Kombiyuta Yokutanga Yaiva Yakaita Sei?

Yaive sei ⁢Kombuta Yekutanga: A Technical Analysis

Nhoroondo yemakomputa inonakidza, uye kuti unzwisise kukura kwayo nekufamba kwenguva, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti komputa yakauya sei. komputa yekutanga munyika. Iyi shanduko yekuvandudza tekinoroji yakaisa hwaro hwekubuda kwekombuta sezvatinoiziva nhasi. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora maitiro ehunyanzvi e komputa yekutanga uye mhedzisiro yayo munharaunda.

Kwakabva komputa yekutanga inodzokera kumashure pakati pezana ramakore rechi20, nguva apo vanhu vaive vachiona kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye kwetekinoroji⁢. Chikwata chakazova che komputa yekutanga Yakagadzirwa neboka revatsvakurudzi vepayunivhesiti muUnited States. Pakutanga, chishandiso ichi chakagadzirirwa kuita masvomhu akaoma kunzwisisa nekukurumidza uye nemazvo, asi nekufamba kwenguva kubatsira kwacho kwakawedzera uye kwakave chishandiso chakakosha mundima dzakasiyana.

La kombiyuta yekutanga Yakanga yakavakirwa pabhinari system, yakakosha pakushanda kwemakomputa emazuva ano. Kusiyana nemakomputa anhasi, iyi vhezheni yekutanga yaigara mukamuri hombe uye yaive nemazana etambo uye zvinhu zvemagetsi. Nekudaro, kugona kwayo kwaive kwakakura uye kwakabvumira ruzivo kuti rwugadziriswe nekumhanya kusati kwamboitika panguva iyoyo.

Chimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha zveizvi komputa yekutanga kwaive⁤ kugona kwayo kuchengeta uye tora data. Yakashandisa punch makadhi senzira yekupinza uye kubuda, ichibvumira vashandisi kuchengetedza ruzivo uye kuiwana gare gare. Kufambira mberi uku kwakaratidza kumberi uye shure munzira iyo nzanga yaitarisira nekuchengetedza data.

Mukupedzisa, the komputa yekutanga Yakanga iri budiriro huru yehunyanzvi yakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwekombuta. ⁢Kukanganisa kwayo ⁢kunzanga⁢ kwainge kwakakura,⁢ sezvo yakasandura⁢ nzira⁢ magadzirisirwo akaitwa ruzivo nekuvhurwa mikana mitsva ⁢munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi netekinoroji. Nokufamba kwenguva, mafambiro munyika zvemakomputa zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwemakomputa akawedzera uye ane simba, asi zvakakosha kurangarira nekukoshesa genesis yeiyi incredible tekinoroji yakagadzirwa.

– ⁤Kusuma komputa yekutanga

Iko ⁢sumo kune yekutanga ⁢kombuta inoratidza ⁤kutanga kweshanduko yetekinoroji yakashandura nzanga yedu. Komputa yekutanga waive muchina wakakosha ⁢wakaisa⁢ hwaro hwekuvandudza tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Nekushandisa zvikamu zvemagetsi uye maalgorithms akaoma, muchina uyu wekupayona wakavhura mikova yenguva nyowani yekombuta uye kugadzirisa ruzivo.

Komputa yekutanga Yakavakwa muma1940 nechikwata chemasayendisiti nemainjiniya chaitungamirirwa naJohn W. Mauchly naJ. Presper Eckert. Muchina uyu, unonzi ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator⁢ neComputer), wakagadzirirwa kuita maverengero akaomarara nekumhanya kunoshamisa⁣ kwenguva yawo. Kushandisa mavharuvhu emagetsi pachinzvimbo yemidziyo mechanics aimboshandiswa, akakwanisa kumhanyisa zvakanyanya maitiro ekuverenga.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvekombuta yekutanga yaive ⁢yayo kuchengetedza⁤ kugona. Kunyangwe nhasi zvakajairika kuve nema terabytes enzvimbo yekuchengetedza pachishandiso mobile, ENIAC yaingokwanisa kuchengeta nhamba shoma yedata. Nekudaro, chokwadi chekuti chaigona kuchengeta nekugadzirisa ruzivo nemagetsi chakaisa hwaro hwekufambira mberi mune ramangwana mumakomputa.

Kunyangwe komputa yekutanga yaiita senge engineering inoshamisa, yakanga ine ganhuriro dzayo. Kune rimwe divi, nekupa huwandu hwayo hwemavharuvhu, yaive yakakura uye yaida huwandu hukuru hwemagetsi kuti ushande. Uyezve, hurongwa hwayo hwaive hwakanyanya kuomarara uye hwaida ruzivo rwepamusoro pehunyanzvi. Kunyangwe izvi zvisingakwanisi, komputa yekutanga yakateya hwaro hwekukurumidza kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yaizouya mumakumi emakore akatevera.

