Karolo ea potoloho ea lisele eo DNA e iphetang ka eona

Phetoho ea DNA ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea karohano ea lisele, e lumellang lisele tsa morali ho fumana kopi e nepahetseng le e felletseng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sele ea 'm'a. Katiso ena e etsahala ka nako e itseng ea potoloho ea lisele, e tsejoang e le mohato oa ho kopanya (S), moo letoto la liketsahalo tse hokahaneng li etsoang ho tiisa hore DNA e ka ikatisetsa ka botšepehi. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba ka ho qaqileng mohato oa potoloho ea cellular moo ho phetoang ha DNA ho hlahang, ho totobatsa mekhoa ea motheo le litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso ena ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tsoela pele le ho sebetsa ha lisele.

Kenyelletso ea mokhahlelo oa potoloho ea lisele moo phetiso ea DNA e etsahalang

La mokhahlelo oa potoloho ea lisele eo ho eona phetiso ea DNA e etsahalang e tsejoa e le mohato oa S ke oa bohlokoa bakeng sa phetisetso e nepahetseng le e tšepahalang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, kaha e tiisa hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e rua kopi e felletseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Nakong ena, kopi e nepahetseng ea DNA ea pele ea etsoa, ​​kahoo e lumella ho fetisoa ha boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong oa sele ho ea ho o mong.

Katiso ea DNA⁢ mokhahlelong oa S e kenyelletsa letoto la liketsahalo ⁢ tse hokahaneng le tse laoloang ka thata. Ka tlase lethathamo la lits'ebetso tsa mantlha⁤ tse etsahalang mokhahlelong ona:

• Ho phutholoha ha DNA: Li-helice tsa DNA lia arohana ka thuso ea li-enzyme, tse lumellang ho fihlella likhoele tse tlatsanang.
• Tšimoloho ea likhoele tse ncha: li-enzyme tse khethehileng tse bitsoang DNA polymerase li na le boikarabelo ba ho kenya li-nucleotide tse tlatsetsang likhoeleng tse teng, kahoo li etsa likhoele tsa morali.
• Ho koaloa ha Strand: Hang ha likhoele tsa morali li se li thehile, li kopantsoe hammoho ke li-hydrogen bond ho tsosolosa sebopeho sa li-helix tse peli tsa DNA.

Ho pheta-pheta DNA ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa bakeng sa bophelo le tsoalo ea lisele. ⁢Mohato oa S o tiisa botšepehi ba liphatsa tsa lefutso potolohong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lisele, ho lumella kholo, tokiso, le nchafatso e lekaneng ea lisele le lintho tse phelang. Ntle le ho kopitsoa ka nepo ha DNA, boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso bo ne bo tla lahleha kapa bo fetisoe ka tsela e fosahetseng, e leng se ka bakang liphetoho tse kotsi le mathata a lefutso.

Tlhaloso le tlhaloso ea mokhahlelo oa phetiso ea DNA potolohong ea lisele

Mokhahlelo oa phetisetso ea DNA, o tsejoang hape e le DNA synthesis, o etsahala nakong ea mokhahlelo oa S oa potoloho ea lisele. Nakong ena, lisele li itokisetsa ho arola le ho pheta-pheta liphatsa tsa bona tsa lefutso e le hore li ka li aba ka ho lekana ka har'a lisele tsa morali Ke ts'ebetso ea motheo bakeng sa bophelo, kaha e tiisa phetiso e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong .

⁤ DNA phetiso ke ts'ebetso e nepahetseng haholo le e rarahaneng e kenyelletsang ho phutholoha ha ⁢DNA double helix⁢ le ho theha likhoele tse peli tse tlatsanang. Mona ke lintlha tse kholo tsa mohato ona oa bohlokoa:

• Ho phomola: Helicase ea enzyme e manolla sebopeho sa li- double helix, e arolang likhoele tse peli tsa DNA.
• Strand synthesis: DNA polymerase e ikarabella bakeng sa ho kopanya likhoele tse peli tse tlatselletsang ho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea likhoele tsa batsoali. Khoele e 'ngoe ⁤e ncha e hahuoa ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele (khoele e etellang pele), ha⁢ e 'ngoe⁢ e entsoe ka mokhoa o sa khaotseng ka likhechana tse bitsoang likhechana tsa Okazaki (khoele e salang).
• Union of Strands: DNA ligase ke eona e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho kopanya likhechana tsa Okazaki holim'a khoele e salang, kahoo e etsa khoele e tsoelang pele le e feletseng.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, mohato oa ho pheta-pheta DNA ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha potolohong ea lisele, moo liphatsa tsa lefutso⁤ li kopitsoang⁣ ka nepo ho netefatsa lefa le nepahetseng la liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka tšebelisano-'moho ea li-enzyme tse khethehileng, likhoele tse peli tsa DNA ha lia lokoloha 'me hoa kopanngoa likhoele tse ncha tse tlatselletsang, ebe li kopantsoe hammoho ho etsa limolek'hule tse peli tsa DNA tse tšoanang. Mokhahlelo ona ⁢ o bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo⁢ le nts'etsopele ea lintho tse phelang, hammoho le ho nchafatsa lisele le ho lokisa DNA e senyehileng.

Bohlokoa ba phetisetso ea DNA bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea lisele

Ho pheta-pheta DNA ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea lisele, kaha e tiisa paballo le phetiso e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong. Mochine ona o lumella morali e mong le e mong hore a fumane kopi e nepahetseng ea DNA⁤ e teng ka seleng ea 'mè, kahoo e tiisa botšepehi ba' mele oa lefutso le botsitso ba genomic. Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa bohlokoa ba Ts'ebetso ena likarolong tse fapaneng tsa baeloji ea lisele.

Ho ikatisa ha DNA ke habohlokoa bakeng sa khōlo e nepahetseng le tsoelo-pele ea lintho tse phelang. Ha lisele li ikatisa, li lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore sele e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea morali e fumana boitsebiso ba lefutso bo tšoanang le ba sele ea ’mè. Ka tsela ena, ho qojoa ho se tloaelehe ha chromosomal le liphetoho tse ka bang kotsi ho 'mele. Ho phetoa ha DNA ho fana ka botšepehi bo phahameng tabeng ea ho kopitsa boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa phetiso e nepahetseng ea litšobotsi tsa lefutso.

Karolo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea phetiso ea DNA ke bohlokoa ba eona ho lokiseng le ho lokisa liphoso tsa tatellano ea DNA Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho pheta-pheta, ho etsoa mekhoa ea ho lokisa le ho hlahloba liphoso ho lokisa liphoso tse ka bang teng kapa liphetoho tse ka 'nang tsa etsahala nakong ea ho ikatisa ha DNA. Sena se tiisa hore likopi tse fumanoeng li nepahetse ebile li tšepahala ho ea pele ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, e leng se tlatsetsang bophelong bo botle le ho sebetsa ha lisele.

Mekhoa le mekhoa e amehang phetisong ea DNA

Ts'ebetso ea phetisetso ea DNA e bohlokoa bakeng sa phetisetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso nthong e phelang. Ho pholletsa le ts'ebetso ena e rarahaneng, mekhoa le lits'ebetso tse fapaneng lia sebelisana ho netefatsa botšepehi le katleho ea ho kopitsa DNA.

E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho ikatisa ha DNA ke tšebetso ea li-enzyme tse tsejoang e le DNA polymerase. Li-enzyme tsena li ikarabella bakeng sa ho kopanngoa ha DNA strand e ncha e tlatsanang le khoele ea pele. Li-polymerase tsa DNA li na le sebaka se sebetsang se lemohang le ho tlama DNA ea pele, 'me ha li ntse li tsamaea haufi le ketane ena, li eketsa li-nucleotide tse tlatsetsang ka karabelo ea polymerization. Ts'ebetso ena, e tsejoang e le⁤ semiconservative synthesis, e netefatsa hore khoele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ncha ea⁤ DNA e na le khoele e le 'ngoe ea mantlha le e sa tsoa etsoa.

