Carbon Chains Seo ba leng sona le Classification

Liketane tsa khabone ke lintho tsa mantlha tsa k'hemistri ea manyolo, kaha li theha motheo oa ho utloisisa sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea limolek'hule tse fapaneng tse teng linthong tse phelang le ka har'a metsoako e mengata ea maiketsetso. Sengoliloeng sena sa tekheniki, re tla hlahloba ka botlalo hore na liketane tsa carbon ke life, bohlokoa ba tsona ho chemistry ea organic le likarolo tsa tsona ho latela mekhoa e fapaneng. Ho pholletsa le 'malo ona, re tla kena lefats'eng le tsotehang la liketane tsa carbon, ho fumana ho rarahana ha tsona le ho feto-fetoha ha tsona. A re boneng hammoho kamoo sehlooho sena se thabisang se tsoelang pele kateng!

1. Kenyelletso ea liketane tsa carbon

Liketane tsa carbon ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea k'hemistri ea tlhaho. Liketane tsena li entsoe ka liathomo tsa k'habone tse hokahaneng 'me li ka ba le likarolo tse ling tse kang hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen le halogens.

Karolong ena, re tla tšohla lefatšeng ea liketane tsa carbon mme re tla ithuta litšobotsi tsa bona tse ka sehloohong. Re tla bona hore na li arotsoe joang ho latela bolelele, sebopeho le tšebetso ea tsona. Re tla boela re shebe mefuta e fapaneng ea li- bond tseo ba ka li etsang, tse kang li- single, tse peli, le tse tharo.

Ho feta moo, re tla hlahloba litšobotsi tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa liketane tsa carbon le hore na li ka emeloa joang ka sebopeho le limolek'hule. Hape re tla ithuta ka likhopolo tsa isomerism le stereochemistry, tseo e leng tsa bohlokoa ho utloisisa mefuta-futa ea metsoako eo liketane tsena li ka li etsang.

2. Sebopeho le mefuta ea litlamo ka liketane tsa carbon

Ka liketane tsa carbon, sebopeho le mefuta ea litlamo li bohlokoa ho utloisisa sebopeho le thepa ea lintho tse phelang. Karolong ena, re tla hlahloba ka ho qaqileng sebopeho sa liketane tsa carbon le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea litlamo tse ka fumanoang.

Ketane ea khabone ke letoto la liathomo tsa khabone tse hokahaneng hammoho ka li- covalent bonds. Litlamo tsena li ka ba tse le 'ngoe, tse peli kapa tse tharo, ho itšetlehile ka palo ea li-electrone tse arolelanoang pakeng tsa liathomo tsa carbon. Litlamo tse le 'ngoe li thehoa ha liathomo tse peli tsa carbon li arolelana para e le' ngoe ea li-electrone, ha li-bond tse peli le tse tharo li kenyelletsa ho arolelana lipara tse peli le tse tharo tsa li-electrone, ka ho latellana.

Ho na le litlhophiso tse fapaneng tse ka khonehang bakeng sa liketane tsa carbon, tse kang linear, branched kapa cyclic. Ka liketane tse melang, liathomo tsa k'habone li hokahantsoe ka tatellano ea rectilinear, ha liketane tse nang le makala li entsoe ho tloha ea ketane e kgolo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liketane tsa cyclic li koaletsoe ho tsona, li etsa mehele.

3. Ho aroloa ha liketane tsa carbon ho latela sebōpeho sa tsona

Liketane tsa carbon li ka aroloa ho ea ka sebōpeho sa tsona, e leng se re lumellang hore re utloisise hantle sebopeho sa bona le thepa ea bona. Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlopha, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e itšetlehile ka litšobotsi le tlhophiso ea liathomo tsa carbon ka ketane.

E 'ngoe ea litsela tse tloaelehileng tsa ho arola liketane tsa carbon ke ka bolelele ba tsona. Liketane li ka ba le branched kapa linear, ho itšetlehile ka hore na li na le lihlopha tsa liathomo tsa carbon tse makala ho pholletsa le sebopeho kapa hore na li atoloha ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng. Karolelano ena e bohlokoa ho tseba ho solubility, density le reactivity ea metsoako ea manyolo.

