Likarolo le melemo ea likhomphutha tsa ARM: tsohle tseo o hlokang ho li tseba

Sehlooho sena se u mema hore u ikakhele ka setotsoana bokahohleng bo hlollang ba Lik'homphieutha tsa ARM. Re tla shebisisa nalane ea bona, kamoo ba sebetsang kateng, tšebeliso ea bona ea sebele bophelong, liphapang le meaho e meng (joalo ka Intel le AMD's x86), le matla le mefokolo ea bona.

Lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, haeba motho e mong a ne a bua ka lentsoe "processor", ntho ea pele e ileng ea tla kelellong e ne e le lihlahisoa tse kang Intel o AMD, ka li-chip tsa eona tse tsebahalang tsa PC. Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tsa morao tjena, sebapali se secha se iketselitse botumo lefapheng lena, se fetola tsela eo re utloisisang lik'homphieutha, liselefouno le mefuta eohle ea lisebelisoa tsa digital: Lisebelisoa tsa ARM. Empa ha e le hantle, ke eng e bakang kaho ee? Melemo ea eona ea 'nete ke efe ho feta li-processor tse ling tsa setso?

Sesebelisoa sa ARM se sebetsa joang? Melao-motheo ea bohlokoa le liphapang ka x86

Senotlolo sa meralo ea ARM e lutse ho bonolo le bokgoni ba sete ya ditaelo. E ipapisitse le filosofi ea RISC, li-CPU tsa ARM li etsa ts'ebetso ea mantlha haholo (ho eketsa, ho tlosa, ho tsamaisa data, ho tlola, joalo-joalo) ka lipotoloho tsa oache ka bomong, ho fapana le litaelo tse thata le tse telele joalo ka CISC (e tloaelehileng ea x86 ho tsoa ho Intel le AMD). Sena se bolela hore chip ea ARM e ka ba le li-transistors tse fokolang, e leng eona e bolelang:

• Tšebeliso e tlase ea matla.
• Phokotso ea mocheso o hlahisoang.
• Theko e tlase ea tlhahiso.

Ka meralo e mecha (joalo ka ARMv8 le ARMv9), Sesebelisoa sa ARM se ka sebetsa ka mekhoa ea 32-bit le 64-bit., e bapisang 'me ka linako tse ling e feta matla a ts'ebetso ea bahanyetsi ba eona ba x86 mesebetsing ea letsatsi le letsatsi. The tlhophiso ea mantlha e lumella moetsi e mong le e mong ho eketsa likarolo tse itseng, ho holisa mohopolo oa cache, ho eketsa li-coprocessors tsa litšoantšo kapa bohlale ba maiketsetso, jj.

Ho boetse ho na le mekhoa e 'meli ea ts'ebetso:

• Mokhoa oa ARM: Litaelo tsa 32-bit, matla a mangata le ts'ebetso
• Mokhoa oa monoana: Litaelo tse hatelitsoeng tsa 16-bit, tšebeliso e tlase ea matla le letsoalo le phahameng la khoutu, e loketse lisebelisoa tse nang le mefokolo ea mohopolo

Bonolo ha bo bolele ho hloka matla: Mefuta ea hajoale ea ARM e na le lipeipi tse tsoetseng pele, lipeipi, likhakanyo tsa makala, le li-cores tse ngata., e atamela haufi haholo le ts'ebetso ea li-chips tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa x86, haholo-holo mesebetsing moo matla a matla a leng bohlokoa.

Likarolo tsa mantlha tsa likhomphutha tsa ARM

Ho utloisisa ka botlalo hore na ke eng e etsang hore komporo e nang le processor ea ARM e be e ikhethang, re tlameha ho sheba likarolo tsohle tsa eona. litšobotsi tsa tekheniki, ka bobeli boemong ba hardware le bo utloahalang ba meralo:

• Moralo oa RISC: litaelo tse bonolo, ho bolaoa ka potlako, li-transistors tse fokolang
• Core customization: Baetsi ba ka fetola moralo, ba kopanya litšoantšo, AI, ts'ireletso, joalo-joalo.
• Ts'ebeliso e tlase ea matla: e loketse lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse nkehang ntle le lisebelisoa tse sebetsang tsa ho pholisa
• 32 le 64 li lumellana hanyane: Meloko ea morao-rao e tšehetsa ka bobeli, ho ntlafatsa lebelo le matla a ho hopola.
• Cache le bokhoni ba memori: Ho kopanngoa ha cache ea L1 / L2 e ntlafalitsoeng le bese ea data
• Tšehetso e atolositsoeng ea litaelo: Mokhoa oa menoana, tšehetso ea SIMD (NEON), likarolo tse phaphametseng le likeketso tsa bohlale ba maiketsetso mefuteng ea morao-rao.
• Open License: Mang kapa mang a ka iketsetsa lichifi tse thehiloeng ho ARM ka ho lefa laesense ea moralo. Sena se hlahisitse mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea lihlahisoa le tlholisano lipakeng tsa bahlahisi.
• E pharaletseng ea tsamaiso ea ho sebetsa: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS (ho li-Mac tsa morao-rao), har'a tse ling tse ngata

