Interphase le Mitosis ea Cell Cycle

Interphase le mitosis ke mekhahlelo e 'meli ea bohlokoa ea potoloho ea lisele, e bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa ho aroleng le ho ikatisa ha lisele. Mehato ena e rarahane, 'me e laoloa haholo, 'me kutloisiso ea bona e bohlokoa ho utloisisa ⁢ tšebetso le ⁢boitšoaro ba ⁢lisele. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba ka ho qaqileng mekhoa ea li-interphase le mitosis, litšoaneleho tsa bona tsa bohlokoa, le liketsahalo tse hlahang ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona Ka mokhoa oa theknoloji le molumo oa ho se nke lehlakore, re tla sebetsana le likhopolo tsa motheo tsa ⁤mehato ena ea potoloho ea lisele, ho fana ka tlhaloso e hlakileng le e hlakileng ea sebopeho le mitosis.

Kenyelletso ea potoloho ea lisele le mekhahlelo ea eona

El potoloho ea sele Ke ts'ebetso eo ka eona sele e ikatisang le ho arohana ka lisele tse peli tse tšoanang tsa morali. Potoloho ena e na le mekhahlelo e sa tšoaneng, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le mosebetsi oa eona o khethehileng. Mekhahlelo ea mantlha ea potoloho ea lisele e hlalositsoe ka tlase:

• Mokhahlelo oa G1 (Lekhalo la 1): Karolong ena, sele e eketsa boholo ba eona mme e kopanya liprotheine le RNA e hlokahalang bakeng sa kholo le ho ikatisa ha DNA.
• Mokhahlelo oa S (Mokhahlelo): Nakong ena, DNA e phetoa hantle, ho netefatsa hore lisele tsa morali ka bobeli li na le boitsebiso bo tšoanang ba liphatsa tsa lefutso joaloka sele ea 'mè.
• Mokhahlelo oa G2 (Lekhalo la 2): Mokhahlelong ona, sele e tsoela pele ho hōla ’me e itokisetsa ho arohana ha lisele. Liprotheine le li-organelle tse hlokahalang bakeng sa karohano ea DNA lia etsoa.

Hang ha karolo ea G2 e phethiloe, sele e kena karolong ea karohano ea lisele (mitosis kapa meiosis), moo ho arohana ha DNA le ho thehoa ha lisele tse peli tsa barali li etsahala. Lisele tsena tsa barali, le tsona, li tla khona ho boela li kena ka har'a potoloho ea lisele ebe li pheta mokhoa ona.

Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa potoloho ea lisele le mekhahlelo ea eona ho utloisisa hore na lisele li ikatisa joang le hore na homeostasis e bolokoa joang linthong tse phelang tse ngata. Ho feta moo, taolo e matla ea potoloho ea lisele ke ea bohlokoa ho thibela ho thehoa ha lisele tsa mofetše, kaha liphoso tsa ho ikatisa ha lisele kapa karohano li ka lebisa phetohong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho ata ho sa laoleheng ha lisele tse kotsi.

Tlhaloso e qaqileng ea sebopeho

Sehlahisoa sa rona se entsoe ho nahanoa ka ts'ebeliso le katleho. Ka tlase, re u fa tlhaloso e qaqileng ea likarolo le mesebetsi ea eona:

- Moralo o hlakileng: Sehokelo sa rona se na le moralo o hloekileng le o bonolo oa ho o sebelisa. Ho feta moo, re kentse tšebetsong moralo oa mebala o fanang ka boiphihlelo bo khahlisang le bo sa fetoheng ho li-skrini tsohle.

- Menu e theolelang: Re kenyelelitse li-menu tse theohang ho ntlafatsa sebaka sa skrine le ho fa basebelisi ho tsamaea ka mokhoa o nepahetseng haholoanyane. Kahoo, basebelisi ba tla khona ho fumana ts'ebetso eo ba e batlang ka potlako ntle le ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ngata.