Tsela e 'ngoe ea ho arola liketane tsa carbon ke ho ea ka tekanyo ea tsona ea ho tlala. Liketane li ka tlala kapa tsa saturated, ho itšetlehile ka hore na liathomo tsa carbon li hokahane ka li-bond tse le 'ngoe kapa tse peli / tse tharo. Liketane tse tletseng li na le li-bond tse le 'ngoe feela, ha li-saturated li na le li-bond tse peli kapa tse tharo. Sehlopha sena se na le litlamorao bakeng sa ts'ebetso, sebaka se belang, le sebopeho sa metsoako ea manyolo.

4. Liketane tse melang le tse nang le makala: liphapang le mehlala

Liketane tsa Linear le branching ke likarolo tse peli tse tloaelehileng lenaneong le sebelisetsoang ho hlophisa le ho laola data. Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa tsena tse peli ke tsela eo lielemente li hokahaneng ka eona. Ka ketane ea mela, likarolo li hokahane ka mor'a tse ling, li etsa tatellano e tsoelang pele. Ho e-na le hoo, ka ketane e nang le makala, likarolo li ka kopanngoa ka tsela e sa tsitsang, ke hore, li ka ba le likhokahano tse ngata tse tlohang ka litsela tse fapaneng.

Ketane ea mela e tšoana le mola o otlolohileng, moo element ka 'ngoe e nang le khokahano e ikhethang ho e latelang. Sena se etsa hore ho be bonolo ho fihlella le ho laola likarolo, kaha ketane e ka tšeloa ka tatellano. Mehlala e meng Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea likhoele tse melang ke manane a hokahantsoeng a bonolo, mekoloko le mela.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka ketane ea makala, likarolo li ka ba le likamano tse ngata 'me tsa theha sebopeho se kang sefate. Sena se lumella data hore e hlophisoe ka mokhoa o rarahaneng le o feto-fetohang. Mehlala ea liketane tsa makala ke lifate tsa binary, li-graph, le libopeho tsa data tse kang sefate. Meahong ena, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka ba le bana ba bangata kapa likhokahano, e leng se lumellang likamano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa data hore li emeloe.

5. Cyclic carbon chain: litšobotsi le mehlala

Ka k'hemistri ea tlhaho, ketane ea cyclic carbon ke e 'ngoe e etsang selikalikoe se koetsoeng. Masale ana a ka ba le boholo le libopeho tse fapaneng, 'me boithuto ba bona bo bohlokoa ho utloisisa thepa le ts'ebetso ea metsoako ea tlhaho. Ntle le moo, liketane tsa cyclic carbon li na le litšobotsi tse li khethollang ho tsoa ho liketane tsa khabone.

E 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa liketane tsa cyclic carbon ke hore li na le palo e nyane ea liathomo tsa khabone tse fumanehang ho theha li-bond. Sena se bolela hore metsoako ea cyclic hangata e na le lintlha tse nyane tsa karabelo ha li bapisoa le metsoako ea linear. Leha ho le joalo, ho fumaneha hona ho tlase ha liathomo tsa carbon ho ka boela ha lebisa ho tsitsipano e phahameng ea ka hare ka har'a selikalikoe, e amang Lintho tsa hae mmele le dikhemikhale.

Ho na le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liketane tsa carbon cyclic, ho itšetlehile ka palo ea liathomo tsa carbon tse etsang selikalikoe. Mehlala e meng e kenyelletsa li-cycle tsa carbon tse tharo, tse tsejoang e le cyclopropane, four-carbon cycles, tse tsejoang e le cyclobutane, le six-carbon cycles, tse tsejoang e le cyclohexane. Mehlala ena e emela feela sampole e nyane ea mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea liketane tsa cyclic carbon tse teng k'hemistri ea manyolo.

