mask 255.255.0.0, isina gedhi kana DNS., saka inobvumira kutaurirana kwenzvimbo pakati pemidziyo pachikamu chimwe chete uye hapana chimwe chinhu.

Iyi nzvimbo yakachengetwa neIANA yekubatanidza-makero emunharaunda maererano neRFC 3927, uye inowira mukati meiyo inonzi link-yenzvimbo mitsara. Mukuita, APIPA inochengeta network "ichirarama" padanho renzvimbo. kana pasina gadziriso inoshanda, asi isingachinjiki kana yakakodzera kuwana Internet.

Zvakakosha kuronga mitemo: the RFC 3330 (yakazotsiviwa neRFC 5735) uye RFC 3927 inotsanangura kushandiswa kwemakero aya. The usable range pamakomputa kazhinji kubva 169.254.1.0 kusvika 169.254.254.255, ichisiya mativi ese ari maviri akachengeterwa (169.254.0.x uye 169.254.255.x) uye kushandisa 169.254.255.255 senhepfenyuro.

Iyo APIPA inoshanda sei zvakadzama

Kana iyo interface iri muDHCP uye isingagamuchire mhinduro, sisitimu inomutsa APIPA. Mutengi anotumira akati wandei maDHCPDISCOVERs pakutanga; tsananguro yakajairika ndeyekuti inoita 3 kana 4 zvikumbiro mumasekondi mashoma uye, kana pasina mhinduro, inotanga link-local autoconfiguration.

Munguva ye autoconfiguration, mudziyo unosarudza pseudo-random IP kero mukati meiyo inotenderwa renji uye inosimbisa kuti haisi kushandiswa uchishandisa probes (ARP kana kutepfenyura) isati yaimisa. Kana ikaona kunetsana, inoedza imwe kero kusvika pahuwandu hwekuedza.; mamwe magwaro anotsanangura kusvika pakuedza gumi asati akanda mapfumo pasi kana kusawirirana kuchiramba.

Kana yangopihwa, mutengi anoramba achitsvaga sevha yeDHCP nguva nenguva. PaWindows, semuenzaniso, zvikumbiro zveDHCP zvinoyedzwazve angangoita maminetsi mashanu ega ega.Kana sevha ikaonekwa, TCP/IP stack inotsiva APIPA IP nerendi inoshanda.

APIPA inoshanda chete kuIPv4; Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) inoshandiswa muIPv6, yakatsanangurwa muRFC 2462 (ikozvino yakagadziridzwa neRFC 4862), iine imwe nzira uye chinongedzo-kero dzenzvimbo dzakatarwa nefe80::/10.

APIPA paWindows: maitiro uye peculiarities

PamaWindows system azvino, APIPA inogoneswa nekusarudzika. Kana usingagamuchire DHCP, iyo stack inozvipa uye nguva nenguva inoedza kuwanazve rendiPamusoro pezvo, iyo midhiya inonzwa inomhanyisa kuedza zvakare kana yekubatanidza yadzoka.

Mune shanduro dzekare seWindows 98, Media Sense yakanga isipo, iyo inogona kunonoka kubatanidzwazve mushure mekuparara kwemuviri. Windows 2000, XP, 7, 10 uye gare gare inobatanidza Media Sense uye zvimwe zvinopindirana zvakaita seICMP Router Discovery kana RIP kuteerera kuvandudza network mamiriro.

Mamwe maWindows mashandisirwo anogadzira iyo APIPA IP nehashing iyo interface's MAC kero, kutsvaga kugadzikana mushure mekutangazve uye kuderedza mukana wekudzokorora (nguva dzose nekutarisa kusawirirana kwepakutanga).

Ungaziva sei kana uri muAPIPA

MuWindows 2000/XP/Server 2003 uye gare gare, vhura chirevo chekuraira uye mhanya: ipconfig / zvese kuti uongorore iyo autoconfiguration blockKana autoconfiguration ikabatidzwa uye IP iri 169.254.xy ine mask 255.255.0.0, uri muAPIPA.

Mune ekare maWindows editions (Windows 98, Windows Me), winipcfg utility inokubvumira kuona kana kero iripo mukati me169.254.xx pasi pe autoconfiguration label. Kuona iyi IP kunoratidza kuti hapana DHCP yekurenda iripo.

Dzima kana gonesa APIPA muWindows

APIPA inogona kuvharwa, kuchengetedza kana kusashandisa DHCP zvichienderana nenyaya. Izvi zvinoitwa nekugadzirisa iyo Windows Registry, kusiyanisa nzira zvichienderana neshanduro yehurongwa.

• MuWindows 98/Me: wedzera iyo DWORD yekupinda 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' ine kukosha 0x0 ku: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\DHCP.
• PaWindows 2000/XP/Server 2003: wedzera 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' (DWORD 0x0) pasi peiyo chaiyo interface: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID_del_adaptador>.
• Mune shanduro itsva (Windows 7/ 8/10/11), iwe uchaonawo mareferensi kuTCP/IP yepasi rose parameter wrapper: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters. Rangarira kuti kukosha kwe1 kunogonesa APIPA uye 0 inodzima.