Boemong ba tšebeliso, Ho ata ha li-chips tsa ARM ha ho felle feela ka mehala ea cellular le matlapa.; Ho na le lik'homphieutha tse ngata tsa ARM, li-laptops, li-PC tse nyenyane, li-server esita le li-supercomputer tse itšetlehileng ka katleho ea tsona le scalability.

Melemo ea likhomphutha tsa ARM ho feta Intel le AMD

Melemo ea meralo ea ARM ho feta li-processor tsa x86 tsa setso (Intel le AMD) li hlakile. Har'a lintlha tse matla ke:

• Matla a matla a ke keng a lekanngoa: tshebediso ya motlakase e nyane haholo, e fetolelang ho Bophelo ba betri bo eketsehileng bakeng sa lilaptop le litefiso tse tlase tsa motlakase bakeng sa li-server. Li-chips tse ling tsa morao-rao tsa ARM ha li sebelise 1W, ha li bapisoa le 15-45W bakeng sa lichifi tse tloaelehileng tsa x86.
• Ho pholisa ho entsoe bonolo: ka ho hlahisa mocheso o fokolang, Ha li hloke li-fan tse matla kapa mekhoa e rarahaneng ea ho senya. Sena se etsa hore ho be le meralo e se nang fefe, matlo a masesaane le a khutsitseng.
• Theko e tlaase ka ho fetisisa ea tlhahiso: li-transistors tse fokolang le silicon, ho bonolo ho li hlahisa ka tekanyo e kholo, ho theola litšenyehelo le ho etsa hore ho thehoe likhomphutha tse theko e tlase.
• Ho feto-fetoha le maemoBaetsi ba ka etsa li-chips tsa tloaelo bakeng sa tlhoko e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho tloha ho lisebelisoa tse nyane haholo tsa IoT ho isa ho likhomphutha tse sebetsang hantle haholo.
• Lintlafatso tsa ka mehla: Tlholisano lipakeng tsa bahlahisi (Apple, Qualcomm, Samsung, MediaTek, NVIDIA, joalo-joalo) e tsamaisa boqapi le ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea ts'ebetso le bokhabane.
• Ts'ehetso ea Multiplatform: Ho tloaelehile ho bona lik'homphieutha tsa ARM li sebelisana le Android, Linux, Chrome OS, Windows 10/11 le macOS, e fanang ka mefuta-futa e mengata bakeng sa bahlahisi le basebelisi.

Melemo ena ea hlalosa Hobaneng li-ARM li hapile lefats'e la mehala mme joale li ntse li qothisana lehlokoa le li-laptops, li-convertible, li-PC tse nyane le li-server.. Ho fihla ha li-chips tsa Apple Silicon ho Macs ho bonts'itse hore ho ka finyelloa tekano e kholo lipakeng tsa matla le bophelo ba betri, ho bula tsela ea hore baetsi ba bang ba latele mohlala.

Mefokolo le mefokolo ea hona joale e ka sehloohong

Ha e le hantle, hase melemo eohle. Lik'homphieutha tsa ARM le tsona li na le mefokolo e lokelang ho nahanoa.:

• Tšebelisano e fokolang ea software: lits'ebetso tse ngata (haholo-holo tse etselitsoeng x86) Ha ba sebetse ka tlhaho ho ARM. Leha ho na le litsamaiso tsa ho etsisa (tse kang Apple's Rosetta 2 kapa Prism ho Windows), tshebetso e ka ameha.
• Fokotsa matla a tala maemong a mang: Mesebetsing e boima haholo (ho hlophisa livideo tse profeshenale, papali e feteletseng, CAD, virtualization e tsoetseng pele), li-chips tsa ARM Hangata li oela ka morao ho x86 e ntle ka ho fetisisa.
• E ipapisitse le optimizations: bakeng sa fumana molemo ka ho fetisisa ho eona, bahlahisi ba tlameha ho theha mefuta e ikhethileng ea lits'ebetso tsa bona bakeng sa ARM.
• Phepelo e tlase ea hardware le likarolo: leha e fetoha ka potlako, hona joale ho na le Likhetho tse fokolang bakeng sa likarolo le lisebelisoa tse lumellanang le 100% tsa ARM 'marakeng, haholo-holo Europe le Amerika.
• Meeli papaling le ho itlhophisa: Li-PC tsa Lipapali hangata li hloka li-GPU tse inehetseng, RAM e ngata, le ntlafatso, tse thibetsoeng le ho feta ho ARM ho feta li-platform tsa x86.

Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona ke oa hore meeli ena e fokotsehe ha nako e ntse e ea, kaha bahlahisi le bahlahisi ba ntse ba itšetleha haholo ka ARM.

Mefuta ea li-processor tsa ARM le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji

Ecosystem ea ARM e na le mefuta le malapa a 'maloa, ho tloha ho li-chips tsa pele tsa 16- le 32-bit ho ea ho libata tsa morao-rao tse 64 tse lebisitsoeng ho li-server, li-desktops le lilaptop tsa maemo a holimo. Ha re shebeng tse ka sehloohong:

• ARM1, ARM2, ARM3: bo-pula-maliboho ba histori, ba sebelisoang haholo lik'homphieutheng tsa pele tsa botho le mekhoa e kentsoeng
• ARM6, ARM7, ARM9, ARM11: tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele matla le katleho, ka cache e kopantsoeng, tšehetso ea multimedia le ponahalo ea litaelo tsa SIMD le Thumb
• StrongARM le XScale: li-chips tse nang le laesense ho tsoa ho DEC le Intel, tse tsebahalang haholo lilemong tsa bo-2000 ho li-PDA, mehala ea thekeng le lisebelisoa tsa indasteri.
• Cortex-A, Cortex-R, Cortex-M: malapa a amehang ka ho fetisisa kajeno. Cortex-A bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse akaretsang (li-smartphone, matlapa, lilaptop), tse nang le mefuta e le 'ngoe le e mengata ea mantlha, NEON, TrustZone, le bokhoni ba multimedia. Cortex-R bakeng sa litsamaiso tsa nako ea 'nete (likoloi, li-automation), le Cortex-M bakeng sa li-microcontrollers tse nang le matla a tlase, tse bolokang chelete e ngata.
• Silicone ea Apple: Lichifi tsa Apple tse thehiloeng ho ARM, ho tloha ho M1 ho ea ho M3, tse nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea Pro, Max, le Ultra, tse etellang pele tšebetsong ea lilaptop le li-desktops tse tsamaisang macOS.
• Snapdragon: Lethathamo la maemo a holimo la Qualcomm, le sebelisoang haholo mehalang ea cellular 'me hona joale li ka har'a li-ultrabook le lilaptop tse nang le Snapdragon X Elite le PC e ncha ea Copilot+.

Sehlooho se amanang:

Sesebelisoa se secha sa Surface Pro se hlaha ho setifikeiti sa China, se soma ho khatholla ho tsamaisoang ke ARM.

Sistimi ea ts'ebetso le khokahano ea software ho ARM

Ntlha ea bohlokoa ke ho tsamaellana le software, haholo lits'ebetsong le lits'ebetsong tsa komporo:

• Android le iOS: Litsamaiso tse etselitsoeng ho tloha qalong bakeng sa ARM, tse netefatsang ho lumellana le ts'ebetso e ntle ho mehala ea cellular le matlapa.
• Linux: Tšehetso e pharalletseng bakeng sa liphallelo tse kang Ubuntu, Debian, Arch Linux, Kali, Gentoo, Oracle Linux le tse ling tse ngata, hammoho le BSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD).
• macOSHo tloha ka 2020, li-Mac tse nang le Apple Silicon li ntse li sebetsa ho ARM feela, ka lisebelisoa tse ngata tse kentsoeng kapa tse etsisoang ho sebelisoa Rosetta 2.
• Windows 10 le 11 bakeng sa ARM: Liphetolelo tse ntlafetseng tse tšehetsang lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho le x86 emulation, haholo-holo ka lebaka la Windows 11 Copilot+ le enjine ea eona ea Prism.

Phephetso e kholo bakeng sa likhomphutha tsa ARM hajoale e ntse e le khokahano ea kopo ea komporo. Leha lits'ebetso tse ngata tse tsebahalang li se li ntse li e-na le liphetolelo tsa khale tsa ARM, ho ntse ho na le software e ikhethileng e hlokang ho etsisoa kapa e sa ntlafatsoang.