- Ponahalo e matla ea data: Sehokelo sa rona se na le bokhoni ba ho bonts'a data ka nako ea sebele ka matla. Basebelisi ba tla khona ho bona lichate le litafole tse nchafalitsoeng hang-hang, tse ba lumellang ho etsa liqeto tse nang le tsebo ntle le ho emela hore data e ntlafatsoe ka letsoho.

Ka bokhutšoanyane, sebopeho sa rona se entsoe ho nahanoa ka ts'ebeliso le katleho. ⁣Ka moralo o hlakileng, manane a theolelang, le pono e hlakileng ea data, re netefatsa boiphihlelo bo bonolo le bo bonolo ba basebelisi.-

Mehato le melaoana ea mohato oa G1

Mokhahlelo oa G1 ke mohato oa pele oa ts'ebetso e laoloang e lokelang ho lateloa ho phethahatsa liketso tse itseng. Ka tlase ke mehato le melaoana e lokelang ho tsotelloa ha ho etsoa mohato ona:

Boitsebiso ba sepheo: ⁢Pele u kena karolong ea G1, hoa hlokahala hore u hlalose ka ho hlaka sepheo seo u batlang ho se fihlela. Sena se akarelletsa ho tseba morero le liphello tse lebeletsoeng e le hore re hatele pele. ka katleho ts'ebetsong.

Tokisetso ea moralo oa ts'ebetso: Hang ha sepheo se se se tsebahalitsoe, moralo oa tšebetso o tlameha ho etsoa ka botlalo. Moralo ona o tlameha ho theha mesebetsi e ikhethileng e tlamehang ho etsoa, ​​lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang, hammoho le linako tse hakanyetsoang tsa ketsahalo ka 'ngoe.

Regulation Review: Nakong ea mohato oa G1, ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba melao le litekanyetso tse amanang le ketso eo u lakatsang ho e etsa.

Lintlha tsa Bohlokoa tsa S Phase

Karolo ea S, ka har'a potoloho ea lisele, ke mohato o mahlonoko oo ho oona ho ikatisang ha DNA. Nakong ea mohato ona, ho etsoa letoto la mehato. mesebetsi ea bohlokoa tse netefatsang phetiso e nepahetseng ya tlhahisoleseding ya lefutso. Mesebetsi ea mantlha e etsoang mokhahlelong ona e hlalositsoe ka tlase:

• Motsoako ⁢ oa⁤ DNA: Ho ikatisa ha DNA ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa e etsahalang nakong ea mokhahlelo oa S, li-enzyme tse khethehileng tse bitsoang DNA polymerase li na le boikarabelo ba ho kopitsa khoele ea pele ea DNA, ho hlahisa likopi tse peli tse tšoanang. Ts'ebetso ena Ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore ⁢sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e na le tlhaiso-leseling e tšoanang le ea sele ea motsoali.
• Ho lokisa DNA: Nakong ea ho ikatisa ha DNA, liphoso kapa tšenyo ea sebopeho li ka etsahala. ea ketane. Ho netefatsa botšepehi ba boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, karolo ea S e na le mekhoa ea ho lokisa DNA Mekhoa ena e kenyelletsa ketso ea li-enzyme tse khethehileng tse lemohang le ho lokisa liphoso ka tatellano ea nucleotide, ho qoba ho ata ha liphetoho le ho netefatsa botsitso ba genome.
• Taolo ea potoloho ea lisele: Karolo ea S e boetse e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola potoloho ea lisele. Nakong ena, ho ba le tlhokomelo e nepahetseng le pontšo ho netefatsa hore ts'ebetso ea phetisetso ea DNA e etsahala ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng le o sa sitisoeng. Mekhoa ea ho laola potoloho ea lisele, tse kang liprotheine tsa cyclin le cyclin-dependent kinases, li etsa bonnete ba hore karolo ea S e kenngoa ka nako e nepahetseng le tlas'a maemo a nepahetseng.

