Glycolysis Metabolism ea Mehala

Glycolysis ke mokhoa oa mantlha oa metabolic 'meleng metabolism ea sele e lumellang ho robeha ha glucose ho fumana matla. Ka letoto la karabelo ea enzymatic, glycolysis e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea adenosine triphosphate (ATP), e tsamaisang matla a mantlha liseleng. Ts'ebetso ena, e bolokiloeng haholo linthong tsa mefuta eohle ea bophelo, ho tloha ho libaktheria ho ea ho batho, e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa mekhoeng e mengata ea likokoana-hloko le ea mafu. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba ka ho qaqileng likarolo le mekhahlelo ea bohlokoa ea glycolysis, hammoho le bohlokoa ba eona ho metabolism ea cellular.

Kenyelletso ea Glycolysis: Khopolo le Mosebetsi ho Metabolism ea Mehala

Glycolysis ke tsela ea bohlokoa ea metabolism ea lisele, e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho fetola tsoekere hore e be matla a sebelisoang ke sele. Ts'ebetso ena, e teng ho likokoana-hloko tsa prokaryotic le eukaryotic, e etsahala ka har'a cytoplasm 'me e na le a⁤ letoto la liphetoho tse laoloang haholo⁤ biochemical.

Mohopolo oa mantlha ka mor'a glycolysis ke ho fumana matla ka ho senyeha ho itseng ha tsoekere nakong ea tsela ena, tsoekere e arotsoe ka limolek'hule tse peli tsa pyruvate, e hlahisang ATP, e leng mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla a sele. Ntle le tlhahiso e tobileng ea ATP, glycolysis e boetse e ameha tlhahisong ea li-precursors tsa metabolism bakeng sa litsela tse ling, tse kang motsoako oa mafura a mafura le amino acid.

Glycolysis ke tsela ea anaerobic, ke hore, ha e hloke oksijene bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea eona, e leng se etsang hore e be mokhoa o potlakileng le o sebetsang oa tlhahiso ea matla maemong a phepelo ea oksijene e tlase. Le hoja e tsejoa haholo-holo ka karolo ea eona molokong oa ATP, glycolysis e boetse e kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa likokoana-hloko, tse kang taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le taolo ea kholo ea lisele. Ka bokhutšoanyane, glycolysis ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa le o sebetsang oa metabolism o bapalang "karolo ea bohlokoa" metabolism ea sele.

Mehato ea Glycolysis: Tlhaloso e qaqileng ea mohato ka mong

Ho utloisisa ka botlalo mehato ea glycolysis, ho bohlokoa ho ba le tlhaloso e qaqileng ea mohato ka mong. Ka tlase, re fana ka kakaretso e akaretsang ea mehato ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ena ea bohlokoa ea tsela ea metabolic ea glycolysis.

1. Mohato oa Boitokiso:
- Reagent ea pele: tsoekere e fetoloa ho⁤ glucose-6-phosphate ke enzyme ea hexokinase.
‌ ⁤ - Isomerization: glucose-6-phosphate e fetoloa ⁤ ho fructose-6-phosphate ka karabelo e hlahisoang ke ⁢phosphohexose-isomerase.
- Phosphorylation ea bobeli: fructose-6-phosphate e fetoloa fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ⁢ka lebaka la ketso ea phosphofructokinase-1.
⁤ - Qetellong ea mohato ona, limolek'hule tse peli tsa ATP li se li fetotsoe.

2. Karolo ea Karohano:
- ⁤Ho tlosoa ha fructose-1,6-bisphosphate: enzyme aldolase e arola fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ka limolek'hule tse peli, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) le glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
- Isomerization: DHAP e fetoloa molek'hule e 'ngoe ea G3P ka enzyme ea triose-phosphate isomerase. Joale, limolek'hule ka bobeli ke G3P.
- Ka mor'a moo, ho fumanoa limolek'hule tse peli tsa G3P.

