Iintlobo ze-5 zeHardware kunye nomsebenzi wazo

Kwizithuba ezidlulileyo sele sichazile Yintoni ihardware yekhompyuter kwaye yintoni umsebenzi wayo?. Esi sisihloko esibaluleke kakhulu kwabo bathatha amanyathelo abo okuqala kwihlabathi le-computing kunye ne-computing. Ngoku siza kungena nzulu kwisihloko, sigxininisa iintlobo zehardware ezikhoyo kwaye yintoni umsebenzi izalisekiswe ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yekhompyuter.

Kuyenzeka ukuba uhlele ihardware kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo kuthathelwa ingqalelo imiba efana indawo ekuyo, ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nomsebenzi wayo. Kolu ngeniso siza kugxila kulo mba wokugqibela, kwaye siza kuthetha ngokuthe ngqo malunga neentlobo ezintlanu ze-hardware. Siza kuphinda sijonge imizekelo ye-hardware kunye nokuba yeyiphi imisebenzi abayenzayo ukwenza ukusetyenzwa kwedatha kunokwenzeka kwiindawo zedijithali.

Yintoni hardware

Xa sithetha ngehardware yekhompyuter, sibhekisa kuyo zonke izinto ezibonakalayo nezibambekayo eziyenzayo. Igama lesiNgesi elithi hardware (nzima: lukhuni, kwaye impahla: merchandise) yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngoo-1940 ukumisela ezi zinto. Eli gama libandakanya zonke iinxalenye zoomatshini, zombane neze-elektroniki ezenza ukuba ukusetyenzwa kwedatha kwenzeke kwimeko yedijithali.

Ukuqonda ngcono ihardware yekhompyuter, kufanelekile ukuyithelekisa nenye into ebalulekileyo kwihlabathi lekhompyuter: isoftwareEli gama (thambile: ethambileyo, ethambileyo), igubungela zonke iinkqubo zekhompyuter kunye nezinye izinto zedijithali ezenziwa yikhompyuter. Ngaloo ndlela, i-hardware iquka zonke izinto eziphathekayo kunye nezinto eziphathekayo (iprosesa, iyunithi yokugcina, njl.), ngelixa isofthiwe yenziwe ngezinto zedijithali (iiprogram, iinkqubo zokusebenza, njl.).

Imbali emfutshane yehardware

Ngaphambi kokuthetha malunga neentlobo zehardware, masijonge imbali yayo: uhambo olunomdla kakhulu olusuka kwizixhobo zokuqala zekhompyutha ukuya kwiikhompyuter zanamhlanje ezinamandla. Kwesi sishwankathelo silandelayo unokuyibona ngcono:

• Imvelaphi: Izixhobo zokuqala zokubala, ezifana ne-abacus, zavela kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.
• Isizukulwana sokuqala (1945-1956): Yayingoomatshini abakhulu kakhulu ababesebenzisa iityhubhu zokufunxa.
• Isizukulwana sesibini (1957-1963): Ngokuqulunqwa kwee-transistors, iibhubhu ze-vacuum zatshintshwa, ezinciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu beekhompyutheni.
• Isizukulwana sesithathu (1964-1971): Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zayilwa, zandisa isantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweekhompyuter kwaye zinciphisa ngakumbi ubungakanani bazo.
• Isizukulwana sesine (1971-1981): I-Microprocessors yafika, iqala ixesha leekhompyuter zomntu (PC).
• Okwangoku: Iikhompyuter ziyaqhubeka ziyilwa ngezinto ezincinci nezinamandla ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nokufunda koomatshini kuvelisa inguqu ebalulekileyo kwiintlobo zehardware.

Iintlobo eziphambili ze-5 ze-hardware kunye nomsebenzi wazo

Masithethe ngoku malunga ezona ntlobo zi-5 zehardware ezenza inkqubo okanye ikhompyutha, kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngumntu ngamnye. Zonke ezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kwezixhobo ezinjengeekhompyuter kunye neeselfowuni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, baye bafumana uphuculo olubalulekileyo lokufumana amandla amaninzi kunye nesantya, ukwandisa ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwenkqubo abayidibanisayo.