Ka kakaretso, karolo ea S ea potoloho ea lisele ke mohato oa motheo bophelong ba sele. Nakong ea mohato ona, ho etsoa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa joalo ka DNA synthesis le tokiso, hammoho le taolo ea potoloho ea lisele. ⁢Tsena ⁢mesebetsi⁤ ea bohlokoa ho netefatsa phetiso e nepahetseng le paballo ea tlhaiso-leseling ea lefutso, ho kenya letsoho ho bolokeng botšepehi ba lintho tse phelang.

Bohlokoa le lits'ebetso tsa mokhahlelo oa G2

Mekhoa⁤ ea mohato oa G2

Karolo ea G2 ke mohato o mahlonoko oa potoloho ea karohano ea lisele e tsejoang e le mitosis. Nakong ena, DNA e kopitsoang e ntse e hlahlojoa ka makhetlo a mangata ho netefatsa botšepehi le ho nepahala ha eona pele e fetela mohatong o latelang. Ka kutloisiso ena, karolo ea ⁢G2⁣ e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa taolong le khokahanyo ea lits'ebetso tsa cellular, ho netefatsa karohano e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho lisele tsa morali.

E 'ngoe ea lits'ebetso tse hlahelletseng karolong ea G2 ke netefatso ea tšenyo ea DNA. Ts'ebetsong ena, lisele li kenya tšebetsong letoto la mekhoa ea ho lokisa ho lokisa tšenyo leha e le efe kapa phetoho e teng. Ka mekhoa ena, re batla ho sireletsa botšepehi ba tlhahisoleseding ea lefutso le ho thibela ho ata ha liphoso. Ho phaella moo, nakong ea karolo ea G2, ho fumanoa ha litšitiso ho ikatisa ha DNA ho boetse ho etsoa, ​​​​ho lumella liphoso tse ka khonehang hore li lokisoe pele li kena sethaleng se latelang sa karohano ea lisele.

Karolo e 'ngoe e amehang ea mokhahlelo oa G2 ke kopanyo le ⁢ho bokellana ha lisebelisoa tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kopanya lisebelisoa tsa mitotic⁤. Nakong ena, sele e itokisetsa ho etsa karohano e nepahetseng ea li-chromosome le karohano ea cytoplasm. Ho na le ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea liprotheine le likarolo tsa sebopeho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho theoa ha spindle ea mitotic le likarolo tse ling tse amehang karohanong ea sele, ho feta moo, kholo ea lisele le ho pheta-pheta ha li-organoid tse ling tsa cellular le tsona lia etsoa ho netefatsa hore li sebetsa hantle ka har'a lisele. ⁤ lisele tsa morali.

Mitosis: tlhaloso le mekhahlelo e ka sehloohong⁤

Mitosis ke mokhoa oa ho arohana ha lisele o hlahang linthong tsa eukaryotic, moo lisele tsa 'mè li arohanang ka lisele tse peli tsa morali tse tšoanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Nakong ea ts'ebetso ena, khubu ea sele e arohana ⁢ka li-nuclei tsa barali tse peli, 'me qetellong, sele e arohana ka lisele tse peli tsa barali. Mitosis e bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo, ho lokisa le ho nkela lisele tse senyehileng sebaka sa 'mele.

Mehato e ka sehloohong ea mitosis ke:

• Prophase: Nakong ena, li-chromosome lia kopana ebe li bonahala ka microscope. Thepa ea nyutlelie, e bitsoang nucleolus, ea nyamela⁢ mme lera la nyutlelie lea qhalana.
• Metaphase: Nakong ena, li-chromosome li ikamahanya bohareng ba sele, li etsa poleiti ea metaphase. Likhoele tsa spindle ea mitotic li hokahana le li-kinetochores tsa li-chromosome.
• Anaphase: Nakong ena, li-chromatid tsa morali li arohana 'me li leba lipalong tse fapaneng tsa sele. Likhoele tsa Mitotic spindle lia honyela ebe li thusa ho hula li-chromosome ho ea libakeng tse polar.