6. Liketane tsa carbon tse tletseng le tse sa tsitsang: lihlopha le thepa

Liketane tsa khabone tse tletseng le tse sa tsitsang ke mefuta e 'meli ea meaho e fumanehang ka har'a metsoako ea tlhaho. Phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa tsona e teng ka palo ea litlamo tse habeli kapa tse tharo lipakeng tsa liathomo tsa carbon. Liketane tsa khabone tse khotliloeng ha li na libonto tse habeli kapa tse tharo, ha liketane tsa khabone e saunsaturated bonyane li na le bond e le 'ngoe e habeli kapa hararo.

Ho hlophisoa ha liketane tsa khabone e tletseng le e sa saturated e ka etsoa ho itšetlehile ka palo ea liathomo tsa carbon tseo li nang le tsona. Saturated carbon liketane li arotsoe ka aliphatic le cyclic. Liketane tsa Aliphatic ke liketane tse melang kapa tse nang le makala tse sa theheng mehele, athe liketane tsa cyclic ke liketane tse koetsoeng tse etsang mehele. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, liketane tsa carbon tse sa tsitsang li ka ba li-alkenes, tse nang le li-bond tse peli, kapa li-alkynes, tse nang le li-triple bond.

Thepa ea liketane tsa carbon tse tletseng le tse sa tsitsang li itšetlehile ka sebopeho le sebopeho sa tsona. Saturated carbon liketane li tsitsitse ho feta 'me ha li sebetse ho feta tse unsaturated, kaha maqhama a le mong pakeng tsa liathomo tsa carbon a matla ho feta a mabeli kapa a mararo. Ho feta moo, liketane tsa carbon tse saturated hangata ha li na saturated ho feta tse tletseng. Ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa hore boteng ba li-bond tse peli kapa tse tharo ka har'a liketane tsa khabone e sa tsitsang ho ba fa thepa e itseng, joalo ka bokhoni ba ho etsa karabelo ea ho eketsa kapa ea isomerization.

7. Mehlala ea liketane tsa carbon aliphatic le monko o monate

Liketane tsa aliphatic le tse nkhang hamonate tsa khabone ke meaho ea mantlha k'hemistri ea tlhaho. Liketane tsena li entsoe ka liathomo tsa k'habone tse hokahaneng hammoho ka li- covalent bonds. Ka liketane tsa aliphatic carbon, lik'habone li hokahane ka mokhoa o melang kapa oa makala, ha ka liketane tse nkhang hamonate, li-carbon li etsa mehele e kopaneng.

Mohlala oa ketane ea khabone ea aliphatic ke ethane (C2H6), e nang le ketane ea mela ea liathomo tse peli tsa khabone tse hokahantsoeng ka tlamo e le 'ngoe' me e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e hokahane le liathomo tse tharo tsa hydrogen. Mohlala o mong ke propane (C3H8), e nang le ketane ea mela ea liathomo tse tharo tsa carbon tse hokahantsoeng ke libonto tse le 'ngoe 'me e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e hokahane le liathomo tse tharo tsa hydrogen.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohlala oa ketane ea khabone e nkhang hamonate ke benzene (C6H6), e nang le selikalikoe sa liathomo tse tšeletseng tsa carbon tse hokahaneng hammoho ka sebōpeho sa hexagon e tloaelehileng. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea liathomo tsa carbon e kopantsoe le athomo ea hydrogen. Benzene ke molek'hule e ikhethang ka lebaka la sebopeho sa eona sa conjugated cyclic, se e fang thepa e ikhethang k'hemistri ea manyolo.

Ka kakaretso, liketane tsa aliphatic le tse nkhang hamonate tsa k'habone ke tsa bohlokoa k'hemistri ea tlhaho, kaha limolek'hule tse ling tse ngata li tsoa ho tsona. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho na le tse fapaneng, joalo ka ethane le propane joalo ka mehlala ea aliphatic, le benzene joalo ka mohlala o nkhang hamonate. Mehlala ena e re lumella ho utloisisa sebopeho le thepa ea liketane tsena, hammoho le bohlokoa ba tsona ho k'hemistri ea manyolo.

