Imibuzo engama-20 eneNgxelo malunga neNqobo kunye neNdalo

Inyani kunye nendalo yendalo yimisinga yoncwadi eshiye uphawu olubalulekileyo kwimbali yoncwadi. Ezi ntshukumo zibonakaliswe ngokugxila ekuboniseni inyaniso ngendlela enenjongo kunye nenyaniso, ngenkcazo ecacileyo yentlalo, ingqondo kunye nemiba yendalo yabalinganiswa kunye nokusingqongileyo. Nangona babelana ngokufana kumxholo kunye nesimbo sabo, kukho iiyantlukwano ezifihlakeleyo ezahlula omnye komnye. Kweli nqaku, siya kuhlalutya kwaye siphawule ngemibuzo eyi-20 esisiseko malunga nokwenyani kunye nendalo, siqhekeza nganye yezi ntshukumo zoncwadi ukusuka kumbono wobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi. Fumanisa ngakumbi malunga nendlela le mihlaba yoncwadi eyichaphazele ngayo indlela esiqonda ngayo kwaye siyabuxabisa ubugcisa bokubhala.

1. Intshayelelo yemibuzo engama-20 enikeziweyo malunga nenyani kunye nendalo

Kule post, siza kubonisa uhlalutyo olucacileyo lwe-20 yemibuzo eqhelekileyo malunga nenyani kunye nendalo yendalo kwiincwadi. Le mibuzo ikhethwe ngononophelo ukujongana neengqikelelo ezisisiseko kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo zazo zombini iintshukumo zoncwadi.

Ngesi sikhokelo, siya kuhlalutya umbuzo ngamnye ngeliso elibukhali, sinikezela ngeengcaciso ezicacileyo nezicacileyo eziza kukunceda uziqonde ngcono ezi ndlela zoncwadi. Siza kuphonononga izihloko ezinjengokumelwa okuyinyani kokwenyani, ukukhangela inyaniso kunye nenjongo, kunye nokugxila kwimihla ngemihla kunye nendalo.

Kumbuzo ngamnye, siya kunika imizekelo ebonakalayo evela kwimisebenzi ephambili yoncwadi ebonisa iimpawu eziphambili zenyani kunye nendalo. Ukongeza, siya kubonelela ngeengcebiso ezixabisekileyo zokukunceda ukuba uchonge imiqondiso kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo ngaphakathi kwesicatshulwa esibonisa ukuba sikwintshukumo enye okanye kwenye.

Akukhathaliseki nokuba ungumfundi woncwadi, ungumntu othanda ukufunda, okanye unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezi ntshukumo, esi sikhokelo siya kukunika isiseko esiluqilima sokuphanda nzulu kufundo lwenyani kunye nendalo yoncwadi.

Ngalo lonke olu phononongo lwemibuzo kunye neempendulo, siya kukubonelela ngezixhobo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezixhobo ukuze ukwazi ukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho kwezi ntshukumo zoncwadi. Ukongeza, siya kubandakanya iimbekiselo kwizifundo ezibalulekileyo zangoku kunye neendlela eziya kukuvumela ukuba uphonononge ngakumbi kwingxoxo yezemfundo malunga nenyani kunye nendalo.

Ekupheleni kwesi sikhokelo, uya kuba nolwazi oluluqilima lweekhonsepthi eziphambili, iimpawu ezahlukileyo, kunye neyona misebenzi imeleyo yoncwadi yenyani kunye nendalo kuncwadi.

2. Inkcazo kunye neempawu zenyani yoncwadi

Ubunyani boncwadi yintshukumo yoncwadi eyavela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 kwaye ibonakala ngokumela ubunyani ngendlela enenjongo nethembekileyo. Le yangoku iyayichasa ingqikelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwentelekelelo ekhoyo kweminye imisinga yoncwadi.

Olunye lweempawu ezingundoqo zobunyani boncwadi lumelo oluneenkcukacha nolucokisekileyo lobomi bemihla ngemihla, kuquka imiba efana nokuchazwa kwabalinganiswa, imo yentlalo nezopolitiko, iimpixano kunye neengxaki ezikhoyo. kuluntu. Ababhali bokwenene bafuna ukubonisa ubunyani ngokufanelekileyo, ngaphandle kokuyilungisa okanye bafihle imiba yayo emibi.