Ho phaella ho DNA polymerase, ho na le likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa ho ikatisang ha DNA. Liprotheine tse bitsoang ⁤replication factor ke senotlolo sa ho qala le ho laola tšebetso ea DNA strand e ncha. Lintlha tsena li sebelisana ho thehoa ha fereko ea ho pheta-pheta, sebopeho se lumellang DNA polymerase ho fihlella DNA ea pele le ho arohana ha likhoele tse peli tse tlatsanang. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liprotheine tse ling tse kang li-helicase le li-topoisomerase le tsona li bapala mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ho ikatisa ha DNA, ho thusa ho phutholoha le ho phomola ha sebopeho sa DNA ho lumella ho ikatisa ha eona.

Taolo le taolo ea mokhahlelo oa phetiso ea DNA

Mokhahlelo oa phetisetso ea DNA ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa phetisong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso linthong tse phelang. Nakong ena, ho netefatsoa hore tlhale ka 'ngoe ea DNA e kopitsoa ka nepo ho boloka botšepehi le botsitso ba genome. Ho finyella sena, ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea taolo le taolo e laolang mohato ka mong oa ho pheta-pheta.

E 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea mantlha ea taolo ke ho lemoha le ho lokisoa ha liphoso ho ikatisang ha DNA. Sistimi ea tokiso ea DNA e na le boikarabello ba ho tseba le ho lokisa mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa tšenyo kapa phetoho e fetotsoeng ka har'a likhoele tsa DNA nakong ea ho pheta-pheta. Sena se finyelloa ka li-enzyme tse khethehileng tse sebetsang e le "ba lokisa" le ho lokisa liphoso ka tatellano ea nucleotide.

Mochine o mong oa bohlokoa ke ho hokahanya ha metsoako e 'meli ea DNA. Nakong ea mohato oa ho pheta-pheta, likhoele tse peli tsa DNA li etsoa ka mahlakoreng a fapaneng, e leng se hlokang tšebelisano e hlokolosi ho qoba mathata a ho hokahana kapa ho hohela. Ho finyella sena, ho sebelisoa liprotheine tse tsejoang e le li-helicase, tse phuthollang le ho arola likhoele tsa batsoali tsa DNA, e leng ho lumellang ho ikatisa ho tsoela pele ntle le tšitiso.

Potoloho ea lisele le mekhahlelo ea eona e fapaneng e amanang le phetiso ea DNA

The ⁢cycle selefouno ke ts'ebetso motheo oa tsoelo-pele le kholo ea lintho tse phelang E na le letoto la mekhahlelo e hlophisitsoeng le e laoloang, moo ho etsoa karohano ea DNA le karohano ea lisele. Ho pheta-pheta ha DNA ke ketsahalo ea bohlokoa kaha e tiisa hore lisele tsohle tsa morali li na le boitsebiso bo nepahetseng ba lefutso ho sebetsa hantle.

Potoloho ea lisele E na le mekhahlelo e mengata, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le litšobotsi le mesebetsi e itseng:

• G1 (mohato oa 1 oa kholo): Nakong ena, sele e ntse e hōla ka boholo 'me e itokisetsa ho ikatisa ha DNA. Lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa metabolism le protheine le tsona lia etsoa.
• S⁢ (mohato oa motsoako): Mokhahlelong ona, phetiso ea DNA e etsahala. Chromosome e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea ikatisetsa le ho etsa kopi e tšoanang. Ho bohlokoa hore phetisetso ena e nepahale ho qoba liphoso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso liseleng tsa morali.
• G2 (mohato oa 2 oa kholo): Ka mor'a ho ikatisa ha DNA, sele e tsoela pele ho hōla le ho itokisetsa karohano ea lisele. Nakong ena, ho hlahlojoa botšepehi ba DNA e kopilitsoeng 'me ho etsoa liphetoho tse hlokahalang pele ho aroloa.