8. Homogeneous le heterogeneous carbon chain: likhopolo le mehlala

Homogeneous carbon chain e bolela ketane ea carbon moo liathomo tsohle tsa carbon li tlamahaneng ka tsela e tšoanang. Sena se bolela hore athomo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea carbon e amahanngoa le liathomo tse ling tse peli tsa carbon ka tlamo e le 'ngoe.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ketane ea k'habone e fapaneng e khetholloa ka ho ba le motsoako oa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea carbon bonds. Ka mohlala, ho ka ba le liathomo tsa carbon tse nang le li-bond tse le 'ngoe, tse peli, kapa tse tharo. Lintho tse ling ntle le k'habone le tsona li ka ba teng ka har'a ketane, joalo ka oksijene, naetrojene kapa liathomo tsa halogen.

Mohlala oa ketane ea khabone ea homogeneous ke propane, e nang le ketane ea liathomo tse tharo tsa khabone tse hokahantsoeng ka li-bond tse le 'ngoe. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohlala oa ketane ea khabone e fapaneng ke acetic acid, e nang le liathomo tse peli tsa k'habone tse hokahantsoeng ka tlamo e habeli le athomo ea oksijene e hoketsoeng ho e 'ngoe ea lik'habone.

9. Liketane tsa carbon tse sebetsang: kenyelletso le lihlopha

Liketane tsa carbon tse sebetsang ke metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse nang le liathomo tsa carbon tse hokahaneng hammoho ka li-covalent bond. Liketane tsena li ka ba le meralo le ts'ebetso e fapaneng, e leng se etsang hore li feto-fetohe haholo ho chemistry ea organic.

Kenyelletso ea liketane tsa carbon tse sebetsang ke tsa bohlokoa ho utloisisa lihlopha tsa tsona. Liketane tsena li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse fapaneng ho latela mofuta oa liathomo tsa khabone le ts'ebetso e teng ka ketane. Mehlala e meng ea lihlopha e kenyelletsa aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ester, amines le alcohols.

Ke habohlokoa ho totobatsa hore mofuta o mong le o mong oa ketane ea carbon e sebetsang o na le thepa e itseng le ho tsosolosa. Ka mohlala, li-aldehydes ke metsoako e nang le sehlopha se sebetsang sa carbonyl qetellong ea ketane, ha li-ester e le metsoako e nang le sehlopha se sebetsang se entsoeng ke athomo ea carbon e kopantsoeng habeli ho athomo ea oksijene 'me e hokahane le sehlopha se seng sa alkyl.

10. Joala, aldehydes, ketone le carboxylic acid: mehlala le thepa.

Karolong ena, re tla hlahloba mehlala le litšobotsi tsa joala, aldehydes, ketone, le carboxylic acid. Metsoako ena ea lintho tse phelang e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa k'hemistri ea tlhaho 'me e sebelisoa haholo mafapheng a fapaneng a kang a meriana, lijo le lik'hemik'hale.

Joala ke metsoako e nang le -OH (hydroxyl) sehlopha se sebetsang se kopantsoeng le athomo ea carbon. Mehlala e meng e tloaelehileng ea lino tse tahang ke methanol, ethanol, le propanol. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li sebelisoa e le li-solvents, mafura le lisebelisoa tsa ho qala bakeng sa motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale tse ling.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, aldehydes le ketone ke metsoako e nang le sehlopha sa carbonyl (-C=O) e le sehlopha sa bona se sebetsang. Li-aldehydes li khetholloa ka ho ba le sehlopha sa carbonyl se khomaretsoeng ho athomo e le 'ngoe ea hydrogen le athomo e le' ngoe ea carbon, ha li-ketone li na le sehlopha sa carbonyl se kopantsoeng le liathomo tse peli tsa carbon. Formaldehyde le acetone ke mehlala e tloaelehileng ea aldehydes le ketone, ka ho latellana. Lik'hemik'hale tsena li sebelisoa indastering ea polasetiki, ha ho etsoa lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale le joalo ka li-intermediate tsa organic synthesis.