3. Karolo ea Tlhahiso ea ATP le NADH:
- Oxidation: molek'hule e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea G3P e na le oxidation le phosphorylation. NAD+ e fokotsehile ho NADH, 'me molek'hule ea 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate e fumanoa.
- Phetiso ea phosphate le tlhahiso ea ATP: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ⁢e fetoloa ⁢ho 3-phosphoglycerate ka lebaka la phosphoglyceratokinase, e hlahisang molek'hule ea ATP.
⁤ -‍ Dehydration ⁢le sebopeho sa ATP: ⁢ 3-phosphoglycerate e fetoloa ⁤ ho 2-phosphoglycerate, e lokolla molek'hule ea metsi, ebe phosphoenolpyruvate ka tokollo e 'ngoe ea metsi. Qetellong, molek'hule ea ATP.
⁢ ‌
Litlhaloso tsena tse qaqileng tsa mohato ka mong oa glycolysis li fana ka pono ea tekheniki le e felletseng ea ts'ebetso ena ea metabolic. Ka lebaka leo, u ka ananela ho rarahana le ho nepahala ha mehato e amehang ho robeheng ha tsoekere, e leng bohlokoa ho fumana matla ka mokhoa oa ATP liseleng tsa rona. Ka ho utloisisa mehato ena, hoa khoneha ho ananela le ho ithuta ka botebo ts'ebetso ea glycolysis le bohlokoa ba eona tlhahisong ea matla 'meleng ea rona.

Taolo ea Glycolysis: Mekhoa le lintlha tse amang ts'ebetso ea eona

Glycolysis ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa metabolic o ikarabellang bakeng sa ho phatloha ha tsoekere 'meleng. citoplasma celular. Taolo ea eona e nepahetseng e bohlokoa ho boloka botsitso ho metabolism ea matla. Ho finyella sena, mekhoa le lintlha tse fapaneng tse amang mosebetsi oa eona li 'nile tsa khetholloa.

E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea taolo ea glycolysis ke maikutlo a fosahetseng. Sena se bolela hore lihlahisoa tsa ho qetela tsa tsela ka tlhōlisano li thibela li-enzyme tse ikarabellang bakeng sa liketso tsa bohlokoa Ka mohlala, citrate, e leng bohareng ba potoloho ea Krebs, e ka thibela enzyme phosphofructokinase-1, e fokotsa lebelo la glycolysis. Ho boetse ho hlokometsoe hore khatello ea ATP, NADH le acetyl-CoA e susumetsa taolo e mpe, ho thibela ho fokotseha ha li-intermediate tse hlokahalang bakeng sa litsela tse ling tsa metabolism.

Ntle le maikutlo a fosahetseng, ts'ebetso ea glycolysis e boetse e susumetsoa ke lintlha tsa extracellular. Mohlala, ho ba teng ha glucose tikolohong ke ntho ea bohlokoa taolong ea eona. Tlas'a maemo a khatello e phahameng ea tsoekere, tsela e ea sebetsa ho nka monyetla oa substrate ena ea matla. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemong a ho itima lijo kapa ho fumaneha ha tsoekere e tlase, glycolysis e thibetsoe ho boloka tsoekere le ho sebelisa mehloli e meng ea matla, joalo ka mafura a acid. Lintlha tse ling, tse kang pH le mocheso, le tsona li ka ama tšebetso ea li-enzyme tse amehang ho glycolysis.

Bohlokoa ba baeloji⁢ ba Glycolysis ho fumana matla

Glycolysis ke tsela ea bohlokoa ea metabolic bakeng sa ho fumana matla linthong tse phelang Ka ts'ebetso ena, tsoekere e aroloa ho ba pyruvate, e hlahisang ATP le NADH joalo ka lihlahisoa. Letoto lena la lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale le hlaha ka cytoplasm ea lisele 'me li ka etsoa ha ho se na oksijene (anaerobic) kapa boteng ba oksijene (aerobic).