Mokhahlelo oa phetisetso ea DNA o nkuoa e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa potoloho ea lisele, kaha o etsa bonnete ba hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e fumana kopi e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso lisele tsa kankere. Ka hona, taolo e nepahetseng ea ts'ebetso ena ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka botšepehi ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le bophelo bo botle ba lintho tse phelang.

Liphello tsa liphetoho mokhahlelong oa phetiso ea DNA

Tšenyo ts'ebetsong ea phetisetso ea DNA

Phetolelo ea DNA, eo hape e tsejoang e le ho ikatisa, ke mohato oa bohlokoa bophelong ba sele. Leha ho le joalo, phetoho leha e le efe mohatong ona e ka ba le liphello tse tebileng bakeng sa sele le ntho e phelang ka kakaretso. E 'ngoe ea ⁤liphetho tse ka sehloohong tsa liphetoho mokhahlelong oa phetisetso ea DNA ke ponahalo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ⁢phoso⁢. Liphoso tsena li ka fella ka liphetoho tse ka amang mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho baka mafu a lefutso. Ho feta moo, liphoso tsa phetisetso ea DNA li ka boela tsa baka tahlehelo kapa phetisetso ea likaroloana tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, tse ka bakang ho se tsitse ha genomic.

Ho senyeha ha taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso

Karolo ea phetiso ea DNA e bohlokoa ho netefatsa taolo e nepahetseng ea polelo ea lefutso. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ena, ho bohlokoa hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li kopitsoe ka nako e nepahetseng le ka tekanyo e nepahetseng. Phetoho leha e le efe mohatong ona e ka lebisa tšitiso ea taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. ⁢Sena se bolela hore liphatsa tsa lefutso tse itseng li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa hlahisoa ka nepo kapa ponahalo ea tsona e ka fetoha e sa laoleheng, e leng se ka bang le phello e mpe tšebetsong ea lisele ⁢'me, qetellong, 'mele.

Ho se sebetse hantle ha potoloho ea lisele

Mokhahlelo oa phetiso ea DNA ke karolo ea mantlha ea potoloho ea lisele, e nang le mekhahlelo e fapaneng e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho netefatsa kholo le nts'etsopele ea lisele. Liphetoho mokhahlelong oa ho pheta-pheta li ka baka ts'ebetso e mpe ea potoloho ea lisele. Sena se ka fella ka ho se leka-lekane ha palo ea lisele tse arohanang le tse shoang, e leng se ka lebisang ho thehoa ha hlahala le nts'etsopele ea kankere. Ho feta moo, liphetoho mokhahlelong ona li ka boela tsa kenya letsoho ho senescence ea cellular le ho tsofala pele ho nako ha lisele le litho tsa 'mele.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa e sebelisoang ho ithuta ho pheta-pheta DNA

Thutong ea ho etsa likopi tsa DNA, ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa le mekhoa e sa tšoaneng e re thusang ho hlahlobisisa le ho utloisisa tšebetso ena ea bohlokoa bophelong. Tse ling tsa lisebelisoa le mekhoa ea mantlha e sebelisoang sebakeng sena sa lipatlisiso li hlalositsoe ka tlase:

1. Gel electrophoresis: Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa ho arola likhechana tsa DNA ho latela boholo ba tsona ho sebelisa matrix ea gel ea agarose kapa polyacrylamide. Ka thuso ea motlakase oa motlakase, likhechana li tsamaea ka gel, li lumella ho arohana le pono ea tsona ka ho silafatsa ka ethidium bromide.

