Ha ke na marang-rang mochineng oa sebele, nka etsa'ng?

¿Ha ke na marang-rang mochineng oa sebele.Seke oa tšoenyeha, bona ke bothata bo atileng ho feta kamoo u ka nahanang, 'me ka tlhahlobo e felletseng, hangata bo ka rarolloa. Tataisong ena eohle, u tla fumana ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho tloha ho li-setting tsa mantlha tsa marang-rang ho ea ho licheke tse tsoetseng pele tse ikhethileng ho VMware, VirtualBox, KVM / virt-manager, Parallels, le libaka tsa maru joalo ka Azure. Sepheo ke hore u tsebe sesosa sa motheo ebe u sebelisa khalemelo e loketseng ka mehato e seng mekae feela..

Pele re kenella ka har'a tlhophiso, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa ho hong: VM e sebetsa joalo ka komporo e ikemetseng ka har'a mochini oa hau. Ka hona, Haeba sistimi e amohelang batho, hypervisor, kapa marang-rang a VM e sa sebetse hantle, khokahano e ka theoha.Liphetoho tsa maano, melao ea firewall/DHCP, likhohlano tsa subnet, bakhanni ba marang-rang, kapa esita le lits'ebeletso tse emisitsoeng tsa hypervisor le tsona li ka bapala karolo.

Mechini ea sebele e sebetsa joang le hore na ke hobane'ng ha e ama marang-rang

VM e matha ka lebaka la hypervisor eo E aba lisebelisoa tsa 'mele tsa moamoheli (CPU, RAM, disk, NIC) ho sistimi ea baeti.Ho itšehla thajana ho bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhahlobo, kaha ho u lumella ho etsa liteko ntle le ho senya sistimi e kholo. Likhoebong, e sebelisetsoa ho kopanya li-server ho hardware e fokolang. boloka litšenyehelo 'me u potlakele ho tsamaisa meroalo ea mosebetsi pakeng tsa mabotho. Ho feta moo, bokhoni ba ho kopanya, ho nka linepe, le ho khutlisetsa boemo ba VM E thusa ho boloka le ho hlaphoheloa ha ho ka ba le liphosoHo feta moo, ho na le Liwebsaete tse ka tšeptjoang bakeng sa ho khoasolla mechini e fumanehang mahala.

Marang-rang a fumanehang ke karolo e 'ngoe eo hypervisor e e etsisang: "plugs" ea "plugs" ea "plug" ea VM ho NAT, marang-rang a marang-rang, a kahare, kapa a amohelang feela ho ipapisitse le tlhophiso ea hau.Ho khetha mokhoa o fosahetseng, kapa ho kopana le maano a ts'ireletso ho netweke ea 'mele, ho ka siea VM ntle le phihlello ea inthanete le haeba moamoheli a bala ntle le mathata.

Melemo le mathata a tikoloho ea sebele

Ka ntle ho khokahanyo, li-VM li fana ka melemo e hlakileng: tumellano pakeng tsa litsamaiso (Windows, Linux, macOS, BSD), boikemelo ba tlhophiso, le li-backups/phetisetso tse potlakileng haholo ka cloning. Haeba VM e le 'ngoe e hloleha, tse ling li tsoela pele ho matha li sa amehe.

Ha se tsohle tse phethahetseng: U fokotsoa ke lisebelisoa tse amohelang baetiHangata latency ea marang-rang e batla e phahame ho feta OS e kholo, 'me boemong ba setsebi ho ka ba le litšenyehelo bakeng sa hypervisor kapa laesense ea tsamaiso ea baeti.

Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea marang-rang le hore na e ama phihlello ea inthanete joang

Ho ipapisitse le hypervisor, u tla bona mabitso a fapaneng, empa mehopolo e ts'oana. Ho khetha mokhoa o nepahetseng ke senotlolo sa ho fana ka phihlello ea inthanete ea VM.:

• NAT: VM e fihlella marang-rang "ka" moamoheli. Hangata sena se sebetsa ka ho sa feleng mme ke khetho ea kamehla ho VMware/VirtualBox. E lumella VM ho fihlella marang-rang le marang-rang, empa li-server ha li "bone" VM ka kotloloho.
• Adapter ea Bridged: VM e hokahana joalo ka sesebelisoa se seng marang-rang, ka IP ea eonaE loketse lisebelisoa tse ling ho buisana le eona, empa e ka 'na ea hanyetsana le melaoana ea switch kapa router.
• Host-only: marang-rang a poraefete pakeng tsa moamoheli le VM. Ha ho na inthanete.
• Marang-rang a ka hare: e arola li-VM ho tloha ho tse ling ka marang-rang a koetsoeng. Hape ha ho na inthanete..
• NAT Network (VirtualBox): e kopanya NAT le karohano, E lumella marang-rang le puisano lipakeng tsa li-VM ho netweke eo ea NAT.

Ho VMware o ka fetola ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho "Virtual Network Editor": Khetha NIC ea 'mele bakeng sa borokho, fetola subnet ea NAT, nolofalletsa DHCP, le likou tse bulehilengHape o ka fokotsa bandwidth mme o fetola aterese ea MAC ho "Advanced". Ho VirtualBox, o laola marang-rang a NAT ka subnet ea bona, DHCP, IPv6, le melao ea boema-kepe ho tloha ho "File> Preferences", 'me ho VM ka 'ngoe u khetha NAT, Bridge, Internal, Host-only, kapa Network NAT.

Optimization: memori, boholo, bandwidth, le ho potlakisa

Haeba VM e haelloa ke lisebelisoa, u tla hlokomela mathata a marang-rang. Abela RAM e lekaneng Ho etsa bonnete ba hore moeti a ka sebetsana le likopo ntle le ho imeloa, fetola boholo ba VM kamoo ho hlokahalang, 'me haeba ho na le li-VM tse ngata, moeli oa bandwidth ka VM ho qoba ho tlala. Li-platform tse ling lia fana ho potlakisa marang-rang e fokotsang latency le ho ntlafatsa phetisetso.

Haeba o sebelisa NAT mme o sena phihlello ea inthanete

Ka NAT, haeba moamoheli a na le phihlello ea inthanete, VM le eona hangata e etsa joalo. Bothata bo tloaelehileng ke hore subnet ea NAT e tsamaellanang le marang-rang a 'mele.Moeti ha a tsebe ho tsoa. Fetola subnet ea NAT ho mohlophisi oa marang-rang (VMware: VMnet8; VirtualBox: theha / khetha marang-rang a NAT ka subnet e fapaneng) ho qoba likhohlano le LAN ea hau e kholo.

Haeba u sebelisa borokho 'me ha u na mokhoa oa ho kena inthaneteng

Ka mokhoa oa borokho, VM e itšetlehile ka marang-rang a 'mele, kahoo Melao le litšebeletso tsa hau tsa motheo lia sebetsa.:

• Ho VMware, beha NIC ea 'mele ho VMnet0 sebakeng sa "Automatic". Ho khetha sebopeho se ikhethileng ho qoba mathata ha u chencha marang-rang.
• Fetoha: Haeba ho na le Ts'ireletso ea Port e nang le moeli oa MAC ka boema-kepe, aterese ea bobeli ea MAC (eo e leng ea VM) e kanna ea thijoaHape sheba tlamo ea IP-MAC-Port.
• Router: netefatsa hore DHCP e sebetsa (kapa lokisa aterese ea IP e tsitsitseng ho VM), Sheba firewall le ho hlahloba hore ha ho na melao e thibelang lihlopha tse ncha.