11. Liketane tsa carbon tsa Heterocyclic: sebopeho le lihlopha

Heterocyclic carbon liketane ke metsoako ea lintho tse phelang tse nang le liathomo tsa carbon tse hokahantsoeng ka har'a meaho ea cyclic ka boteng ba liathomo tse ling tse fapaneng joalo ka naetrojene, oksijene kapa sebabole. Liketane tsena li ka fapana ka boholo 'me li ka ba le litlhophiso tse fapaneng tsa liathomo ka har'a selikalikoe, e leng se hlahisang mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea meaho le thepa. Ho hlophisoa ha liketane tsa carbon tsa heterocyclic ho ipapisitse le sebopeho le tlhophiso ea liathomo tse ka har'a selikalikoe, hammoho le lisebelisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa baeloji tseo li li hlahisang.

Liketane tsa carbon tsa Heterocyclic li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo: li-heterocycle tse tletseng, li-heterocycle tse sa tsitsang le li-heterocycle tse nkhang hamonate. Saturated heterocycles ke tse nang le maqhama a le mong feela pakeng tsa liathomo tsa carbon le ho kenyelletsa bonyane athomo e le 'ngoe ea heteroatom. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-heterocycle tse sa tsitsang li na le litlamo tse peli kapa tse tharo ka har'a selikalikoe, e leng se fanang ka litšobotsi tse khethehileng tsa ts'ebetso. Qetellong, li-heterocycles tse nkhang hamonate ke tse latelang molao oa Hückel, tse hlahisang tsamaiso e kopantsoeng ea pi bonds le sebopeho sa planar cyclic.

Sebopeho le lihlopha tsa liketane tsa carbon tsa heterocyclic li bohlokoa ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea tsona le thepa ea tsona. Boithuto ba eona ke senotlolo libakeng tse ngata tsa k'hemistri, joalo ka motsoako oa metsoako ea manyolo le pharmacology. Ka ho tseba lihlopha tse fapaneng le thepa ea metsoako ena, bo-rasaense ba ka etsa limolek'hule tse nang le lisebelisoa tse khethehileng, tse kang lithethefatsi le thepa e nang le thepa e ntlafalitsoeng. Boithuto ba liketane tsa k'habone tsa heterocyclic ke lekala le khahlisang la k'hemistri ea tlhaho e ntseng e tsoela pele ho fetoha le ho fana ka tsoelopele e ncha mafapheng a fapaneng a mahlale.

12. Ketane ea carbon ea bohlokoa ea biologically: liprotheine le nucleic acids

Liketane tsa khabone tsa bohlokoa tsa bioloji li bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo linthong tse phelang. Haholo-holo, liprotheine le li-nucleic acid ke limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa tse etsang mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng liseleng.

Liprotheine li entsoe ka liketane tsa li-amino acid tse phuthang ka har'a likarolo tse itseng tse tharo. Mehaho ena e laola mosebetsi oa eona le bokhoni ba eona ba ho sebelisana le limolek'hule tse ling 'meleng. Liprotheine li ikarabella bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea likokoana-hloko, ho tloha ho tsamaisa oksijene maling ho ea ho ts'ebetsong ea lik'hemik'hale liseleng. Ho utloisisa hore na liprotheine li etsa mesebetsi ena joang, ho bohlokoa ho tseba tatellano ea li-amino acid tse li etsang le hore na li phutha joang sebopehong sa tsona sa mahlakore a mararo.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-nucleic acid, tse kang DNA le RNA, ke letoto la li-nucleotide tse nang le boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang. Limolek'hule tsena ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ikatisa le ho fetisa boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong. DNA e boloka boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ’me RNA e fetisetsa boitsebiso boo bakeng sa motsoako oa liprotheine. Ho utloisisa sebopeho le tšebetso ea li-nucleic acid ke senotlolo sa thuto ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le biology ea limolek'hule.
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13. Lisebelisoa tse sebetsang tsa liketane tsa carbon indastering ea lik'hemik'hale

Indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, liketane tsa carbon li na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebetsang tse bohlokoa lits'ebetsong le lihlahisoa tse ngata. Lisebelisoa tsena li ipapisitse le thepa le meaho e ikhethang ea liketane tsa khabone, tse li fang litšoaneleho tse ikhethileng bakeng sa ho sebelisoa mafapheng a fapaneng.