2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): PCR ke mokhoa o lumellang hore palo e nyane ea DNA e holisoe ka bongata. Ka ho sebelisa li-enzyme tse thermostable, sebaka se itseng sa DNA se holisoa ka mekhahlelo e mengata ea ho futhumatsa le ho pholisa. PCR e sebelisoa haholo lipatlisisong tsa baeloji le lits'ebetsong tse kang liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa forensic.

3. microscope ea Fluorescence: Mokhoa ona o sebelisetsoa ho bona le ho ithuta DNA liseleng tse phelang kapa tse tsitsitseng. Ka ho sebelisa DNA-specific ⁣fluorescence probes, liphetoho⁤ sebopeho le sebaka sa DNA nakong ea ho ikatisa li ka tšoauoa le ho lateloa. Fluorescence microscopy e re lumella ho bona ka botlalo lits'ebetso tse amanang le phetiso ea DNA. boemong ba cellular.

Bohlokoa ba lipatlisiso tsa phetiso ea DNA bakeng sa mahlale le bongaka

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Ho etsa likopi tsa DNA ke ntho ea bohlokoa bophelong ’me ho bohlokoa haholo litabeng tsa saense le tsa bongaka. Ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ena boemong ba limolek'hule ho bohlokoa ho ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea rona ea tšebetso ea libōpuoa tse phelang le kamano ea tsona le mafu.

Lipatlisiso mabapi le ho etsa likopi tsa DNA li lumeletse tsoelo-pele e khōlō lefapheng la liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ka lebaka la liphuputso tse entsoeng, ho khonne ho tseba hore na ho ikatisa ha DNA ho etsahala joang le lintlha tse amehang ts'ebetsong ena. Tlhahisoleseding ena ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e kang PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), e sebelisoang ho kopanya liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho hlahloba mafu a lefutso.

Lefapheng la bongaka, liphuputso tse mabapi le ho kopitsoa ha DNA li entse hore ho sibolloe liphetoho tse ngata tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le mafu a lefutso. Tsebo ea hore na DNA e kopitsoa joang e entse hore ho khonehe ho tseba hore na ke liphatsa life tsa lefutso tse amehang mafung a sa tšoaneng le hore na li fetisoa joang ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong. Sena se butse monyetla oa ho hlahisa liphekolo tsa lefutso le liteko tse nepahetseng tsa lefutso bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea kapele le kalafo ea mafu a fapaneng.

Ho tsebahatsa likopo tse ka bang teng le ⁤ tsoelopele nakong e tlang boithutong ba⁤ phetiso ea DNA

Thuto ea ho etsa likopi tsa DNA e fane ka tsebo le lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tse fetotseng thuto ea baeloji le bongaka. Ha re ntse re tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea ts'ebetso ena ea bohlokoa ea bophelo, menyetla e mecha ea buleha bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea eona libakeng tse fapaneng.

Taba ea pele, ho tsebahatsa lits'ebetso tse ka bang teng ho phetisetso ea DNA ho bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea tlhahlobo le kalafo ea bongaka. Ka bokhoni ba ho lemoha liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le mafu a lefutso, litlhahlobo tsa pele le tsa motho ka mong li ka etsoa, ​​​​ho lumella hore ho be le mokhoa o atlehang oa phekolo. Ho feta moo, phetiso ea DNA le eona e na le ts'ebeliso ka meriana forensics, moo papiso ea boemo ba DNA ⁢e ka thusang ho rarolla litlolo tsa molao le ho theha bontate ka nepo e haufi-ufi.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tsoelo-pele ea nakong e tlang thutong ea phetiso ea DNA e ka lebisa ntlafatsong e kholo ea boenjineri ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le biotechnology. Bokhoni ba ho ikatisetsa le ho fetola DNA ka tsela e laoloang ho bula monyetla oa ho theha lintho tse phelang tse fetotsoeng ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tse nang le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang, tse kang limela tse hanyetsanang le mafu kapa liphoofolo tse nang le tlhahiso e kholo ea liprotheine tsa thahasello ea bongaka. Ho feta moo, monyetla oa ho etsa DNA ka maiketsetso o ka etsa hore ho hlahisoe liphekolo tse ncha tsa lefutso, tse fanang ka liphekolo tse ncha bakeng sa mafu a lefutso le mathata a mang.