Ka bokhuts'oane, mitosis ke ts'ebetso e laoloang haholo⁤ ea karohano ea lisele eo⁢e nang le mekhahlelo e mengata e hlalositsoeng hantle. Mohato o mong le o mong o bohlokoa ho netefatsa karohano e nepahetseng le kabo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso lipakeng tsa lisele tsa morali. Kutloisiso ea mitosis ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa boithuto ba baeloji ea lisele le nts'etsopele ea liphekolo tsa bongaka tse kenyelletsang taolo ea karohano ea lisele.

Mekhoa nakong ea prophase ea mitosis

Chromatin condensation: Nakong ea prophase ea mitosis, chromatin e fetoha li-chromosome tse bonahalang tlas'a microscope. Li-chromosome tsena li entsoe ka li-chromatid tse peli tse kopantsoeng sebakeng se bitsoang centromere. Chromatin condensation e bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li ajoa ka nepo nakong ea karohano ea lisele.

Ho nyamela ha enfelopo ea nyutlelie: Mothating ona, enfelopo ea nyutlelie e pota-potileng khubu ea sele ea nyamela. Sena se lumella li-chromosome ho tsamaea ka bolokolohi ho cytoplasm ea sele Ho nyamela ha enfelopo ea nyutlelie ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho lokisetsa sele bakeng sa mohato o latelang oa mitosis, prometaphase.

Ho thehoa ha mitotic spindle: Nakong ea prophase, spindle ea mitotic e thehoa ho tloha ho li-microtubules. Mitotic spindle ke sebopeho se bōpehileng joaloka spindle se entsoeng ka li-microtubules tse tlohang lithupeng tse peli tse fapaneng tsa sele. Li-microtubules⁢ tsena li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho arola li-chromatids tsa morali'abo rona nakong e latelang ea ⁢ mitosis, metaphase.

Tlhahlobo ea metaphase le tšusumetso ea eona ho arola lisele

Metaphase ke e 'ngoe ea mehato ea bohlokoa ea ho arola lisele, e tsejoang e le mitosis. ⁤Mokhahlelong ona, li-chromosome tse kopitsoang li hola ⁢bohareng ba sele pele li arohana ⁢'me li ajoa ka ho lekana ho lisele tsa morali. Ka ho ithuta mohato ona ka botlalo, re khonne ho utloisisa hamolemo karolo ea bohlokoa eo metaphase e e bapalang karohanong ea lisele le hore na ts'ebetso ea eona e nepahetseng e ama bophelo bo botle le ts'ebetso ea lintho tse rarahaneng.

E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa tsa metaphase ke ho thehoa ha achromatic spindle, mokhoa o rarahaneng oa li-protein filaments tse tlohang ho tloha lipalo tse fapaneng tsa sele. Spindle ena e ikarabella bakeng sa ho hlophisa, ho tsamaisa⁤ le ho arola li-chromosome nakong ea metaphase. Ntle le ho sebetsa ha spindle ea achromatic, karohano e nepahetseng le kabo ea li-chromosome e ne e ke ke ea khonahala, e leng se ka lebisang ho se tloaeleheng ha liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho se sebetse hantle ha lisele.

Ntle le spindle ea achromatic, metaphase e boetse e kenyelletsa⁢ haufi⁢ taolo ea mochini oa limolek'hule⁢ o laolang karohano ea lisele. Khokahano e nepahetseng lipakeng tsa liprotheine le li-enzyme e bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore chromosome ka 'ngoe e ikamahanya hantle bohareng ba sele pele e arohana. Phetoho leha e le efe molaong ona e ka ba le liphello tse tebileng, tse kang ho thehoa ha lisele tsa morali tse nang le palo e fosahetseng ea li-chromosome, tse ka lebisang mafung a kang kankere.

Lintlha tsa anaphase le karolo ea eona karohanong ea chromosome

Anaphase ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa karohano ea lisele⁢ moo li-chromosome tse kopitsoang li arohaneng hantle ho ea ho lipalo tse fapaneng tsa sele. Ntle le karohano e nepahetseng ea chromosome nakong ea anaphase, liphoso li ka fella ka ho se tloaelehe ha liphatsa tsa lefutso le mafu a kang mofetše.