Bohlokoa bo ka sehloohong ba baeloji ea glycolysis bo ka karolo ea eona e le mohloli oa matla a potlakileng. Joalokaha e etsahala ho cytoplasm, ts'ebetso ena ha e itšetlehe ka boteng ba mitochondria, e lumellang lisele ho fumana matla ka katleho esita le maemong a ho fumaneha ha oksijene e tlaase. Ka hona, glycolysis e bohlokoa maemong a khatello ea matla, joalo ka boikoetliso bo matla kapa khaello ea oksijene liseleng kapa liseleng.

Bohlokoa bo bong ba biology ba glycolysis ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho hlahisa li-precursor tsa metabolic tse sebelisoang lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa cellular. Nakong ea glycolysis, ho etsoa li-intermediate tse kang glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, tse ka sebelisoang bakeng sa ho kopanya lipids le metsoako e meng ea manyolo, ho phaella moo, pyruvate e hlahisoang ke glycolysis e ka kena potolohong ea Krebs ka pel'a oksijene. mohlodi wa carbon le matla a tlatsetso bakeng sa sele.

Li-pathologies tse ka bang teng⁢ tse amanang le liphetoho ho glycolysis

Glycolysis ke tsela ea bohlokoa ea metabolic bakeng sa tlhahiso ea matla liseleng, empa phetoho efe kapa efe ts'ebetsong ea eona e ka lebisa ho mafu a fapaneng. Ka tlase, re hlahisa a mang a mafu a ka bang teng a amanang le liphetoho tsena:

1. Khaello ea Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): Lefu lena ke lefutso 'me le tšoauoa ka khaello ea enzyme ea G6PD, e bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa tseleng ea glycolysis. Ka lebaka leo, lisele ha li khone ho hlahisa matla a lekaneng, e leng se ka lebisang matšoao a kang hemolytic anemia, mokhathala le jaundice.

2. Hipoglucemia: Hypoglycemia e etsahala ha maemo a tsoekere ea mali a le tlase haholo. Matšoao a ka kenyelletsa ho tsekela, ho ferekana, ho tsietsana⁤ le bothata ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo.

3. Kankere le phello ea Warburg: Ketsahalo e tsejoang e le phello ea Warburg e bonoa liseleng tse ngata tsa mofetše, moo keketseho ea glycolysis e hlahang, esita le boteng ba oksijene e lekaneng. Sena se lumella lisele tsa mofets'e ho fumana matla ao li a hlokang ho hola le ho arola ka potlako.

Khokahano ea Metabolic: Kamano ea ⁤Glycolysis le litsela tse ling tsa metabolism ea cellular.

Glycolysis ke tsela ea bohlokoa ea metabolic e hlahang cytosol ea lisele, mme mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho fetola molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea tsoekere hore e be limolek'hule tse peli tsa pyruvate, ha e ntse e hlahisa ATP le NADH. Leha ho le joalo, tsela ena ha e sebetse ka thōko ho metabolism ea cellular, empa e hokahane le litsela tse ling tsa metabolic, e leng se lumellang ho kopanya le ho laola ka katleho ho phalla ha carbon le matla ka seleng.

E 'ngoe ea likhokahano tsa mantlha tsa metabolic tsa glycolysis ke tsela ea gluconeogenesis. Ka tsela ena ea anabolic, pyruvate e hlahisoang ka glycolysis e ka fetoloa tsoekere, haholo-holo sebeteng le liphio, e leng se lumellang ho boloka maemo a lekaneng a tsoekere ea mali. Khokahano ena e bohlokoa ho boloka⁤ the⁤ tekano ea matla 'meleng.

Khokahano e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke e thehiloeng ka potoloho ea tricarboxylic acid, e tsejoang hape e le potoloho ea Krebs kapa citric acid cycle. Pyruvate e bakoang ke glycolysis e ka kena potolohong ea Krebs hore e be oxidized ka ho feletseng, e hlahisang NADH le FADH.₂. Metsoako ena e matla ka mor'a moo e sebelisoa ketane ea lipalangoang tsa elektronike, e qetellang e lebisa tlhahisong ea ATP.