Tšebeliso ea bohlokoa ea liketane tsa carbon indastering ea lik'hemik'hale ke karolo ea tsona e le lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa ho kopanya lik'hemik'hale. Liketane tsa carbon li sebelisoa ho fumana mefuta e mengata ea lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale, ho tloha ho polasetiki ho ea ho meriana. Ho feto-fetoha ha tsona ho ba lumella ho nka karolo liketsong tsa bohlokoa tsa lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka polymerization le oxidation, ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse nang le thepa le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang.

Tšebeliso e 'ngoe e hlokomelehang ea liketane tsa carbon ke tšebeliso ea tsona e le li-solvents mekhoeng ea ho ntša le ho hloekisa. Ka lebaka la bokhoni ba bona ba ho qhaqha mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lintho, liketane tsa carbon li sebelisoa ho arola le ho hloekisa metsoako indastering ea lik'hemik'hale. Li-solvents tsena tsa tlhaho li sebelisoa, ka mohlala, ha ho ntšoa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho, ho etsoa ha meriana le tlhahiso ea lijo.

14. Liqeto mabapi le liketane tsa carbon le lihlopha tsa tsona

Qetellong, lik'hemik'hale tsa carbon li bohlokoa ho chemistry ea tlhaho ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho etsa mefuta e mengata ea metsoako. Liketane tsena li arotsoe ho latela boteng le tlhophiso ea liathomo tsa khabone mme e ka ba linear, branched kapa cyclic. Ho khetholla mofuta oa ketane ea carbon ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa sebopeho le thepa ea eona.

Ho aroloa ha liketane tsa carbon ho itšetlehile ka palo ea lik'habone tse teng ka har'a ketane e kholo le boteng ba lihlopha tse sebetsang. Ketane e nkoa e le linear ha liathomo tsa carbon li le ka tatellano e otlolohileng ntle le makala. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ketane e khetholloa e le branched ha ho na le sehlopha se le seng kapa tse ngata tsa carbon tse khelohang ketane e kholo. 'Me qetellong, ketane ea cyclic ke eo lipheletso tsa ketane li kopanang ho etsa selikalikoe.

Ke habohlokoa ho totobatsa hore lihlopha tsa liketane tsa carbon li fana ka tlhahisoleseding mabapi le thepa ea 'mele le ea lik'hemik'hale ea metsoako. Liketane tsa linear li atisa ho qhibiliha haholoanyane metsing ka lebaka la polarity ea lihlopha tse sebetsang tse teng lipheletsong tsa ketane, ha liketane tse nang le makala le li-cyclic li na le lintlha tse phahameng tse belang ka lebaka la bokhoni bo boholo ba molek'hule ho sebelisana. Ka hona, ho utloisisa karohano ea liketane tsa khabone ho bohlokoa bakeng sa boithuto le kutloisiso ea chemistry ea organic.

Qetellong, liketane tsa khabone ke meaho ea mantlha k'hemistri ea tlhaho, e entsoeng ka letoto la liathomo tsa khabone tse hokahaneng ka litlamo tse le 'ngoe, tse habeli kapa tse tharo. Liketane tsena li ka hlophisoa ho latela sebopeho le tlhophiso ea tsona, ebang ke linear, branched kapa cyclic. Ho utloisisa liketane tsa carbon le lihlopha tsa tsona ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa mefuta-futa le ho rarahana ha limolek'hule tsa manyolo le thepa ea tsona. Ka ho tseba likhopolo tsena hantle, bo-ramahlale ba ka li sebelisa ho rala le ho kopanya metsoako e mecha, hammoho le ho utloisisa mekhoa ea karabelo le kamano ea tšebetso ea lik'hemik'hale. Ka mokhoa oa botekgeniki le oa ho se nke lehlakore, sengoloa sena se hlahlobile tlhaloso le ho aroloa ha liketane tsa carbon, ho rala motheo oa thuto e tebileng ea chemistry ea organic.