Karolo e ka sehloohong ea anaphase ke ho netefatsa kabo e lekanang ea li-chromosome tse phetoang ho lisele tsa morali nakong ea karohano ea lisele. Ts'ebetso ena e etsoa ka mekhoa e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa:

• Ts'ebetso ea khokahanyo ea chromosome: liprotheine tsa cohesin complex li senyeha qalong ea anaphase, e leng se lumellang ho arohana ha li-chromosome tsa morali'abo rōna.
• Ho khutsufatsoa ha li-microtubules tsa spindle: li-microtubules li khutsufatsa ho ea lipalo tse fapaneng tsa sele, li hula li-chromosome le tsona le ho etsa hore li arohane.
• Contractile ring contraction: Liseleng tsa liphoofolo, selikalikoe sa liprotheine tsa contractile, tse tsejoang ka hore ke contractile ring, li theha sefofaneng sa equatorial sa sele le likonteraka nakong ea anaphase, qetellong li arola sele ho tse peli.

Ka kakaretso, anaphase ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa karohano ea lisele moo li-chromosome tse phetoang li arohanang ka nepo ho lipalo tse fapaneng tsa sele. Ka letoto la mekhoa e laoloang, li-chromosome tsa morali li arohana 'me li lebisoa ho lisele tsa morali ka kabo e lekanang. Kutloisiso ke ea bohlokoa ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea karohano ea lisele le bohlokoa ba eona ho bophelo bo botle le nts'etsopele ea batho.

Tlhaloso ea telophase le ho thehoa ha lisele tse peli tsa morali

Telophase ke karolo ea ho qetela ea mitosis le meiosis, moo karohano ea nyutlelie e hlahang 'me ho thehoa lisele tse peli tsa morali. Nakong ena, li-chromosome lia phutholoha 'me li-sete tse peli tse tšoanang li theha seleng e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali. Ts'ebetso ea telophase le ho thehoa ha lisele tse peli tsa morali li hlalositsoe ka tlase:

1. Decondensation ea liphatsa tsa lefutso: Nakong ea telophase, li-chromosome lia phutholoha ebe li khutlela sebopeho sa tsona sa chromatin se qhalakaneng. Sena se lumella mesebetsi ea bohlokoa hore e qale hape ka har'a lisele tsa morali le ho itokisetsa mohato o latelang oa potoloho ea lisele. The decondensation ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ke ea bohlokoa e le hore lisele tsa morali li khone ho iketsetsa metabolism le mosebetsi oa cellular.

2. Sebopeho sa lera la nyutlelie: Ha li-chromosome li ntse li phutholoha, ho hlaha lera le lecha la nuclear ho potoloha sete e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ea li-chromosome. ⁢Lera lena ke mokoallo o sireletsang o arolang liphatsa tsa lefutso ho cytoplasm ea sele. Ha lera la nyutlelie le ntse le thehoa, li-pores tsa nyutlelie lia tsosolosoa, e leng se lumellang phapanyetsano ea limolek'hule pakeng tsa nucleus le cytoplasm.

3. Cytokinesis: Cytokinesis ke mokhoa oo cytoplasm ea sele e arohanang, kahoo e hlahisa lisele tse peli tsa morali. Nakong ea telophase, ho na le foro e arohaneng ka har'a cytoplasm, e bitsoang "cell plate" kapa "contraction waist". Ho honyela⁤ ha selikalikoe sa actin le myosin sebakeng sena ho hlahisa⁢ karohano ea 'mele ea lisele tse peli tsa barali. Qetellong, karohano ea lisele e phethetsoe 'me lisele tse peli tse tšoanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le tse sebetsang tse ikemetseng li fumanoa.

Ka kakaretso, nakong ea telophase le ho thehoa ha lisele tse peli tsa morali, li-chromosome li phutholoha, ho na le lera le lecha la nyutlelie ho pota-pota sete e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea li-chromosome, 'me cytokinesis e etsahala ho hlahisa lisele tsa morali sele e na le kopi e felletseng le e ts'oanang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mantlha.