Litlhahiso tsa ho ntlafatsa Glycolysis lits'ebetsong tsa biotechnology le bophelo bo botle

Glycolysis ke tsela e bohareng ea metabolic e bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tsa biotechnology le bophelo bo botle. Ho ntlafatsa tsela ena ho ka ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa biotechnology le ho khothaletsa metabolism e phetseng hantle 'meleng. Mona ke tse ling tsa likhothaletso tsa bohlokoa ho eketsa katleho ea glycolysis:

1. Laola phepelo ea tsoekere: Glucose ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea glycolysis. Ho bohlokoa ho etsa bonnete ba phepelo e lekaneng ea glucose ho ntlafatsa mokhoa ona oa metabolic. Lits'ebetsong tsa biotechnology, ho khothaletsoa ho sebelisa media media e nang le tsoekere e ngata le ho lekola maemo a tsoekere khafetsa ho fetola maemo a setso. Mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba motho, ho boloka lijo tse leka-lekaneng tse fanang ka phepelo e lekaneng ea lik'habohaedreite ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa metabolism e sebetsang ea glycolytic.

2. Laola tšebetso ea li-enzyme tsa bohlokoa: Glycolysis e tsamaisoa ke letoto la li-enzyme tse susumetsang karabelo e fapaneng ea tsela ea metabolic. Ho fetola ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tsena ho ka susumetsa lebelo le katleho ea glycolysis Ho ntlafatsa tsela ena, hoa hlokahala ho tsebahatsa li-enzyme tsa bohlokoa le ho laola ts'ebetso ea tsona ho sebelisa mekhoa ea boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa li-regulator tsa metabolic. Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore ho feto-fetoha ha enzyme phosphofructokinase, mohlala, ho ka ntlafatsa haholo katleho ea glycolysis lits'ebetsong tse itseng tsa biotechnology.

3. Netefatsa ts'ebetso e lekaneng ea ho belisoa: Lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa biotechnology le bophelo bo botle, glycolysis e amana haufi-ufi le ho belisoa. Ho belisoa ke tsela ea ho qetela ea glycolysis 'me e ka susumetsa chai le boleng ba sehlahisoa sa ho qetela. Ho ntlafatsa maemo a ho belisoa, joalo ka mocheso, pH le boteng ba li-cofactors, ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore glycolysis e sebetsa hantle. Ho feta moo, tšebeliso ea mefuta e itseng ea likokoana-hloko e nang le tshebetso e phahameng Ho belisoa kapa boenjineri ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang ho ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso e akaretsang ea glycolysis le fermentation.

Lipotso le Likarabo

P: ⁤glycolysis ke eng hona e na le karolo efe ho metabolism ea cellular?
A: Glycolysis ke tsela e bohareng ea metabolism e etsahalang cytoplasm ea lisele mme ke karolo ea metabolism ea cellular. Mosebetsi oa eona o ka sehloohong ke ho robeha ha tsoekere ho fumana ⁤matla ka sebopeho sa ATP.

P: Mehato ea glycolysis ke efe?
A: Glycolysis e na le karabelo e leshome ea enzymatic e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: mohato oa boitokiso le mohato oa mahlahahlaha. Mokhahlelong oa ho itokisa,⁢ molek'hule ea ATP e tseteloa ho fetolela⁢ tsoekere ho fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; 'me karolong ea matla, limolek'hule tse peli tsa ATP, tse peli tsa NADH le tse peli tsa pyruvate li hlahisoa.

P: Bohlokoa ba glycolysis tlhahisong ea matla ke bofe?
A: Glycolysis ke tsela ea anaerobic metabolism e fanang ka matla liseleng kapele ha oksijene e le sieo. Ho feta moo, pyruvate e hlahisoang ka glycolysis e ka kena litseleng tse ling tsa metabolic, joalo ka potoloho ea Krebs, ho hlahisa limolek'hule tse ngata tsa ATP.