Ngaphaya koko, ubunyani boncwadi bubonakala ngesimbo sawo esilula nesithe ngqo, siphepha izihombiso zoncwadi okanye ulwimi lwesihobe. Ababhali bokwenyani bagxile ekucaceni nasekunyanisekeni ekuboniseni iinyani kunye neemvakalelo. Ngokunjalo, luphawulwa ngokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwentetho ekufutshane nentetho yemihla ngemihla, nto leyo enegalelo ekudaleni ingqiqo enkulu yenyani emsebenzini.

Ngamafutshane, ukufundwa kwezinto eziyinyani yintshukumo efuna ukumela ubunyani ngokufanelekileyo nangokucacileyo, ukuphepha ukusebenzelana nengqondo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwentelekelelo. Ibonakala ngenkcazo ecacileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla, isimbo esilula nesithe ngqo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwimi oluthethwayo. Le ndlela yokwenene ivumela umfundi ukuba angene emsebenzini ngokusondeleyo kwaye aqaphele ubunyani kuwo.

3. Impembelelo yomxholo wembali kwi-realism kunye nendalo

Imeko yezembali idlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwentshukumo yoncwadi eyaziwa ngokuba yinyani. Ukusabela kutshintsho lwezentlalo nezopolitiko olwenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-19, ababhali bokwenyani bachaza ubunyani bobomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye basuka kwiimvakalelo ezibaxiweyo kunye nemixholo eyiyo eyimpawu yokuthandana. Inyani yayifuna ukumela ngokuchanekileyo iindidi zentlalo, iingxaki zoqoqosho, kunye neemeko zokuphila zelo xesha, ngokufuthi zijolise koohlohlesakhe nabasebenzi.

Kwelinye icala, i-naturalism nayo yaphenjelelwa ngamandla yimeko yembali. Ivele njengolwandiso lwenyani, kodwa igxile ngakumbi kwinjongo nefuthe lemo engqongileyo ekuziphatheni komntu. Ngelo xesha, uluntu lwalusenza utshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yokukhula kwemizi-mveliso kunye nokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwiimeko ezinzima zokuphila kubantu abaninzi. Ababhali bezazi ngendalo babenomdla ekuboniseni indlela la mandla angaphandle, anjengentlupheko nokunqongophala kwamathuba, abubumba ngayo ubume nezenzo zomntu ngamnye.

Ukongeza, umxholo wembali uphinde waphembelela ubunyani kunye nendalo ngokusebenzisa iithiyori zenzululwazi kunye nezefilosofi zelo xesha. Ukuhambela phambili kwenzululwazi, okufana nengcamango kaCharles Darwin yendaleko, neembono zokumisela nokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kubabhali beli xesha. Ezi ngcamango zinike umbono omtsha wehlabathi kunye nomntu, kwaye ababhali be-realist kunye nababhali bendalo badibanisa kwimisebenzi yabo ukuhlola izihloko ezifana nelifa lemfuza, umzabalazo wokuphila, kunye nendima yokusingqongileyo ekubunjweni kobuntu.

4. Abaxhasi abaphambili benyani kunye nendalo kuncwadi

Kuncwadi, inyani kunye nendalo yendalo yimisinga yoncwadi eyavela ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye yaphawulwa ngokujolisa kwabo ukumela ubunyani ngendlela enenjongo nethembekileyo. Zombini iintshukumo zoncwadi zabelana nabanye abantu ababalaseleyo abathe banegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lwale misinga kwaye bashiya uphawu lwabo kwimbali yoncwadi.

Omnye wababhexeshi abaphambili bobunyani boncwadi nguGustave Flaubert, umbhali ongumFrentshi owaziwayo ngomsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa othi "Madame Bovary." UFlaubert wema ngesitayela sakhe esicacileyo kunye nesichanekileyo, kunye nokukwazi kwakhe ukubonisa ngokugqibeleleyo i-psychology yabalinganiswa bakhe. Inoveli yakhe ethi "Madame Bovary" yayigqalwa njengenguquko ngexesha layo kwisicwangciso sayo sokwenyani kunye nokugxeka kwayo uluntu longxowankulu.

Ngokuphathelele kwindalo, u-Émile Zola ngomnye wababhali abanempembelelo. Ingqokelela yakhe yeenoveli "Les Rougon-Macquart" ngumzekelo obalulekileyo wentshukumo yezendalo, kuba ibonisa ubomi bentsapho kwizizukulwana ezininzi kwaye ihlalutya ngendlela enenjongo kunye nesayensi imiba yentlalo, yengqondo kunye neyebhayoloji yabalinganiswa. UZola wayengomnye wabokuqala ukusebenzisa imigaqo yenzululwazi kwindalo yoncwadi, efuna ukumelwa okuchanekileyo kobunyani.