Liqeto tse mabapi le mokhahlelo oa potoloho ea lisele tseo ho tsona ho etsoang phetiso ea DNA

Ho pheta-pheta ha DNA ke ketsahalo ea bohlokoa potolohong ea sele, e etsahalang nakong ea mokhahlelo oa S Mokhahlelo ona, o tsejoang hape e le synthesis, ke mohato oo liphatsa tsa lefutso li phetoang ho netefatsa hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e na le kopi e felletseng ea DNA e hlokahalang bakeng sa eona. ho sebetsa. Ka tlase ke liqeto tse ling tsa bohlokoa mabapi le mohato ona oa potoloho ea lisele:

• Bohlokoa ba ho pheta-pheta DNA: Ho ikatisa ha DNA hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho tsoela pele ha bophelo le ho futsa boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha seleng e le ’ngoe ho ea ho litloholo tsa eona Nakong ea tšebetso ena, li-chromosome lia phuthoa le ho kopitsoa ho etsa bonnete ba hore sele e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe e ncha e na le boitsebiso ba lefutso bo tšoanang le ba stem cell.
• Ho nepahala ha phetiso ea DNA: Le hoja ho ikatisa ha DNA e le mokhoa o rarahaneng, lisele li thehile mekhoa e matla ea ho boloka ho nepahala ha ho ikatisa hona. Li-enzyme tse khethehileng, tse kang DNA polymerase, li tiisa hore metheo ea nucleotide e kopane ka tsela e nepahetseng le hore tlhale ea DNA e kopane ka botšepehi ho ea pele. Sena se fokotsa liphoso le liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho boloka tlhahisoleseding ea lefutso ka nepo.
• Taolo ea phetiso ea DNA: Karolo ea ⁣S, ​​moo DNA e hlahang teng, ⁢e laoloa ke ⁣ka hare le kantle ho matšoao a netefatsang hore phetisetso e etsahala⁤ ka nako le sebaka se nepahetseng. ⁢Lisele li beha leihlo boemo ba tsona le boteng ba limatlafatsi tse hlokahalang ho netefatsa ts'ebetso e atlehileng ea ho ikatisa. Ho phaella moo, ho na le mekhoa ea ho laola e emisang ho pheta-pheta ha DNA e senyehile kapa e na le liphoso, e thibelang ho ata ha tlhahisoleseding ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e nang le bokooa.

Ka kakaretso, karolo ea S ea potoloho ea lisele ke mohato oa bohlokoa oo ho oona phetiso ea DNA e etsahalang. Ts'ebetso ena e bohlokoa ho etsa bonnete ba ho ikatisa ka nepo le ho nepahala ha liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho boloka tlhahisoleseling ea sele ea 'm'a liseleng tsa morali oa eona. Taolo le ho nepahala ha phetiso ea DNA li bohlokoa ho boloka botsitso ba genomic le ho thibela ponahalo ea liphetoho tse kotsi. ⁤Qetellong, phetisetso ea DNA e netefatsa hore bophelo bo tsoela pele le phetiso ea ⁢mehato ea lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong.

Litlhahiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang sebakeng sa phetiso ea DNA

Ho na le likhothaletso tse 'maloa tse ka nahanoang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang sebakeng sa phetiso ea DNA. Mekhoa ena e ka thusa ho holisa tsebo ea rona le kutloisiso ea ts'ebetso ena ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea lisele.