P: Batsamaisi ba glycolysis ke eng?
A: Glycolysis e laoloa ke li-enzyme le lintlha tse fapaneng. Har'a tsona ho na le li-enzyme tsa phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) le hexokinase, tse tlas'a taolo ea allosteric E boetse e angoa ke ho fumaneha ha li-substrates, tse kang khatello ea tsoekere le ⁤ ATP / AMP ratio.

P: Glycolysis e amana joang le mafu a metabolism?
A: Liphetoho ho glycolysis li ka lebisa ho mafu a metabolism. Ka mohlala, maemong a khaello ea li-enzyme, joaloka lefung la Von Gierke, tsoekere e ke ke ea arohanngoa hantle, e leng ho fellang ka hore ho be le tsoekere e phahameng ka tsela e sa tloaelehang maling.

P: Na ho na le li-metabolite tse ling tse hlahisoang nakong ea glycolysis?
A:⁢ E, nakong ea glycolysis metabolite tse ling li hlahisoa ho phaella ho pyruvate le ATP. Tsena li kenyelletsa NADH, e leng mochine oa elektronike, le 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, e sebetsang e le karoloana bakeng sa tlhahiso ea ATP e latelang ho phosphorylation ea boemo ba substrate.

P: Kamano ke efe lipakeng tsa glycolysis le lactate metabolism?
A: Nakong ea anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate e hlahisoang e fokotsehile ho lactate e sebelisa NADH, kahoo e thibela ho hahoa ha NADH le ho lumella glycolysis hore e tsoele pele ho hlahisa ATP. Lactate e hlahisoang⁤ ka mor'a moo e ka sebelisoa e le substrate ke lisele tse ling kapa ea khutlisetsoa ho pyruvate.

Comentarios⁤ Finales

Qetellong, glycolysis ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea metabolism ea cellular, e etsahalang ho cytoplasm ea lisele. Ka letoto la liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale, tsoekere ea robeha ho hlahisa matla ka mokhoa oa ATP. Ts'ebetso ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho sebetsa le ho phela ha lisele tsohle. Ho feta moo, glycolysis e boetse e fana ka li-precursors⁤ for⁤ lits'ebetso tse ling tsa metabolism, joalo ka motsoako oa mafura a acid le amino acid.

Glycolysis ke ts'ebetso e laoloang haholo, eo ho eona li-enzyme tse khethehileng li kenellang 'me ho hlahisoa li-intermediate tsa bohlokoa. Limolek'hule tsena tse mahareng li ka fetisetsoa litseleng tse ling tsa metabolism, ho latela litlhoko le maemo a 'mele a sele. Ho feta moo, ho fumaneha ha li-substrates le ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa li-enzyme tse laolang le tsona li susumetsa lebelo le katleho ea glycolysis.

Le hoja glycolysis e le ts'ebetso ea anaerobic, ke hore, ha e hloke oksijene, e boetse e amahanngoa le litsela tsa metabolic tsa aerobic. Nakong ea anaerobic glycolysis, pyruvate e hlahisoang e ka fetoloa ho lactate, ea lokolla NAD+ le ho lumella ho tsoela pele ha ts'ebetso maemong ⁢ a ho fumaneha ha oksijene e tlase. Leha ho le joalo, ka pel'a oksijene, pyruvate e ka kena ho phefumoloha ha sele 'me ea oxidized ka ho feletseng ho CO2 le metsi, e hlahisang matla a mangata.

Ka kakaretso, metabolism ea glycolysis selefouno ke ts'ebetso senotlolo ho metabolism ea matla ea lisele, e lumellang ho senyeha ha tsoekere ho hlahisa matla kapele le ka nepo. Taolo ea eona e nepahetseng le ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a 'mele e etsa hore e be mokhoa oa motheo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea lintho tse phelang. Ntle ho pelaelo, thuto e tsoelang pele ea glycolysis e re fa kutloisiso e ntle ea mekhoa ea metabolism le liphello tsa eona bophelong bo botle le maloetse.