5. Umahluko phakathi kwenyani kunye nendalo kuncwadi

I-Realityism kunye ne-naturalism ziindlela ezimbini zoncwadi ezavela ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye zabelana ngeempawu ezithile, kodwa zikwabonisa umahluko ophambili owahlula omnye komnye. Yomibini imisinga isekelwe ekuboniseni ubunyani, kodwa ngelixa i-realism ifuna ukuyichaza ngokunyanisekileyo nangokuthembeka, i-naturalism igxile ekuboniseni impembelelo ye-biological and social determinism kubalinganiswa kunye nezenzo zabo.

• Ukwenyani kugxininisa kwinkcazo eneenkcukacha yeziganeko nabalinganiswa, ngaphandle kokuthatha macala okanye ukufuna iingcaciso ezingaphaya koko kubonwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-naturalism ifuna ukufumana izizathu kunye neziphumo zokuziphatha kunye neemeko ezimelwe, zigxininisa impembelelo yendalo kunye nelifa lemfuza.
• Ngoxa izinto zokwenyani zifuna ukubamba inyaniso njengoko injalo, inzululwazi yendalo iphela ibonisa imbono yobomi obungenathemba neqinisekileyo, igxininisa ingcamango yokuba abantu baxhomekeke kumandla angaphaya kwamandla abo nokuba ikamva labo limiselwe kwangaphambili.
• Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwemisinga yomibini kugxininiso kwiyantlukwano yoluntu kunye neeklasi zentlalo. Ngelixa i-realism ijongana nemixholo evela kuzo zonke iiklasi zentlalo kwaye ibonisa abalinganiswa abavela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, i-naturalism igxininisa ngakumbi kwiklasi ephantsi kunye neengxaki zentlalo ezichaphazelayo.

Isishwankathelo, i-realism kunye ne-naturalism yimisinga yoncwadi eyabelana ngokumelwa kwenyani njengeyona njongo yabo iphambili, kodwa iyahluka kwindlela yabo kunye nembono. Ngelixa inyani igxile kwinkcazo yenjongo yeziganeko kwaye ifuna ukubonisa ubunyani njengoko injalo, i-naturalism ibonisa umbono ongathandekiyo kunye nokuzimisela, igxininisa iimpembelelo zentlalo kunye nebhayoloji kubalinganiswa. Yomibini imisinga ishiye ilifa elibalulekileyo kuncwadi, igalelo ekuqondeni ngakumbi kunye nokumelwa kobomi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

6. Uhlalutyo lonxulumano phakathi kokwenyani kunye nokumelwa kokwenyani

Ukwenyani yintshukumo yobugcisa efuna ukumela ubunyani ngokungakhethi cala nangokuthembeka, ngaphandle kwemibono okanye izinto ezibaxayo. Kunye yembali yobugcisa, iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezimbo ziye zaphuhliswa eziye zafuna ukumela inyaniso ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kolu hlalutyo, siza kuphonononga unxulumano phakathi kokwenyani kunye nokumelwa kokwenyani, siphonononga indlela ubunyani obuyiphembelele ngayo indlela esiyibonayo nesimele ngayo ihlabathi elisingqongileyo.

Enye yeempawu eziphambili zokwenyani kukuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha kunye nokucokisa ukumelwa kwezinto kunye nabantu. Sinokulubona olu phawu kwimisebenzi edumileyo efana ne "Las Meninas" nguVelázquez okanye "Los Gitanos" nguCourbet, apho ubuchule obukhulu buboniswa ekuvelisweni kweenkcukacha kunye nenkxalabo yokubamba inyaniso ngokuchanekileyo. Ngokusebenzisa inyani, amagcisa azama ukuveza ubunyani behlabathi ngokumelwa okubonwayo, ngaphandle kohluzo okanye ugqweso.

Ukongeza kwingqwalasela kwiinkcukacha, ubunyani bukwaphawuleka ngokugxila kwimixholo yemihla ngemihla kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izitayile zobugcisa ezinokujolisa kwizinto ezintle okanye ezifanelekileyo, ukunyaniseka kufuna ukubonisa ubunyani njengoko bunjalo. Oku kubandakanya ukumela zombini iimeko ezithandekayo nezingathandekiyo, ezintle nezimbi, eziqhelekileyo nezingaqhelekanga. Ngale njongo ibonakalisa ubunyani, inyani ivumela umbukeli ukuba acinge ngamava akhe kwaye enze unxibelelwano lweemvakalelo noko kumelwayo.