-Evolution yetekinoroji mumakore ekutanga emakomputa

Mumakore ekutanga emakomputa, shanduko yetekinoroji yaishamisa zvakanyanya. . Kufambira mberi kweruzivo urwu kwakaisa hwaro hwezvatinoziva nhasi semakombiyuta emazuva ano. Komputa yekutanga yakagadzirwa mu1940s nemasayendisiti uye⁢ masvomhu, avo vakatsvaga kuwana mhinduro inoshanda uye nekukurumidza yekuita masvomhu akaomarara.

Munguva iyi, vainyanya ⁤kushandiswa⁢ mavharuvhu evacuum kugadzira makombiyuta. Aya mavharuvhu akabvumira kufamba kwemagetsi uye aive "akakosha" pakuvandudza tekinoroji yemakomputa Zvisinei, nekuda kwehukuru hwavo uye mukana wakakura wekutadza, makomputa enguva iyoyo aive makuru uye madiki.

Sezvo ma1950 akafambira mberi, teknolojia itsva yakadanwa ma transistors. Aya madiki semiconductor midziyo yaive yakavimbika uye inoshanda kupfuura vacuum chubhu. Mukuwedzera, vakanga vari vaduku zvikuru, izvo zvakabvumira kuderedzwa kwehukuru hwemakombiyuta. Iyi tsvarakadenga yakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha mukushanduka kwemakomputa uye yakagadzira nzira yekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji.

- Komputa yekutanga yakagadzirwa uye kuvakwa sei?

Makomputa ekutanga akabuda mukati meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, nechinangwa chekuita maverengero akaomarara uye kubatsira kudhirodha meseji yakavanzika. Imwe yemakomputa ekutanga yaive "ENIAC" (Electronic Numerical Integrator uye Computer), yaive yakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa naJ. Presper⁣ Eckert naJohn Mauchly kuYunivhesiti kubva kuPennsylvania. Yakanga iri yekutanga-chinangwa chemagetsi komputa uye yakapedzwa muna 1946.

Iye ENIAC Wakanga uri muchina muhombe, unotora nzvimbo inosvika 1.800 30 square feet uye unorema anenge matani 17.000. Yakanga yakagadzirwa neanopfuura zviuru gumi nezvinomwe zvevacuum chubhu, izvo zvaive zvakanyanya zvemagetsi zvikamu panguva iyoyo. Chirongwa che ENIAC chakaitwa nekuisa waya zvinhu zvayo zvemagetsi, iyo yaireva muitiro unononoka uye unonetesa webasa rimwe nerimwe raida kuitwa.

Kunyangwe iyo ENIAC yaive yakakosha budiriro yetekinoroji panguva yayo, kushanda kwayo kwaive⁢ zvishoma uye hazvigoneki zvichienzaniswa⁤ nemakomputa anhasi. Ndakanga ndisina sisitimu yekushandisa uye hurongwa hwayo hwaida ruzivo rwakadzama rwezvivakwa uye hardware yemuchina. Nekudaro, yakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwemakomputa emangwana uye yakaratidza kugona kwemagetsi komputa munyika yanhasi. Nekufamba kwenguva, kwakave nekufambira mberi kukuru mukugadzira nekuvaka kwemakomputa, zvichitiunza muzera redhijitari ratiri kurarama mairi nhasi.

-Kuwana zvakakosha zvekombuta yekutanga

Komputa yekutanga, inozivikanwa se ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator uye Computer), yakagadzirwa muma40 nemainjiniya J. Presper Eckert naJohn W. Mauchly paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania. Kwaiva pamusoro pe yekutanga chinangwa chemagetsi muchina, yakagadzirirwa kuita masvomhu akaomarara nekumhanya kukuru. ENIAC yaigara kamuri yese uye yaive yakagadzirwa anopfuura 17,000 vacuum chubhu uye tambo dzaibatanidza ma switch panels avo makuru.

Iyo ENIAC yakavakwa kuti ishandiswe mu tsvakurudzo yezvombo panguva⁤ Yechipiri Hondo Yenyika. Chinangwa chayo chikuru chaive chekuita maverengero ekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvitsva nenzira yeotomatiki, iyo yaimboda kushanda nesimba kwemaoko uye yakatora nguva yakareba. Kuve nemafungiro ekugona kwayo, ⁢ iyo ENIAC inogona kuita 5,000 edzero ⁢uye mazana mana ekuwedzeredza pasekondi, izvo zvakaita kuti ive chishandiso chekuchinja panguva iyoyo.

Zvikamu zvikuru zve⁤ ENIAC zvaive⁤ machubhu asina chinhu uye shandura mapaneru. Iyo machubhu asina chinhu Vaishanda semidziyo yemagetsi kukwidziridza uye kushandura masaini emagetsi, zvakakosha pakushanda kwemuchina. Nekuda kwavo, the shandura mapaneru Iwo aisanganisira zviuru zvema switch ega ega aibvumira kuti majoisheni anodiwa agadzirwe kuita masvomhu aidiwa. Izvi zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa ne a chikamu chekudzora uye imwe arithmetic unit, ine basa rekubatanidza nekuita mashandiro emasvomhu.

