The redes informáticas Ba fetohile lesela le kopanyang bophelo ba rona ba digital. Litsamaiso tsena tse hokahaneng tsa lik'homphieutha le lisebelisoa li nolofalletsa phapanyetsano ea data ka mokhoa o se nang moeli, ho fetola tsela eo re buisanang ka eona, re sebetsang le ho fumana tsebo. Empa hantle-ntle marang-rang a likhomphutha ke eng, 'me a sebetsa joang?
Ha e le hantle, marang-rang a khomphutha ke sehlopha sa litsamaiso tsa khomphutha tse hokahaneng ka letoto la lisebelisoa tse nang le mehala kapa tse se nang mohala. Litsamaiso tsena li arolelana tlhahisoleseling ka mokhoa oa paquetes de datos, e fetisoa ka tšusumetso ea motlakase, maqhubu a motlakase kapa mekhoa e meng ea 'mele. Maikutlo a ka morao ho phapanyetsano ena ha a fapane haholo le mekhoa e meng e tsebahalang ea puisano: ho na le sefetisi, e receptor, e molaetsa le mokhoa oa ho e fetisa, hammoho le letoto la likhoutu kapa liprothokholo tse tiisang kutloisiso ea eona.
Melemo ea marang-rang a likhomphutha
Marang-rang a khomphutha a fana ka melemo e mengata libakeng tse fapaneng. Ka ho ba le likhomphutha tsa marang-rang, hoa khoneha:
- Etsa puisano e ntle ea ka hare
- Arolelana sebaka sa ho kena ho Inthanete
- Laola li-peripherals joalo ka bahatisi y li-scanner bohareng
- Romela data le lifaele kapele ntle le tlhoko ea lisebelisoa tsa bobeli tsa polokelo
Sena sohle se finyelloa ka lebaka la litekanyetso tsa puisano tse kang TCP/IP, e lumellang lik'homphieutha tse fapaneng ho "bua" puo e le 'ngoe.
Tipos de redes informáticas
Marang-rang a likhomphutha a arotsoe ho latela boholo le boholo ba ona:
- Redes LAN (Local Area Network): Ana ke marang-rang a manyane, joalo ka a teng ka tlung kapa ofising e nyane.
- Redes MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Li akaretsa sebaka se pharaletseng, joalo ka khamphase ea univesithi kapa k'hamphani e kholo.
- Redes WAN (Wide Area Network): Ana ke marang-rang a maholohali, joalo ka Marang-rang, a hokahanyang likhomphutha lefatšeng ka bophara.
Ho feta moo, marang-rang a ka hlophisoa ho latela theknoloji ea khokahano e sebelisoang:
- Redes de medios guiados: Ba sebelisa lithapo, tse kang li-twisted pair, coaxial cable kapa fiber optics, ho hokahanya lik’homphieutha.
- Redes de medios no guiados: Ba sebelisa mekhoa e se nang mohala, joalo ka maqhubu a radio, infrared kapa microwaves, ho theha puisano.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa marang-rang a khomphutha
Hore marangrang a komporo a sebetse hantle, ho hlokahala lintlha tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa:
| Elemento | Tlhaloso |
|---|---|
| Liseva | Lik'homphieutha tse sebetsanang le ho phalla ha data le ho laola taolo ea marang-rang. |
| Bareki kapa litsi tsa mosebetsi | Lik'homphieutha tseo e leng karolo ea marang-rang 'me li lumella basebelisi ho fumana lisebelisoa tse laoloang ke seva. |
| Medios de transmisión | Lithapo kapa maqhubu a motlakase a lumellang phetiso ea tlhahisoleseling. |
| Elementos de hardware | Likarolo tsa 'mele tse kang likarete tsa marang-rang, modem, lirutha le li-antenna tse pheta-phetoang tse bolokang khokahano. |
| Elementos de software | Mananeo a kang Network Operating System (NOS) le liprothokholo tsa puisano tse lumellang ts'ebetso le ts'ireletso ea marang-rang. |
Network Topologys: Mehlala ea Khokahano
Topology ea marang-rang e bolela mokhoa oa ho hokahanya ho latela hore na likamano pakeng tsa bareki le li-server li hlophisitsoe joang. Ho na le mefuta e meraro ea mantlha:
- Topology ea linear kapa libese: Seva e ka sehloohong sa marang-rang mme bareki ba ajoa ka mola, ba arolelana mocha o le mong oa puisano o bitsoang bese kapa mokokotlo.
- Topología en estrella: Seva e fumaneha bohareng ba marang-rang mme moreki e mong le e mong o na le khokahano e ikhethileng. Lipuisano tsohle lipakeng tsa mechini li tlameha ho qala ka har'a seva.
- Topology ea selikalikoe kapa selikalikoe: Mechini eohle e hokahane ka selikalikoe, ha e kopana le ba haufi-ufi le ka mantsoe a lekanang, le hoja seva se boloka bolaoli ba sona.
Sebakeng se ntseng se tsoela pele ho hokahana, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa ts'ebetso le bohlokoa ba marang-rang a likhomphutha. Mehaho ena ea dijithale ha e nolofalletse puisano le kabo ea tlhahisoleseling feela, empa hape e rala motheo oa lintlafatso tsa theknoloji tse fetolang tsela eo re phelang le ho sebetsa ka eona. Ha re ntse re habile bokamosong bo ntseng bo eketseha ba dijithale, marang-rang a likhomphutha a tla tsoelapele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho aheng lefatše le hokahantsoeng le ho sebetsa hantle.
Haeba u batla ho teba ka botebo sebakeng se khahlang sa marang-rang a likhomphutha, re khothaletsa ho hlahloba lisebelisoa tse latelang:
- Lintho tsa motheo tsa marang-rang - Cisco
- Kenyelletso ho marang-rang - IBM
- Marang-rang ho Windows Server - Microsoft
Ho ithuta ho tsoelang pele le ho ikamahanya le maemo a mahlale a macha ke senotlolo sa ho lula ka pele-pele tšimong ena e thabisang.
Ke 'na Sebastián Vidal, moenjiniere oa k'homphieutha ea chesehelang theknoloji le DIY. Ho feta moo, ke 'na moetsi oa tecnobits.com, moo ke arolelanang lithupelo ho etsa hore theknoloji e fumanehe le ho utloisisoa ke motho e mong le e mong.