7. Yeyiphi imixholo edla ngokujongwana kwimisebenzi yokwenene neyendalo?

Kwimisebenzi yokwenyani kunye neyendalo, uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko zijongiwe ezibonisa ubunyani kunye nemeko yomntu. Le mijelo yoncwadi ibonakala ngeenjongo zayo zokumela ngokuthembekileyo nangokungakhethi cala ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye namava abantu. Apha ngezantsi zezona zihloko zixhaphakileyo ezidla ngokuqwalaselwa kule misebenzi.

Iintsilelo kunye neengxabano ekuhlaleni: Enye yeempawu ezahlukileyo zemisebenzi yenyani kunye neyendalo kukuhlola kwabo iingxaki zentlalo kunye neengxabano zelo xesha. Le misebenzi ichaphazela imixholo efana nentlupheko, ukungalingani, ukungabikho kokusesikweni, amandla kunye noxinzelelo phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Ngokusebenzisa abalinganiswa kunye nezicwangciso zabo, ababhali benyani kunye nababhali bendalo babhentsisa ukungalingani kunye nobubi boluntu.

Ubume bomntu kunye nomntu: Omnye umxholo oqhubekayo kule misebenzi kukufunda ngendalo yomntu kunye nomntu. Ababhali benyani kunye nababhali bendalo bagxile ekuphononongeni isayikholoji yabalinganiswa, inkuthazo yabo, amaphupha, iminqweno, uloyiko kunye nokuphazamiseka. Ngohlalutyo olucacileyo lwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu, le misebenzi ityhila iingxaki kunye neengxabano zangaphakathi zabalinganiswa.

Uthando kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu: Imisebenzi eyinyani kunye neyendalo ikwajongana nomxholo wothando kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Le misebenzi iphonononga ubunzima bobudlelwane bothando, usapho kunye nobuhlobo, ibonisa eyona miba mihle kunye neyona imnyama. Ababhali benyani kunye nababhali bendalo babonisa amandla antsonkothileyo phakathi kwabalinganiswa kwaye baphonononge indlela abaphembelela ngayo ubomi kunye nezigqibo zabo.

8. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazo eneenkcukacha kwinyani kunye nendalo

Inkcazo eneenkcukacha idlala indima ephambili kubunyani boncwadi nakwindalo. Le misinga yoncwadi igxininisa ukumelwa okuchanekileyo kunye nenjongo yokwenyani, kwaye inkcazo eneenkcukacha sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuphumeza oku. Ngengcaciso echubekileyo yabalinganiswa, iindawo, kunye nezinto, ababhali benyani nabezendalo bafuna ukubonelela ngomfanekiso ocacileyo noyinyaniso woluntu nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Inkcazo eneenkcukacha inemisebenzi emininzi kwinyani kunye nendalo. Okokuqala, inceda ukudala imeko-bume yokwenyani kunye nokuntywila, ivumela umfundi ukuba azintywilisele ngokupheleleyo. emhlabeni yomsebenzi. Ukongeza, inkcazo eneenkcukacha inokutyhila ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nabalinganiswa, inkuthazo yabo, kunye neemvakalelo. Ngokunikela iinkcukacha ezibonwayo, ezeemvakalelo nezeemvakalelo, ababhali banokudlulisela inkcazelo ngempumelelo ukuntsonkotha kwemeko yomntu kunye nokwahluka kwamava.

Ukufumana inkcazo eneenkcukacha esebenzayo, ababhali kufuneka banikele ingqalelo kwizinto eziphambili abafuna ukuziqaqambisa. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kolwimi oluchanekileyo nolubandakanyayo, ukukhetha ezona nkcukacha zifanelekileyo, nokusebenzisa ubuchule boncwadi obufana nezikweko nothelekiso ukuqinisa ifuthe lenkcazo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuba ungathwali kakhulu umfundi ngolwazi olungeyomfuneko, kodwa kunoko unikeze iinkcukacha ezinentsingiselo ngokwenene kwaye zihambelana nebali.