Mushure mekushandura Registry, zvinokurudzirwa kuti utangezve kuti kuseta kuite. Chengetedza registry yako usati wabata chero chinhu., kunyanya mumidziyo yakakosha.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika umo APIPA inoonekwa

Bhutsu pasina kudhara uye pasina DHCP: bhutsu yemutengi, inopa akati wandei mameseji ekutsvaga (3 kana kupfuura) uye, Kana pasina mhinduro, inozvipa iyo kirasi B IP mukati me169.254/16. Ramba uchiedza zvakare pane dzimwe nguva.

Nekurenda kwekare uye pasina DHCP: chishandiso chinovhota gedhi rekutanga; Kana ikapindura, chengeta IP yekareKana pasina mhinduro kana pasina gedhi rakagadziriswa, APIPA inogadziriswa uye zvikanganiso zvinoshumwa kumushandisi.

Kurenda kwapera uye hapana DHCP: mutengi anoedza kuvandudza; Kana ikasawana sevha, inodzokera kuAPIPA, inotumira zvakati wandei zvekuonekwa uye inodzokorora kutenderera maminetsi mashoma ega ega kusvika server yadzoka online.

Kukurumidza kuongororwa kana ukaona 169.254.xx

Tanga nezvinokosha: tarisa tambo, zvisungo, mamiriro e router kana kushandura, uye DHCP sevhisi yemudziyo unopa iyo (pamba, inowanzova router). Iyo inodzorwa reboot yeiyo router uye network interface inomanikidza kutauriranazve.

PaWindows, mhanyisa iyi mirairo mune yakasimudzwa yekuraira yekumisikidza kuseta zvakare stack: Vakachengeteka uye vanowanzogadzirisa zviitiko zvinowanzoitika.

netsh int ip reset c:\resetlog.txt
netsh winsock reset
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /registerdns
ipconfig /release
ipconfig /renew

Tarisa zvakare kuti 'DHCP Client' sevhisi inoshanda (services.msc) uye, kana zvichidikanwa, Gonesa DHCP paWindows 10. Inofanira kunge iri muStart state uye yekutanga mhando Automatic kuitira kuti iyo interface iwane zvipo nemazvo.

Kana uri kushandisa Wi-Fi, tarisa kuenderana kweadhaputara nekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo yekupinda (WPA/WPA2, nezvimwewo) uye mhando yechiratidzo. Nhaurirano yakaipa inogona kudzivirira kuwana IP kunyangwe kuona iyo SSID uye kushamwaridzana.

DHCP server kana router inotarisa

Pamanetiweki ane yakazvitsaurira DHCP server, ipfungwa yakanaka kutarisa matanda uye chimiro chezviyero. Inobvisa zvisaririra kubva pa169.254.xx kana dzakachengetedzwa nekukanganisa uye iva nechokwadi chokuti dziva rinoshanda harina kupera.

Maitiro akanaka ekushanda: dzima nzvimbo dzisina kushandiswa, inopa inoshanda static IP kune manejimendi nzvimbo, shandisa DHCP pane imwe neimwe subnet uye ongorora sarudzo dzepamberi (sekuwanikwa kwenhepfenyuro kana zvichibvira).

Munzvimbo dzekumba, pinda mukati meiyo router's interface uye simbisa kuti sevha yeDHCP inogoneswa uye ine huwandu hwakakwana. Kuvandudza firmware ye router kunobatsira kugadzirisa tsikidzi dzinozivikanwa. uye inovandudza kushanda uye kugadzikana.

Gadzirisai kusawirirana nemigumisiro yazvo

Kunetsana kweIP kunogona kubva pakudzokorora mabasa emaoko, kukanganisa kweDHCP, kana kusachengetedzwa zvakanaka. Kuziva rudzi rwekupokana ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza kuti toseta static, kuvandudza simba kana kukanzura marezinesi..

Mumabhizinesi, makomputa maviri ane imwe kero yeIP anogona kuunza masevhisi akakosha kuti amire, kunyanya kana kupokana kuchikanganisa maseva. Kuongorora uye kuongorora network nguva nenguva inobvumidza iwe kutarisira matambudziko. uye kuderedza nguva.

APIPA uye chengetedzo: zvinogoneka kushungurudzwa uye countermeasures

Mamwe magwaro anoratidza kuti kuramba uchimanikidza APIPA paWindows kunogona kushandiswa zvisina kunaka, semuenzaniso nekugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvekunyoresa zvine chekuita ne autoconfiguration, DHCP, kana interface metrics. Chinangwa cheanorwisa chinenge chiri kutora chinongedzo chemuridzi pasina Indaneti. kushandura masisitimu parameters.

Pakati pezvirongwa zvinotaurwa muchirevo ichocho pane makiyi akadai se'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled', 'EnableDHCP', 'DhcpConnForceBroadcastFlag' kana mametric kukosha kweiyo interfaces mu. ...\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\<GUID>. Kunyangwe kuvaziva kunobatsira kudzivirira, hazvikurudzirwe kuvagadzira pasina kutonga. nekuti unogona kuvhara network iwe pachako.