Keletso ea bohlokoa e ka ba ho etsa lipatlisiso ho ea pele ka li-enzyme tse amehang tšebetsong ea phetisetso ea DNA. Li-enzyme tsena li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho aroleng le ho kopitsa likhoele tsa DNA. Ho ka ba monate ho utloisisa haholoanyane hore na li-enzyme tsena li sebelisana joang ⁢le⁤ le DNA ho fihlela phetisetso e nepahetseng le e sebetsang⁤. Ho phaella moo, ho ka hlahlojoa li-enzyme tse ncha tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba le karolo phetisong ea DNA le tse e-s'o fumanoe kapa li e-s'o tsejoe.

Khothaletso e 'ngoe e ka ba ho batlisisa maemo kapa lintlha tse ka amang ts'ebetso ea ho etsa phetiso ea DNA hampe. Lintlha tsena li ka kenyelletsa litšila tsa tikoloho, mahlaseli, lik'hemik'hale, kapa maemo a sa tloaelehang a baeloji. Ho hlwaya lintlha tse ka sitisang phetisetso ea DNA ho ka thusa ho theha maqheka a ho sireletsa le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ena ea bohlokoa maemong a fapaneng, joalo ka mafu a lefutso kapa nakong ea ho pepesehela li-agent tsa mutagenic.

Bohlokoa ba phatlalatso le thuto mabapi le mokhahlelo oa phetiso ea DNA potolohong ea lisele

Mokhahlelo oa phetisetso ea DNA potolohong ea lisele ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha bakeng sa kholo le ho ikatisa ha lisele. Ke nakong ena moo DNA e ikatisang, ho netefatsa hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e na le kopi e nepahetseng ea genome ea pele. Bohlokoa⁤ ba⁢ phihlello le thuto mabapi le mokhahlelo ona ke ho utloisisa hore na lintlha tsa bohlokoa joalo ka ho tšepahala ho pheta-pheta le ho lokisa liphoso nakong ea ho pheta-pheta li laoloa joang.

Ho tsebahatsa hantle ha karolo ea DNA ea ho pheta-pheta ho ka thusa batho ho utloisisa bohlokoa ba ho boloka sebopeho le tšebetso e nepahetseng ea cellular genome. Ka ho ruta ka ho ikatisa ha DNA, u ka hatisa tlhokahalo ea taolo e nepahetseng ho qoba liphetoho tse ka bang kotsi tsa lefutso tse ka lebisang mafung a kang mofetše. Ho feta moo, tsebo ka ⁤DNA ⁤ho ikatisa e ka ba molemo bakeng sa moralo oa liphekolo tsa lefutso le litlhare tse shebaneng le ho se tloaelehe tšebetsong ena.

Ho bohlokoa ho hasanya tlhahisoleseling mabapi le phetisetso ea DNA maemong a fapaneng a thuto ho matlafatsa kutloisiso ea mantlha ea ts'ebetso ena ho baeloji ea lisele. Sena se tla lumella baithuti ba mahlale le litsebi ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa ea limolek'hule e amehang ho ikatisang ha DNA le hore na li hokahana joang le mekhahlelo e meng ea potoloho ea lisele. le thuto lefapheng lena, e tsamaisang tsoelo-pele ea saense le ea bongaka.

Q&A

Potso: Karolo ea potoloho ea lisele eo DNA e iphetang ka eona ke efe?
Karabo: Karolo ea potoloho ea lisele eo ho eona ho etsoa phetiso ea DNA e tsejoa e le karolo ea motsoako, e khutsufalitsoeng e le S phase.

Potso: Ho etsahala'ng nakong ea synthesis?
Karabo: Nakong ea mohato oa ho kopanya, ho pheta-pheta ha DNA ho etsahala. Mothating ona, li-enzyme le liprotheine tse khethehileng li sebetsa 'moho ho lokolla DNA double helix le ho arola likhoele tse tlatselletsang. Joale li-enzyme li kopanya likhoele tse ncha, tse tlatselletsanang li sebelisa khoele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea mantlha joalo ka template.

Potso: Morero oa phetisetso ea DNA nakong ea motsoako ke ofe?
Karabo: Ho pheta-pheta DNA ke mohato oa bohlokoa ho netefatsa phetiso e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho lisele tsa morali nakong ea karohano ea lisele.