Ngamafutshane, sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokufezekisa ukumelwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokuntywila kokwenyani. Ngengcaciso esondeleyo, ababhali banokudala iiatmospheres zokwenyani, baveze ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngabalinganiswa, kwaye badlulise ukuntsonkotha kwamava omntu. Ngokusebenzisa ulwimi olubandakanyayo kunye nokukhetha ngononophelo ezona nkcukacha zifanelekileyo, ababhali banokwenza imisebenzi yabo iphile kwaye banike umfundi amava antywilayo natyebisayo.

9. Ukugxekwa kunye nokudumisa inyani kunye nendalo njengemisinga yoncwadi

Inyani kunye nendalo yayiziindlela ezimbini zoncwadi ezavela ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye zavelisa ukugxekwa okukhulu kunye nendumiso evela kuluntu lwengqondo. Yomibini le misinga iphawulwe ngokujolisa kwayo ekuboniseni ubunyani ngokungakhethi cala nangokweenkcukacha, kodwa bakwafumana ukugxekwa ngenxa yokungabi namvelaphi yabo kunye nendlela yabo yokuphelelwa lithemba ngokugqithisileyo.

Esinye sezigxeko eziphambili ezenziwe ngobunyani kunye nendalo yendalo kukuba ukukhangela kwabo ubunyani bembali kunye nentlalontle yanciphisa ubuchule kunye nentelekelelo yababhali. Kwaxoxwa ukuba le misinga yoncwadi ixhalabele ngakumbi ukumela inyaniso ngokuthembeka kunokuphonononga imixholo emitsha kunye nobuchule boncwadi. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zombini i-realism kunye ne-naturalism yayisisiseko ekwaphuleni iindibano zothando ezazikho ngelo xesha.

Enye ingongoma yokugxekwa ngokubhekisele kwizinto eziyinyani kunye nendalo yayikukuthanda kwabo ngokugqithisileyo kunye nendlela yokumisela. Ayetyholwa ngokuveza umbono ongenathemba webutho labantu nokukhanyela inkululeko yomntu yokuzikhethela. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi baye bayincoma le misinga ngokukwazi kwabo ukubonisa ubunyani njengoko injalo, ngaphandle kwezihluzo okanye ii-dealizations. Amandla ale misinga okugocagoca kwimiba yentlalo neyengqondo yendalo yomntu, nokugxeka intswela-bulungisa nokungalingani kwelo xesha, ayexatyiswa.

10. Iindlela zokubalisa ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwinyani nakwindalo

Kwintshukumo yoncwadi yenyani kunye nendalo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubalisa zisetyenzisiwe ezigqamayo kwinjongo yazo kunye nenkcazo eneenkcukacha yokwenyani. Apha ngezantsi zezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi ndlela zoncwadi.

Umbalisi owazi konke: Ukusetyenziswa kombalisi owazi konke kuqhelekile kwinyani nakwindalo. Olu hlobo lombalisi lunolwazi olupheleleyo ngeziganeko neengcinga neemvakalelo zabalinganiswa, nto leyo emvumela ukuba abalise ibali ngokungakhethi cala nangokucokisekileyo.

Inkcazo echanekileyo: I-Realityism kunye ne-naturalism ziphawulwa ngokugxila kwazo kwinkcazo ecacileyo yendawo, abalinganiswa kunye neziganeko. Injongo kukubonelela umfundi ngomfanekiso ochanekileyo kunye noyinyani wenyani emelwe kumsebenzi. Ngokukhetha ngononophelo amagama kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezafobe, ubunyani bendawo budluliswa.

Injongo kunye nethoni ekude: Ithoni esetyenziswa kwinyani kunye nendalo iqhelekile kwaye ikude. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-subjectivities kuyaphetshwa kwaye ukunikezelwa kweenyani kunye neenkcukacha kunelungelo, ngaphandle kokwenza izigwebo zexabiso. Olu hlobo lokubalisa lunegalelo ekudaleni umoya wenyaniso kunye nokubonisa ngokuthembekileyo ubunyani belo xesha zentlalo nangokwengqondo.

11. Ukubaluleka komzobo wombhali kwinyani nakwindalo

Kwintshukumo yoncwadi lwenyani kunye nendalo, umzobo wombhali ufumana ukubaluleka okukhulu phakathi kwemisebenzi. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindlela zoncwadi zangaphambili, apho umbhali wayezilinganisela ekubaliseni ibali ngokwembono enenjongo ngakumbi, ngokwenyani nangendalo, umbhali uba ngumkhi-mkhanyo othe kratya nogxeka uluntu. Olu tshintsho lwendima luvumela umbhali ukuba ahlolisise ngendlela enzulu kwaye enenyani ngakumbi imiba yentlalo, yezopolitiko kunye nezengqondo ekhoyo kwimisebenzi yakhe.