Haeba e ntse e hloleha, hlahloba moamoheli hore NIC ea eona e ntse e sebetsa le hore e nakong, le ho moeti hore Aterese ea IP le DNS li fumaneha ka bohona.Maemong a mangata, ho fetola VM ka nakoana hore e be borokho (haeba e ne e le NAT) kapa ho NAT (haeba e ne e le borokhong) ho u thusa ho arola mohloli.

VMware: Licheke le Litokiso tse potlakileng

VMware e fana ka li-levers tse 'maloa tse lokelang ho hlahlojoa ha VM e sa shebahale. Ho qala ka lintho tse bonolo ho boloka nako:

• Qala hape VM. E, e sebetsa hantle ho feta kamoo u ka nahanang kateng.
• Koala ka nakoana antivirus/firewall ea moamoheli kapa u lokise mokhoa oa eona ho lumella sephethephethe ho ea/ho tloha ho li-VM.
• Numella le/kapa qala bocha lits'ebeletso tse latelang: "VMware NAT Service" le "VMware DHCP Service" ho tsoa ho services.msc.
• Ntlafatsa kapa kenya hape adaptara ea netweke ho Taolo ea Sesebediswa sa moeti. Haeba e sa hlahe, sebelisa "Scan bakeng sa liphetoho tsa hardware".
• Hlakola 'me u hlahlobe hape "Hokahane" le "Connect on power-up" ho adaptara ea marang-rang ea VM ho qobella ho hokela hape.
• Ho Virtual Network Editor, tobetsa "Khutlisa li-defaults" ho aha VMnet1/VMnet8 bocha haeba li senyehile.
• Basebelisi ba bang ba rarolla sena ka ho beha aterese ea IP ea router ea ADSL joalo ka NAT DNS ho VMnet8 > NAT Settings > DNS.
• Kamora ho emisa / ho qala moamoheli, Tlosa VM 'me u e bule hape (ho molemo ho feta ho tsosolosa boemo ba eona) ho tsosolosa marang-rang a sebele.

Haeba bothata bo le nakoana ho NAT, ka linako tse ling litšebeletso tsa NAT lia hoama: Ho qala hape "VMware NAT Service" ho moamoheli hangata ho khutlisetsa khokahano..

VirtualBox: Mehato ea Bohlokoa

Ho VirtualBox, NAT e batla e sebetsa ntle le liphetoho, empa haeba ho se joalo, Hangata litokiso tsena lia e lokisa.:

• Kenya "Eketso ea Baeti" ho netefatsa hore bakhanni le kopanyo e ntle ea baeti.
• Tlosa VM, e-ea ho Network, 'me u netefatse hore "Enable network adapter" e hlahlojoe. Leka ho fetola lipakeng tsa NAT, Bridged Adapter, le Network NAT ha ho hlokahala.
• Hopola: "Internal Network" le "Host-Only" ha li fane ka Inthanete ka moralo.
• Ho tswa ho "File > Preferences > Network", theha kapa u lokise marang-rang a NAT ka subnet ea eona, DHCP 'me, haeba ho hlokahala, melao ea boema-kepe.

Ka hare ho moeti, Tlohela IP le DNS ka boiketsetsoHaeba ho se letho le fetohang, sheba NIC e khethiloeng (mohlala, Intel PRO/1000 vs Paravirtualized) 'me u leke ho e fetola.

KVM/virt-manager le VirtualBox ho Linux (nyeoe e tloaelehileng: Windows 11 moeti)