Potso: Phetoho ea DNA e laoloa joang mothating oa ho kopanya?
Karabo: Ho pheta-pheta ha DNA ho laoloa ka thata ke letoto la mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea lisele. Liprotheine tsa taolo li beha leihlo le ho hokahanya tšebetso ho etsa bonnete ba hore e etsahala hang feela ka potoloho ea lisele. Ho phaella moo, matšoao a ka hare le a ka ntle a ka ama lebelo le nako ea ho ikatisa ha DNA.

Potso: Ho etsahala'ng ka lisele tse hlolehang ho etsisa DNA ea tsona nakong ea motsoako?
Karabo: Lisele⁢ tse hlolehang ho qopitsa DNA ea tsona ka nepo nakong⁢ mokhahlelo oa ho kopanya li ka ba le mathata le liphoso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fetisetsoang liseleng tsa morali. Liphoso tsena li ka lebisa mathateng a sa tšoaneng a lisele, 'me maemong a mang, li ka tlatsetsa ho nts'etsopele ea mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso le kankere.

Potso: Nako ea karolo ea synthesis ke efe?
Karabo: Nako ea karolo ea motsoako e ka fapana ho latela mofuta oa sele le maemo a tikoloho. Ka kakaretso,⁢ mohato ona o ka nka lihora tse 'maloa,' me liseleng tse tloaelehileng tsa motho, o emela hoo e ka bang 30% ea potoloho eohle ea lisele.

Potso: Mehato ea potoloho ea lisele ke efe pele le ka mor'a mohato oa motsoako?
Karabo: Pele ho mohato oa motsoako, ho na le karolo ea 1 ea kholo (G1), eo lisele li hōlang le ho itokisetsa ho ikatisa ha DNA. Ka mor'a mohato oa motsoako, mohato oa 2 oa kgolo (G2) o latela, moo khōlo ea lisele e tsoelang pele le litokisetso tsa ho qetela li etsoa pele ho arohana ha lisele. Qetellong, sele e kena karolong ea karohano ea lisele, e tsejoang ka hore ke M phase, moo karohano ea 'nete ea nucleus le cytoplasm e hlahang teng.

Ho qetella

Ka bokhutšoanyane, karolo ea potoloho ea lisele eo ho etsoa phetiso ea DNA e tsejoa e le mokhahlelo oa ho kopanya kapa oa S Mokhahlelong ona, li-chromosome tse ka har'a sele lia kopitsoa 'me li tšoana hantle le ⁤. Ts'ebetso ena ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa khōlo le nts'etsopele ea likokoana-hloko tse ngata, kaha e tiisa hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e na le boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso bo tšoanang le ba sele ea 'mè.

Katoloso ea DNA mokhahlelong oa S oa potoloho ea lisele e kenyelletsa karohano ea likhoele tse peli tsa DNA ea mantlha le ho kopanngoa ha likhoele tse ncha tse tlatselletsang. Sena se finyelloa ka ketso ea enzyme ea DNA polymerase, e tlamellang ho DNA ea pele le ho thella haufi le eona, ho eketsa li-nucleotide tse tlatsetsang ha li ntse li tsoela pele.

Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore phetisetso ea DNA e etsahala pele ho karolo ea mitosis, moo lisele li arohanang ka lisele tse peli tsa morali. Kantle ho kopi e nepahetseng ea DNA, lisele tsa morali li ne li ke ke tsa ba le boitsebiso bo lekaneng ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ’me li ne li ka hlahisa liphello tse kotsi ’meleng.

Qetellong, mohato oa motsoako oa potoloho ea lisele ke mohato oa bohlokoa bophelong ba sele, moo ho pheta-pheta ho nepahetseng ha DNA ho etsahala kgolo le ntshetsopele e nepahetseng ya dibopuwa tse ngatanyana.