Melao le mekhoa ea taolo ea potoloho ea lisele

Li bohlokoa ho netefatsa nts'etsopele le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea lintho tse phelang. Mekhoa ena e netefatsa botšepehi ba DNA, ho ikatisa ka nepo ha lisele le ho thibela liphoso tse ka bang teng tsa lefutso.

Ho na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea taolo e sebetsang ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea potoloho ea lisele. Tse ling tsa tsona ke:

• Libaka tsa ho hlahloba: Ka potoloho ea lisele, ho na le li-checkpoints tse bitsoang li-restriction points, moo ho netefatsoang hore maemo a itseng a fihletsoe pele ho lumella tsoelo-pele ho ea mohato o latelang. Li-checkpoints tsena li lumella potoloho ea lisele hore e emisoe haeba ho na le tšenyo ho DNA kapa haeba li-chromosome li sa ka tsa phetoa ka nepo.
• Liprotheine tsa taolo: Liprotheine tse laolang ke tsa bohlokoa ho laolang potoloho ea lisele. Mohlala, liprotheine tse itšetlehileng ka li-cyclin (CDKs) li laola phetoho lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea potoloho ea lisele. Liprotheine tsena li kenya tšebetsong kapa li sitisa liprotheine tse ling tse amehang ho ikatisang ha DNA le karohanong ea chromosome.
• Lithethefatsi tsa tumor: Li-tumor suppressors ke liprotheine tse thibelang kholo e sa laoleheng ea lisele le sebopeho sa hlahala. Mohlala oa mohatelli oa tumor ke protheine p53, e bonang tšenyo ea DNA mme e emisa potoloho ea sele ho lumella ho lokisoa kapa ho susumetsa apoptosis haeba ho sa khonehe ho lokisoa.

Mekhoa ena taolo ea potoloho ea lisele Li bohlokoa ho boloka botšepehi ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho thibela ho ata ha lisele tse senyehileng ho tiisa nts'etsopele le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea lintho tse phelang, ho thibela nts'etsopele ea mafu a lefutso kapa mofets'e.

Bohlokoa ba interphase le mitosis kholong ea lisele le tokiso

Interphase ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea kholo le tokiso ea lisele. Nakong ena, sele e itokisetsa karohano 'me e etsa mekhoa e fapaneng e hlokahalang bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea sebōpuoa. Nakong ea interphase, ho etsahala mehato e fapaneng e kang ⁣DNA synthesis, replication ea chromosome, le tlhahiso ea liprotheine tse hlokahalang bakeng sa karohano ea lisele.

Ntlha ea pele, DNA synthesis ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea bohlokoa e hlahang nakong ea interphase. Mothating ona, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sele li etsoa likopi e le hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e be le kopi e feletseng ea DNA ea pele. Ts'ebetso ena ⁤e bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo ea liselefouno, kaha e netefatsa hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ncha e na le tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang ho sebetsa ka nepo.

Karolo e 'ngoe e hlokomelehang ea li-chromosome ke ho ikatisa ha li-chromosome ho etsa likopi tse peli tse tšoanang. Ho feta moo, phetisetso ea li-chromosome e boetse e thusa ho lokisa tšenyo e ka bang teng ea DNA, kaha likopi li ka sebelisoa e le litempele⁢ ho lokisa liphoso.

Litlhahiso tsa thuto le kutloisiso ea potoloho ea lisele tsa eukaryotic

1.⁤ Tseba mekhahlelo ea potoloho ea lisele:

Potoloho ea lisele tsa eukaryotic e entsoe ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng, e arotsoeng ka mekhahlelo e 'meli e meholo: interphase le mitosis. Nakong ea ⁢interphase, sele e itokisetsa karohano, e etsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ⁢ le ho etsa bonnete ba hore e na le tsohle tseo e li hlokang. Mokhahlelo ona o arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro: mohato oa G1, oo sele e hōlang le ho itokisetsa ho pheta-pheta DNA; mokhahlelo oa S,⁤ moo DNA e entsoeng teng; le karolo ea G2, eo ho eona ho netefatsoang boleng ba DNA e kopilitsoeng. Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhahlelo ena ho utloisisa ka botlalo potoloho ea lisele.