Haeba u sebelisa Linux joalo ka moamoheli (mohlala, distro e thehiloeng ho Fedora) le Windows 11 joalo ka moeti, ho tloaelehile hore ho kenngoe adaptara ea virtio mme u ntse u... ho felloa ke marang-rang ka bobeli ba virt-manager le VirtualBoxNetefatsa hore o sebelisa mokhoa o tsoang (NAT kapa bridged) le hore moamoheli o na le phihlello ea inthanete. Haeba bothata bo etsahala feela ka mokhoa oa borokho, nahana ka tse latelang: maano a marang-rang a 'mele, DHCP le firewallHaeba e boetse e hlaha ho NAT ho li-hypervisors ka bobeli, hlahloba bakhanni ba marang-rang, ho fumana IP / DNS ka mokhoa o itekanetseng ho seva sa baeti, 'me u etse reset ea TCP / IP (sheba karolo ea Windows). Ho nolofalletsa mokhoa oa boitšoaro bo hlephileng, liphetoho tsa aterese ea MAC, le phetisetso e qobelloang ho switjha e ka 'nang ea hlokahala haeba software e lekola / e sefa sephethephethe.

Parallels Desktop ho Mac: Matšoao le Tharollo

Ho na le maemo ao Windows e ke keng ea tsamaea ka har'a Parallels, leha Mac e khona. Matšoao a kenyelletsa: Ntle le inthanete ho Windows, ho lieha kapa ho hloka botsitso, lits'ebetso tse sa atleheng leha li na le marang-rang, kapa ho se khone ho bona likhomphutha tse ling marang-rang.Hangata sena se bakoa ke litlhophiso tse fosahetseng tsa Windows, software ea antivirus ea motho oa boraro, litlhophiso tsa VM, kapa tikoloho e senyehileng ea Windows.

• Netefatsa hore Mac e na le phihlello ea inthanete 'me u thehe senepe pele u ama eng kapa eng.
• Kenya lisebelisoa tsa Parallels hape 'me u etse boot bo hloekileng ho Windows ka ho tima lits'ebeletso tsa motho oa boraro (boloka lits'ebeletso tsa Parallels li sebetsa).
• Ho Hardware> Netweke, fetola pakeng tsa "Shared Network (Recommended)" le "Bridged Network: Default Adapter" ho bona hore na ke efe e sebetsang hantle.
• Bula CMD 'me u leke pinging parallels.com. Haeba e sa arabe, matha:

  netsh winsock reset
  netsh int ip reset reset.log

  ebe o qala hape. Haeba bothata bo ntse bo tsoela pele, leka:

  ipconfig /release
  ipconfig /renew

• Ho Motsamaisi oa Sesebelisoa, haeba u bona "Parallels Ethernet Adapter #…", nchafatsa mokhanni ka bohona.
• Ka likhatiso tsa Pro/Business, u ka ea ho Likhetho> Netweke ebe u khutlisetsa boleng ba kamehla.

Hang ha khokahano e tsosolositsoe, e hlakola senepe ho qoba ho bokella maemo a sa hlokahaleng.

Windows Guest: Litaelo tse Molemo tsa Marang-rang

Ha bothata bo le ka har'a sethala sa marang-rang sa Windows, li-classics tsena hangata li boloka letsatsi. Matha Command Prompt joalo ka motsamaisi:

• Seta botjha TCP/IP stack le Winsock:

  netsh winsock reset
  netsh int ip reset reset.log

• Nchafatsa aterese ea hau ea IP ka mor'a ho qala hape haeba u ntse u sa khone ho kena inthaneteng:

  ipconfig /release
  ipconfig /renew

• Ntlafatsa kapa kenya hape adaptara ea netweke ho tsoa ho Motsamaisi oa Lisebelisoa.
• Haeba ho na le software ea antivirus ea motho oa boraro, e tima ka nakoana kapa lokisa mokhoa o lumellanang le VM.

Ho Ubuntu le li-derivatives, basebelisi ba bang ba tlaleha seo kenya/update apt-get kapa litšepeho tse amanang le marang-rang le litifikeiti "tlolla" sebatli ha qeto ea DNS kapa TLS e hloleha.