-Kukosha uye mashandisirwo ekombuta yekutanga munguva yayo

Komputa yekutanga, inozivikanwa⁤ se ⁢ENIAC ⁤(Electronic Numerical‍ Integrator neComputer), chaive chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo zveteknolojia. Yakagadzirwa naJ. Presper ‌Eckert naJohn⁤ Mauchly kumakore ekuma1940 uye⁢ basa rayo guru raiva rokuverenga manhamba nekukasira uye nemazvo. Kukosha kwekombuta iyi kuri mukuti yaive yekutanga yakazara dhijitari yemagetsi muchina waigona kuita masvomhu akaoma munguva pfupi..

ENIAC yakanga ine zvikumbiro muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzidza, kubva kufizikisi uye nyeredzi kuenda kukuverenga kweballistic uye kugadzirwa kwezvombo kugona kwayo kuita nekukurumidza uye kwakaringana maverengero enhamba kwakaita kuti ive yakakosha kune vesainzi uye ⁣mauto enguva. Uye zvakare, dhizaini yayo inochinjika yakabvumira kubatana kwemamodule akasiyana uye zvishandiso, izvo zvakaita kuti ive chishandiso chakasiyana-siyana chekushandisa kwakasiyana..

Pasinei nemabhenefiti ayo makuru, iyo ENIAC yakaunzawo mamwe matambudziko. Kugadzirisa muchina uyu raivewo basa rakaoma, sezvo machubhu evacuum aiwanzotadza kushanda..⁣ Zvisineyi, kunyangwe izvi zvisingakwanisi, ENIAC yakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwemakomputa madiki, anokurumidza uye akavimbika.

-Matambudziko uye zvisingakwanisi kutarisana nekombuta yekutanga

Komputa yekutanga, inozivikanwa se ENIAC, yakatarisana nematambudziko akati wandei uye zvisingakwanisi panguva yekuvandudzwa kwayo nekushanda. Rimwe rematambudziko makuru rakanga riri kukura uye uremu hwayo, sezvo yaigara kamuri rose uye yairema kusvika matani 30. Izvi zvaireva kuomerwa kukuru kwekutakura kwekutakura uye kugadzirisa.

Imwe dambudziko guru raive rekushandisa kwayo simba The ENIAC yakashandisa anenge 150 kilowatts emagetsi, izvo zvaida huwandu hwemagetsi ekushanda kwayo. Pamusoro pezvo, yakagadzira kupisa kwakawanda, saka zvaive zvakafanira kuve nemasisitimu ekutonhodza akakwana kudzivirira kupisa.

Pamusoro pezvinetso zvehunyanzvi, ENIAC zvakare yakatarisana nemiganhu maererano nekumhanya uye kugona kugadzirisa. Kunyange zvazvo yaichinja munguva yayo, muchina uyu wainonoka uye usina simba kudarika makomputa emazuva ano. Kumhanya kwayo kwakayerwa mumamilliseconds, nepo makomputa anhasi achikwanisa kuita mamiriyoni ekuverenga pasekondi.

- Zvinokurudzira kuti unzwisise zviri nani nhoroondo yekombuta yekutanga

Zvinokurudzirwa kuti unzwisise zviri nani nhoroondo yekombuta yekutanga:

Kuti unzwisise kuti komputa yekutanga yaive yakaita sei uye kukosha kwayo munhoroondo yemakomputa, zvakakosha kuti uite tsvagiridzo uye uverenge nezvekutanga kufambira mberi mune iyi ndima. Kune akawanda mabhuku, zvinyorwa, uye zviwanikwa zvepamhepo zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama nezvekutanga⁤ makomputa nevagadziri vawo. Kumwe kuverenga kunokurudzirwa kunosanganisira⁤ “The Computer: ⁢A Very Short Introduction” by Darrel Ince uye ‌”The Dream ⁤Machine: JCR Licklider⁢ and the Revolution That made Computing ⁣Personal” by M. Mitchell Waldrop.

Zvimwe kurudziro iri kushanyira mamiziyamu emakombuta, akadai seComputer History Museum muCalifornia, uko kunoratidzwa mhando dzenhoroondo uye kushanya kunotungamirwa kunopihwa. Izvi zviitiko zvinopa kunyatsotarisisa kuti macomputer ekutanga aive akaita sei uye kuti akashanduka sei kubva ipapo. Unogonawo kuwana magwaro edhijitari pamapuratifomu seYouTube zvinopa chiono chinowanikwa nyore uye chinonakidza yenhoroondo of computing.

Pakupedzisira, yakanaka nzira yekunzwisisa zviri nani Nhoroondo yekombuta yekutanga ndeyekujairana neakakosha zvigadzirwa uye pfungwa dzakatungamira mukuvandudzwa kwayo. Mamwe emafungidziro aya anosanganisira Turing muchina, von Neumann architecture, yekutanga transistor, uye yekutanga programming mitauro Kunzwisisa kuti mafambiro aya akaitika sei uye kuti ane hukama sei nekombuta yekutanga kuchakubatsira iwe kukoshesa kukosha kwayo uye mabatiro aakaita pamazuva ano. teknolojia.