2. Itloaetse balaoli ba potoloho ea lisele:

Potoloho ea sele e laoloa ke letoto la liprotheine tse bitsoang li-cyclin le cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), tse sebetsang e le balaoli ba bohlokoa. Liprotheine tsena li na le boikarabelo ba ho kenya ts'ebetsong kapa ho thibela mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea potoloho ea lisele, ho etsa bonnete ba hore li etsoa ka tatellano e nepahetseng le ka nako e loketseng Ke habohlokoa ho ba le tsebo ka melao ena, kaha phetoho leha e le efe ho eona ⁤ e ka lebisa mafu a kang⁤ mofetše.

3. Sebelisa lisebelisoa tse bonoang ho matlafatsa thuto:

Potoloho ea lisele tsa eukaryotic Ke ts'ebetso e rarahaneng eo ho ka bang thata ho e utlwisisa feela ka dingolwa tsa theory. E le ho nolofatsa thuto le kutloisiso ea eona, ho eletsoa ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse bonahalang tse kang litšoantšo, litšoantšo kapa litšoantšo, tse lumellang mekhahlelo e fapaneng le mekhoa e etsahalang ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona hore e bonahale ka ho hlaka. Ka tsela ena, khoaso ea tlhahisoleseling e ea nolofalloa mme ho ithuta ho matlafatsoa ka katleho.

Liqeto mabapi le interphase le mitosis ka potoloho ea sele

Qetellong, interphase le mitosis li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa potolohong ea lisele, ho lumella katiso e nepahetseng ea DNA le⁢ karohano⁢. Nakong ea interphase, lisele li itokisetsa le ho hola bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea karohano ea lisele, ho kopanya liprotheine le ho etsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa tsona. Nako ena e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro: mohato oa G1, oa S, le oa G2. Nakong ea karolo ea G1, lisele li itokisetsa ho ikatisa ha DNA le ho ba le kholo e kholo. Mokhahlelong oa S, DNA synthesis e etsahala, moo liphatsa tsa lefutso tsohle li kopitsoang. Qetellong, karolong ea G2, lisele li tsoela pele ho hōla 'me li itokisetsa ho kena mitosis.

Mitosis ke mokhoa oa ho arohana ha sele moo sele ea 'mè e arohanang ka lisele tse peli tsa morali tse tšoanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ts'ebetso ena e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mene e meholo: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, le telophase Nakong ea prophase, li-chromosome lia kopana 'me li bonahala, ha mitotic spindle e qala ho theha. Ka metaphase, li-chromosome li ikamahanya le sefofane sa equatorial sa sele. Anaphase ke mokhahlelo oo li-chromosome li arohanang 'me li leba lipalong tse fapaneng tsa sele. Qetellong, nakong ea telophase, li-chromosome lia fokotseha ’me lisele tse peli tsa barali li qala ho bōptjoa. Cytokinesis, karohano ea cytoplasm, e etsahala qetellong ea telophase 'me e phethela mitosis.

Ka kakaretso, interphase ke mohato oa bohlokoa oa ⁢cell cycle moo lisele li itokisetsang mitosis. Nakong ena, mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea ho hōla le ho ikatisa ha DNA e etsahala, ka lehlakoreng le leng, Mitosis ke mokhoa oo lisele li arohanang ho etsa lisele tsa morali tse tšoanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Mekhoa ena ka bobeli e sebetsa 'moho ho ⁢ tiisetsa⁢ karohano e nepahetseng le kabo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa⁢ kholo ⁣ le nts'etsopele ea lintho tse phelang.

Lipotso le Likarabo

P: cell cycle interphase ke eng?
K: Interphase ke mohato oa potoloho ea sele eo sele e itokisetsang ho arohana. Nakong ena ⁤mohato, sele e etsa mekhoa ea ho hōla, ho pheta-pheta liphatsa tsa lefutso le motsoako oa protheine.