Umbhali oyinyani kunye nesazi sendalo ubonakaliswa ngokucokiseka nokugqith' emgceni kwakhe xa echaza imeko-bume eliqhubeka kuyo ibali. Le nkcazo ayiphelelanga kuphela kwimiba yenyama yabalinganiswa kunye nezicwangciso, kodwa iquka imeko yabo yentlalo kunye nenkcubeko, iingcamango zabo ezinzulu kunye neengxabano zabo zangaphakathi. Ngale nkcazo eneenkcukacha, umbhali ufuna ukubonakalisa ubunyani ngokungakhethi cala, ngaphandle kokuhombisa okanye ukuqikelela.

• Umbhali udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugxekeni intswela-bulungisa kwezentlalo kunye nokugxeka ubunyani.
• I-Realityism kunye ne-naturalism ijolise ekuboniseni inyani njengoko injalo, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okanye ukwakheka, kwaye umbhali ujongene nokudlulisa lo mbono.
• Umbhali wenyani kunye nombhali wendalo usebenzisa amava akhe kunye nolwazi ukubonelela ngobunyani bomsebenzi wakhe, abe ngumntu ophambili ekwakhiweni kwembali.

Ukuqukumbela, umfanekiso wombhali ufumana ukubaluleka okusisiseko kwinyani nakwindalo. Ngokuqwalasela kwakhe kunye nenkcazo ecacileyo yobunyani, umbhali ufuna ukuhambisa umbono oyinyaniso kunye nenjongo yoluntu kunye neengxaki zalo. Indima yayo ekukhanyeni ukungabikho kobulungisa kunye nokugxekwa kwentlalo kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwale ntshukumo yoncwadi kwimbali yoncwadi.

12. Impembelelo yenyani kunye nendalo kuncwadi lwangoku

Intshukumo yokwenyani kunye nendalo ishiye uphawu olunzulu kuncwadi lwangoku. Ezi zimbo zoncwadi zavela ngenkulungwane ye-19 njengempendulo kuthando lothando kwaye zafuna ukubonisa izinto eziyinyani ngendlela enenjongo nenyanisekileyo. Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa kwiimpawu ezininzi ezikhoyo kuncwadi lwangoku.

Enye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo zempembelelo yenyani kunye nendalo yendalo yinkcazo ecacileyo yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ababhali bale mihla baye bamkela obu buchule, begxininisa kwinkcazo echubekileyo yezicwangciso, abalinganiswa kunye neemeko. Ngale ngqalelo kwiinkcukacha, uncwadi lwangoku lufuna ukubonisa ubunyani kuko konke ukuntsonkotha nokwahluka kwalo..

Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo kukuphononongwa kwemiba yezentlalo nezopolitiko. Inyani kunye nendalo ziphawulwa ngokujongana nemiba efana nokungalingani kwezentlalo, ukungabikho kobulungisa kunye nomzabalazo weklasi. Olu gxeko lwentlalo luhlala lusebenza kwiincwadi zanamhlanje, eziqhubeka zihlola kwaye zigxeka iingxaki zoluntu lwanamhlanje.. Ngaphaya koko, ababhali beli xesha nabo baye baphenjelelwa ngabalinganiswa bokwenyani nabendalo, abadla ngokuba yimbonakaliso ecacileyo nentsonkothileyo yemeko yomntu.

13. Imisebenzi yokwenene neyendalo ibonisa ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo ibutho labantu bexesha lazo?

Imisebenzi eyinyani kunye neyendalo ibonwa ngokukwazi kwabo ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ubunyani kunye noluntu apho idalwe khona. Ezi ntshukumo zobugcisa zavela ngenkulungwane ye-19 njengempendulo kwi-idealization yothando kwaye igxile ekumeleleni ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neengxaki zentlalo ngokwenyani.