Mmaraka le baetsi ba likhomphutha ba ARM ba bohlokoa haholo

Kajeno, lik'hamphani tse 'maloa le lisebelisoa li hlahella e le li-trendsetters' marakeng oa ARM bakeng sa likhomphutha:

• Apple: ka MacBook ea eona, iMac, Mac Mini le Mac Studio e thehiloeng ho Apple Silicon. Ho feta moo, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, le Apple TV le tsona li sebelisa ARM.
• Microsoft: Likhomphutha tsa ARM tse maemong a Surface Pro X le Surface Copilot+ li emela boitlamo ba Redmond, ka tšehetso ea lehae bakeng sa Windows le boiteko ba ho ntlafatsa.
• Qualcomm: moetapele ka liselefouno tse nang le Snapdragon, 'me hajoale li ka har'a li-ultrabook le lilaptop tse nang le Snapdragon X Elite le Copilot+ PC.
• Google: Chrome OS ho Chromebooks, e nang le bophelo bo botle ba betri le lisebelisoa tsa Android.
• Samsung, HP, Acer, Lenovo: Ba fana ka lilaptop, matlapa, le tse fetolehang tse nang le li-chips tsa ARM le tse kentsoeng pele Windows 11 ARM, e etelletsa pele boipuso le moralo o bobebe.
• Pi ea Raspberry: sethala sa moetsi se tlisitseng ARM ho basebelisi ba limilione, se khothaletsang mananeo, liroboto, le IoT.

Phapano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ARM le x86 (Intel/AMD)

Ho ba bangata, potso ea mantlha ke hore: processor ea ARM e hlile e fapana joang le processor ea Intel kapa AMD x86?

• Mofuta oa litaelo: ARM e sebelisa RISC, ka litaelo tse bonolo le tse khutšoanyane; x86 ke CISC, e nang le litaelo tse rarahaneng le tse telele.
• Tshebetso ka watt: ARM e sebetsa hantle ka ho sebetsa hantle ha matla, e loketse libeteri le litsamaiso tse sa sebetseng; x86 matla a tala bakeng sa mesebetsi e boima.
• Litlhōlisano: ARM e modular ebile e ka etsoa motho ka mong, x86 e koetsoe haholoanyane ebile e ts'oana.
• Ts'ebelisano ea software: x86 e na le mashome a lilemo a software ea lehae, empa ARM e tsamaea ka potlako ka li-apps le cross-platform.
• Mmaraka oa sepheo: ARM e busa ka mobile, IoT mme e ntse e hola ka har'a lilaptop le li-server; x86 ho li-PC, lipapali le lefa.

Bokamoso ba likhomphutha tsa ARM: re ka lebella eng?

El bokamoso ba ARM E hlaha e le khetho e leka-lekaneng haholo bakeng sa lilaptop, li-convertible, li-PC tse nyane, 'me, ka ho eketsehileng, li-desktops le li-server. Ntho ea bohlokoa e tla ba ho khothaletsa bahlahisi ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso le ho ntlafatsa ho etsisa, ha ba ntse ba boloka boqapi ka matla le ts'ebetso.

Apple e ntse e tsoela pele ho etella pele ka Silicon ea eona le tikoloho e koetsoeng, ha Microsoft, Google, le baetsi ba bang ba ntse ba becha ka ho holisa tšebelisano le ts'ebetso ho ARM. Mokhoa ona o lebisa ho lisebelisoa tse bobebe tse ntseng li eketseha, tse nang le boikemelo bo boholo le ts'ebetso e lekaneng bakeng sa 90% ea ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi., e siea matla a tala a x86 ka morao.

Sebopeho sa komporo se ntse se fetoloa haholo ke ARM, eo e tlohile ho ba protagonist mehalang ea mehala ho ea ho khetho e ntseng e eketseha ea likhomphutha le li-server. Ho khetha sesebelisoa se nang le motheo oa ARM ho ts'episa ts'ebetso, ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, le bokamoso bo tletseng boqapi.

Daniel Terrasa

Mohlophisi ea ikhethileng litabeng tsa theknoloji le marang-rang ea nang le boiphihlelo bo fetang lilemo tse leshome mecheng ea litaba tse fapaneng tsa dijithale. Ke sebelitse ke le mohlophisi le moetsi oa dikahare bakeng sa khoebo ea e-commerce, puisano, papatso ea marang-rang le lik'hamphani tsa papatso. Ke ngotse hape ka liwebsaete tsa moruo, tsa lichelete le tsa makala a mang. Mosebetsi oa ka le ona ke takatso ea ka. Joale, ka lingoliloeng tsa ka ho Tecnobits, Ke leka ho hlahloba litaba tsohle le menyetla e mecha eo lefatše la theknoloji le re fang eona letsatsi le leng le le leng ho ntlafatsa bophelo ba rona.