Countermeasures: Dzivirira kodzero dzekutonga, chengetedza Registry, omesa magumo ekupedzisira, Tarisa kune zvisina kujairika shanduko yetiweki uye uve nekudzoreredza zvinyorwa (TCP/IP reset)Uye, hongu, kuchengetedza vatyairi uye OS yakagadziridzwa kunoderedza nzvimbo yekurwisa.

Linux: Zeroconf, Avahi, uye Sei Kuidzima

PaGNU/Linux, hunhu hwakaenzana hwakabatana neZeroconf uye avahi-autoipd daemon. Kana iwe usingade iyo interface kuti itore 169.254/16, kune nzira dzakati wandei zvichienderana ne distro.

Mumhuri dzekare Red Hat/CentOS mhuri, Zeroconf inowanzoremara nekuwedzera zvinotevera kugadziriso yepasirese: seta 'NOZEROCONF=hongu' uye tangazve network kudzivirira otomatiki link-yenzvimbo nzira.

# /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
NOZEROCONF=yes
# Reinicio del servicio
service network restart

Kana ukashandisa Avahi, kutangazve kana kudzima daemon yayo kungave kuri madikanwa zvichienderana netiweki mutemo wako. Pamasisitimu ekare eSysV uchaona nzira dzakaita se'/etc/init.d/avahi-daemon restart'; gadzirisa maneja webasa weshanduro yako.

Imwe nzira ndeyekupisa-kudzima iyo 169.254.0.0/16 nzira uye kuseta nzira dzinoshanda dze subnet yako ne ip/nzira. Sechiyero chinoramba chiripo, unogona kutaura mitsara inowedzera yekubatanidza-yenzvimbo nzira mune avahi-autoipd zvinyorwa. kana kugovera kwako kuchivashandisa.

# Ejemplo orientativo (ajusta a tu entorno)
# Eliminar ruta link-local y forzar gateway de la LAN
ip route del 169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 metric 100

Mamwe matanho anoshanda anowanzobatsira

Kugadziridza network adapta mutyairi (uye router firmware kana iripo) inogadzirisa kusawirirana uye kutadza kwekutaurirana. Kana pasina vhezheni itsva, kudzosera mutyairi dzimwe nguva kunobvisa nyika dzakaora. mushure memwedzi yekushandiswa.

Kana mamiriro acho akaramba uye uchifungidzira kuisirwa system, kudzoreredza kweOS kunogona kunge iri nzira inokurumidza kuenda. Ita backup uye funga yekuisa yakachena kana iwe watotonga kunze hardware uye DHCP..

Pamichina ine akawanda mainterface (emuviri uye chaiwo), ongorora zvekutanga uye metrics. Hypervisor chaiwo makadhi anogona kukanganisa kana metric iri pamusoro peNIC yemuviri inofanirwa kubuda kuenda kuLAN.

Kuti utarise tafura yenzira uye mametric anosanganisirwa paWindows, shandisa: Nenzira iyi iwe unozoziva kuti ndeipi interface iri "kuhwina" mukufambisa sarudzo..

netstat -rn

Kana iwe uchida kugadzirisa metric nemaoko, enda kuTCP/IPv4 zvivakwa zvekadhi, sarudzo dzepamberi, uye usatarise otomatiki metric yekuseta kukosha kwakaderera (semuenzaniso, 1) mune chikuru interface. Mamwe ose anogona kusiiwa otomatiki. kudzivisa kushamisika.

Inowanzobvunzwa mibvunzo

• Sei timu yangu ichingotaura nevamwe pa169.254.xx? Nekuti APIPA haigadziri magedhi kana DNS. Pane chete yenzvimbo Layer 3 yekubatanidza mukati meiyo imwe link, uye hapana ma routers anofambiswa.
• APIPA inoenda yega here? Ehe, kana sevha yeDHCP yapindura uye ichipa chibvumirano chakakodzera. Windows inoedzazve kutsvaga sevha maminetsi mashoma uye inotsiva iyo link-yenzvimbo IP pasina kupindira kwemaoko.
• Ndingashandisa 169.254.xx seIP yakagadziriswa "nokuti inoshanda"? Iyi haisi pfungwa yakanaka. Haikwanise kuchinjika uye inokanganisa chinangwa chekubatanidza-yenzvimbo. Inoshandisa RFC1918 siyana kune static yakavanzika IPs.
• Ndinodzima sei APIPA ndisina kubvisa DHCP? Rongedza iyo Registry kuseta 'IPAutoconfigurationEnabled' kune 0 pane inoenderana interface. Shanduro dzekare dzine nzira dzakakosha dzakasiyana; ona chikamu chekudzima.

Muchina unoratidza 169.254.xx harisi, pacharo, "dambudziko", asi chiratidzo chekuti DHCP yekurenda haina kuwanikwa. Necheki dziri pamusoro (DHCP sevhisi, tambo, vatyairi, firewall uye metrics) Chinhu chakajairika ndechekudzokera kuIP inoshanda uye kuwanazve kubatana kwakazara.