P: Ke mekhahlelo efe eo sebopeho se arotsoeng ho eona?
A: Interphase e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro: G1 (mohato oa 1 oa kholo), S (synthesis) le G2 (mohato oa 2 oa kholo).

P: Ho etsahala'ng nakong ea mohato oa G1?
A: Nakong ea karolo ea G1, sele e ntse e hōla le ho kopanya liprotheine tse hlokahalang bakeng sa mosebetsi oa eona. Netefatso ea tšenyo ea DNA e boetse e etsoa le ho lokisetsoa ho kena karolong ea S.

P: Bohlokoa ba karolo ea S ke eng?
K: Nakong ea mokhahlelo oa S, DNA ea sele e a phetoa ho etsa bonnete ba hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e fumana kopi e feletseng le e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ts'ebetso ena e bohlokoa ho ⁢ho boloka bots'epehi ⁣ le ⁣ phetiso ea litaba tsa lefutso tse nepahetseng.

P: Ho etsahala'ng karolong ea G2?
K: Nakong ea karolo ea G2, sele e ntse e tsoela pele ho hōla, e itokisetsa ho arohana, le ho hlahloba botšepehi ba DNA hape. Ho phaella moo, likarolo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa mitosis li hlahisoa.

P: mitosis ke eng 'me mekhahlelo ea eona ke efe?
A: Mitosis ke mokhoa oa ho arohana ha sele o hlahang ka mor'a interphase. E arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mene: prophase, metaphase, anaphase le telophase.

P: Hlalosa ka bokhutšoanyane mohato ka mong oa mitosis.
K: Nakong ea prophase, li-chromosome lia kopana 'me mokokotlo oa mitotic o qala ho theha. Ka metaphase, li-chromosome li ikamahanya le sefofane sa equatorial. ⁢Ho anaphase, li-chromatids⁤ lia ikarola ebe li leba lipalong tse fapaneng tsa sele. Qetellong, ka telophase, li-nuclei tse peli li thehoa 'me sele e itokisetsa ho arohana ka ho feletseng.

P: Bohlokoa ba mitosis ke bofe?
A: Mitosis e bohlokoa bakeng sa kholo, ⁢ nts'etsopele le tokiso ea lisele tse phelang ka har'a li-multicellular. E lumella ho thehoa ha lisele tsa morali tse tšoanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le sele ea 'mè, ho netefatsa phetiso ea boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho sebetsa ka nepo ha lintho tse phelang.

Qeto

Ka bokhutšoanyane, interphase le mitosis ke mekhahlelo e 'meli ea bohlokoa ea potoloho ea sele nakong ea interphase, sele e itokisetsa karohano ka ho kopitsa DNA ea eona le ho kopanya liprotheine tse hlokahalang. Ka mor'a moo, mitosis e qala, e arola liphatsa tsa lefutso ka ho lekana pakeng tsa lisele tse peli tsa morali. Ts'ebetso ena e etsahala ka mekhahlelo e mengata, ho kenyelletsa prophase, metaphase, anaphase le telophase.

Interphase le mitosis ke mekhoa e laoloang haholo le e hokahaneng e netefatsang karohano e nepahetseng ea lisele le kabo e nepahetseng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Phetoho efe kapa efe mekhoeng ena e ka lebisa letotong la mafu le mathata a lefutso.

Ha re ntse re ntšetsa pele kutloisiso ea rona ea li-interphase le mitosis, bo-ramahlale ba tsoela pele ho senola mekhoa e nepahetseng e laolang mohato o mong le o mong oa potoloho ea lisele bongaka, haholo-holo lefapheng la oncology.

Qetellong, interphase le mitosis li bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhokomelo le ho ata ha lisele. Boithuto ba eona bo qaqileng bo re lumella ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa e laolang potoloho ea lisele le bohlokoa ba eona ho bophelo bo botle le mafu.