Azure: Ho fumana khokahano lipakeng tsa li-VM le phihlello ea inthanete

Ho Azure, mokhoa ona oa fetoha hobane o na le lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo. Haeba VM e le 'ngoe e sa khone ho fihla ho e' ngoe ka VNet e tšoanang, kapa e sa khone ho kena Marang-rang, e latela tatellano e laetsoeng.:

Ho hokela li-VM ho VNet e tšoanang

Mohloling oa VM, sebelisa sesebelisoa se kang tcping ho hlahloba likou (mohlala, RDP 3389):

tcping64.exe -t <IP de la VM destino> 3389

Haeba e sa arabe, hlahloba melao ea NSG: ba tlameha ho lumella "Lumella VNet Inbound" le "Lumella Load Balancer Inbound" mme ba se ke ba ba le ho latola ka holimo ka maemo a tlase.

Netefatsa hore o ka kena ka RDP / SSH ho tsoa portal; haeba seo se sebetsa, tsamaisa "Connectivity Check" u sebelisa Network Watcher (PowerShell/CLI). Sephetho se thathamisa "Ho qhoma" le "Liketsahalo"; lokisa ho ya ka seo e se bontshang ebe o leka hape.

Adapter ea bobeli ea marang-rang ho VNet e tšoanang

Li-NIC tsa bobeli ho Windows ha li na monyako oa kamehla. Haeba u batla hore ba buisane ka ntle ho subnet ea bona, Kenya tsela ea kamehla ho moeti (tsamaisa CMD joalo ka motsamaisi):

route add 0.0.0.0 mask 0.0.0.0 -p <IP de la puerta de enlace>

Sheba NSG ho li-NIC ka bobeli 'me u netefatse ka Network Watcher.

Ho fihlella marang-rang ho Azure

Haeba VM e sa hokahane le Marang-rang, etsa qeto pele ea hore NIC e maemong a phoso. Ho tloha Azure Resource Explorer e u lumella ho qobella "PUT" ho tsoa mohloling oa NIC Ho amahanya boemo le ho kenya portal bocha. Ebe, khutlela ho "Tlhahlobo ea Khokahano" 'me u rarolle mathata leha e le afe a fumanoeng.

Li-IP tse ngata ho Windows NIC e tšoanang

Ka Windows, Aterese ea IP e tlase haholo e ka lula e le aterese ea mantlha. Leha o ka khetha aterese e fapaneng ea IP ho Azure Portal, ke aterese ea mantlha feela ea IP e Azure e nang le phihlello ea marang-rang / ts'ebeletso. Fetola "SkipAsSource" ka PowerShell ho netefatsa hore aterese e nepahetseng ea IP ke eona e ka sehloohong.

$primaryIP = '<IP primaria que definiste en Azure>'
$netInterface = '<Nombre del NIC>'
$IPs = Get-NetIPAddress -InterfaceAlias $netInterface | Where-Object {$_.AddressFamily -eq 'IPv4' -and $_.IPAddress -ne $primaryIP}
Set-NetIPAddress -IPAddress $primaryIP -InterfaceAlias $netInterface -SkipAsSource $false
Set-NetIPAddress -IPAddress $IPs.IPAddress -InterfaceAlias $netInterface -SkipAsSource $true

Ho Linux, latela tataiso ea Azure ho eketsa li-IP tse ngata ho OS.

Liteko tse potlakileng ho fokotsa ho hloleha

Licheke tse 'maloa li tla u fa tataiso e potlakileng. Li sebelise e le thermometer:

• Haeba ho se na phihlello ea inthanete ho NAT, empa moamoheli a na le phihlello ea inthanete, belaela hore ho na le khohlano ea marang-rang kapa bothata ba lits'ebeletso tsa NAT/DHCP tsa hypervisor.
• Haeba e hloleha ka mokhoa oa borokho empa e sebetsa ka mokhoa oa NAT, Sena se supa ho DHCP, firewall, kapa switch/router security..
• Ping aterese ka IP (mohlala, 8.8.8.8) le ka mabitso (mohlala, domain name). Haeba e sebetsa ka IP empa eseng ka lebitso, bothata ke DNS.