Imisebenzi yokwenyani kunye neyendalo iphawulwa ngokweenkcukacha kunye nendlela ecokisekileyo kwimiba yentlalo nenkcubeko yelo xesha. Amagcisa ale mibutho azabalazela ukubonisa ngokucacileyo ubomi babasebenzi, iimeko zokusebenza, kunye nokungalingani kwezentlalo. Ngobugcisa babo, bafuna ukwazisa ngeengxaki zoluntu nokuzisa inguqu kwezentlalo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba nangona imisebenzi yokwenyani kunye neyendalo inikezela ukumelwa okuthembekileyo koluntu lwexesha labo, ikwabonisa iimbono zomntu ngamnye kunye namava amagcisa. Igcisa ngalinye linombono walo kunye nendlela yalo, ekhokelela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemixholo kunye nezimbo ngaphakathi kwezi ntshukumo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, le misebenzi ibonelela ngokujonga okubalulekileyo kunye nokutyhilayo kwinyani yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko ngexesha labo.

14. Iingcinga zokugqibela kwimibuzo engama-20 zihlomle malunga nenyani kunye nendalo

Nje ukuba kuhlalutywe imibuzo engama-20 malunga nokwenyani kunye nendalo, kubalulekile ukugqamisa iingcinga zokugqibela. Okokuqala, kuyabonakala ukuba le ntshukumo yoncwadi inefuthe elimandla kwibali langoku kunye nendlela ubunyani obumelwe ngayo kuncwadi.

Okwesibini, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inyani kunye nendalo ayizizo iikhonsepthi ezimileyo, kodwa ziyavela kwaye zilungelelanise ixesha. Kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuba ezi ntshukumo ziye zanefuthe njani kwiintsingiselo zoncwadi ezilandelayo kwaye ziqhubeka zifanelekile. okwangoku.

Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba inyani kunye nendalo ayizondlela ezilula zoncwadi, kodwa kunoko zibonisa umbono othile wehlabathi kunye nemeko yomntu. Ngokubonakaliswa kwenjongo yenyaniso kunye nokuvezwa kweyona miba iluhlaza nemnyama yobomi, le mibutho ifuna ukuhambisa umyalezo onzulu malunga nobukho kunye noluntu. Ngokufutshane, uphononongo lwale mibuzo lusinika umbono otyebisayo wemibongo yobunyani kunye nendalo.

Ukuqukumbela, imibuzo engama-20 ehlonitshiweyo malunga nenyani kunye nendalo isivumele ukuba singene kwimiba ephambili, iimpawu kunye nomahluko phakathi kwale misinga mibini yoncwadi. Ngohlalutyo olupheleleyo noluneenkcukacha, siye saphonononga imiba esisiseko efana nokumelwa kwenjongo yokwenyani, ukugxila kwinyaniso, ukugxekwa kwezentlalo, impembelelo yenzululwazi kunye nokubaluleka kwendalo.

Ngale mibuzo siye sakwazi ukuqonda ukuba inyani kunye nendalo ifuna ukubonisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye neenyaniso ezikrwada zoluntu. Nangona babelana ngemiba ethile efanayo, njengokusetyenziswa kwabalinganiswa abaqhelekileyo kunye nenkcazo ecacileyo yendawo engqongileyo, iindlela zabo zokuziphatha ziyahluka ngokwendlela yokutolika inyaniso kunye nempembelelo abayenzayo kumntu ngamnye.

Inyani, egxile ekuboniseni inyaniso njengoko injalo, isekelwe kwinjongo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweenkcukacha zoluntu, inika umbono ongakhethi buso weyona miba ifanelekileyo yobomi kunye nemeko yoluntu. Kwelinye icala, i-naturalism ijonge kwimpembelelo yebhayoloji kunye nentlalontle kubomi babalinganiswa, ukuba nethemba ngakumbi kunye nokugxeka ubunyani.

Olu hlalutyo lusivumele ukuba sikuxabise ukubaluleka kwale mijelo yoncwadi kwimbali yoncwadi kunye nendlela eyiphembelele ngayo indlela esiqonda ngayo nesiyimela ngayo inyaniso. Yomibini le misinga iyaqhubeka ibalulekile namhlanje, kuba isinika izixhobo zokujongana nemiba yentlalontle neyabantu ngokwembono enenjongo ngakumbi.

Ngamafutshane, le mibuzo isinike umbono obanzi nopheleleyo weempawu kunye nomahluko phakathi kokwenyani kunye nendalo, ikhulisa ulwazi lwethu malunga nale misinga mibini yoncwadi isisiseko. Ngombulelo kolu hlalutyo, sinokuqonda ngcono ukuba le misinga ibumbe njani uncwadi kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuba yimfuneko namhlanje.