Mekhoa e metle ea marang-rang le ts'ebetso

Bakeng sa boiphihlelo bo bonolo: Kamehla khetha sebopeho se ikhethileng sa borokho.Qoba "Automatic"; arola li-subnet tsa sebele ho tloha ho LAN ea 'mele; tokomane melaoana ea NSG/ACL 'me u boloke DHCP haeba u hloka li-IP tse sa fetoheng bakeng sa li-VM tse holofalitsoeng. Ho mabotho a nang le li-VM tse ngata, meeli ea li-bandwidth ho VM le ho beha leihlo queue haeba marang-rang a tlala.

Li-backups: ha feela ho na le ntho e sa tsamaeeng hantle

Ho lahleheloa ke data ka lebaka la ho tima marang-rang kapa phoso ea tlhophiso ho bohloko, ho bohloko haholo. Litharollo tsa bekapo bakeng sa virtualization Li lumella li-backups tse se nang moemeli, ho khutlisa hang hang ka metsotsoana, le ho hlaphoheloa ha sethala. (VMware, Hyper-V, Proxmox, oVirt, joalo-joalo). Haeba o laola li-VM tlhahisong, nahana ka sethala se fanang ka khokahanyo ea webo, ho hlaphoheloa hanghang, le liteko tse felletseng tsa mahala ho netefatsa leano la hau.

FAQ: Lipotso tse Potlakileng

Lipotso tse ling tse tloaelehileng ha VM e sa bala li na le likarabo tse khutšoane. Mona ke tse molemo ka ho fetisisa:

• Hobaneng ha NAT e theoha nako le nako? Ho qala hape ts'ebeletso ea NAT ea hypervisor ho moamoheli hangata ho khutlisetsa khokahano.
• Na adaptara e bonahala e khaotsoe? Sheba "Hokahane" le "Connect on power-on" ho litlhophiso tsa VM.
• Haeba ho se na khokahanyo ea marang-rang ka mor'a ho emisa / ho tsosolosa moamoheli, koala 'me u qalise VM hape ho tsosolosa adaptara ea marang-rang.
• Na VM e ka sebelisoa ntle le Marang-rang? E: Host-only or Internal Network theha marang-rang a ka thoko a se nang phihlello ea kantle.
• A na VM e ka hokela ho VPN? Ho NAT, e rua VPN ho tloha moeti; ka mokhoa oa borokho, e kenya moreki oa VPN ho VM.

Ho utloisisa hore na mekhoa ea marang-rang (NAT, bridged, internal, host-fely) e amana joang, ho hlahloba likhohlano tsa subnet, litšebeletso tsa hypervisor (NAT / DHCP), melao ea ts'ireletso, le marang-rang a baeti. E rarolla mathata a mangata a "Ha ke na marang-rang ho VM".Ha tikoloho e thehiloe marung, itšetleha ka lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo le litlhophiso tse joalo ka ho tsamaisa kamehla ho li-NIC tsa bobeli kapa taolo ea mantlha ea IP ho Windows. 'Me, e le molao, boloka linepe le li-backups ho khutlela boemong bo fetileng haeba phetoho e senya khokahanyo.

Sehlooho se amanang:

Windows 11 breaks localhost: ho etsahalang, ke mang ea amehileng, le mokhoa oa ho e lokisa

Mokreste garcia

O ne a rata theknoloji ho tloha ha a sa le monyenyane. Ke rata ho ba tsa morao-rao lefapheng lena, 'me ka holim'a tsohle, ho buisana le lona. Ke ka lebaka leo ke 'nileng ka inehela ho puisano ka theknoloji le liwebsaete tsa lipapali tsa video ka lilemo tse ngata. U ka mphumana ke ngola ka Android, Windows, MacOS, iOS, Nintendo kapa sehlooho sefe kapa sefe se amanang le seo se tlang kelellong.