Ukucubungula izixhobo zekhompyutha

Ukusetyenzwa kwehardware bubuchopho baso nasiphi na isixhobo sombane, ukusuka kwikhaltyhuleyitha elula ukuya kwikhompyuter enamandla. Dibanisa isethi ye izinto eziphathekayo ezinoxanduva lokuphumeza imiyalelo kunye nokwenza izibalo ukuze isixhobo sisebenze. Ezi zinto zinokuba:

• IYunithi yoCwangciso oluPhakathi (iCPU): Yaziwa ngcono njengeprosesa, bubuchopho benkqubo kwaye yenza izibalo kunye nemisebenzi yokuqiqa yokubini. Idityaniswe kwi-motherboard kwaye inoxanduva lokulawula ukusebenza kwamanye amacandelo e-hardware. Iinkampani ezingoovulindlela ekwenziweni kweeprosesa zi I-Intel y I-AMD.
• Motherboard (ibhodi yomama): Le bhodi iphambili isebenza njengesekethe eprintiweyo edibanisa onke amanye amacandelo. I-CPU, i-RAM, ikhadi lemizobo kunye nezinye izinto ziqhagamshelwe apho.
• Inkumbulo ye-RAM (Imemori yokufikelela ngokungacwangciswanga): Ezi chips zigcina okwethutyana idatha esetyenziswa ngumprosesa nangaliphi na ixesha. Xa ikhompyuter icinyiwe, idatha iyacinywa.
• Iyunithi yokulungisa imizobo (GPU): Eli candelo lisebenza ngokukodwa kwimizobo kunye nokwenza imifanekiso. Ibalulekile kwimidlalo, uyilo lwegraphic kunye nokuhlelwa kwevidiyo.

Izixhobo zokugcina izinto

Umsebenzi ophambili we-hardware yokugcina gcina lonke ulwazi kwaye uququzelele ukufikelela kuyo ukuze kuqhutywe. Ngaphantsi kolu didi sinokubandakanya imemori ye-RAM, kunye nezi zixhobo:

• Iidrive zogcino (HDD/ SSD)Yiyo le ugcino olungundoqo lwekhompyutha, apho iifayile, iinkqubo kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza zigcinwa ngokusisigxina. Ii-hard drives (HDD) ziquka ingalo yokufunda ngoomatshini kunye nediski ejikelezayo. I-Solid state drives (SSDs) zisebenzisa imemori edanyazayo ukugcina ulwazi, kwaye ziyakhawuleza, zithule, kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kuneHDDs.
• USB flash drives kunye neememori khadi: Zizixhobo indawo yokugcina yangaphandle, encinci kunye nephathwayo. Zisetyenziselwa ukugcina nokuthutha ulwazi ukusuka kwenye ikhompyutha ukuya kwenye. Iimemori khadi zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiikhamera kunye neeselfowuni.

Iintlobo ze-Hardware: iiperipherals zongeniso

Phakathi kweentlobo ze-hardware kukho iiperipherals zokufakelwa, ezibandakanya zonke iinxalenye zomzimba ezivumelayo ngenisa ulwazi kwisistim. Banoxanduva lokuguqula ulwazi olusuka kwihlabathi lokwenyani lube yidatha enokwenziwa yikhompyuter. Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo yile:

• Ikhibhodi: Ikuvumela ukuba ufake okubhaliweyo, amanani kunye nemiyalelo kwisistim usebenzisa amaqhosha.
• Impuku: Isetyenziselwa ukuhambisa ikhesa kwisikrini kwaye ukhethe iinketho.
• Iskena: Ibamba imifanekiso yamaxwebhu kunye nezinto eziphathekayo kwaye iguqulelwe kwiifayile zedijithali.
• Imakrofoni: Ibamba izandi kwaye iziguqulele kwiifayile zedijithali.
• Iwebcam: Ikuvumela ukuba uthwebule imifanekiso yevidiyo ukuze uhlelwe kamva, kunye nokufowuna ngevidiyo.
• I-Joystick: Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimidlalo yevidiyo ukulawula ukuhamba kwabalinganiswa kwiscreen.

Izinto eziphumayo

Imveliso yehardware izisa kunye onke amalungu omzimba ekhompyuter anoxanduva lawo bonisa okanye uthumele ulwazi olusetyenziweyo kule. Siyabulela kubo, siyakwazi ukubona, ukumamela okanye ukuprinta iziphumo zemisebenzi eyenziwa yikhompyutha. Ezi ntlobo zehardware ziquka:

• Umphathi: Esi sikrini siphambili sibonisa ujongano lwegraphical, umbhalo, imifanekiso kunye neevidiyo.
• Iprinta: Guqula amaxwebhu edijithali abe ziikopi ezibonakalayo ephepheni.
• Izithethi kunye nee-headphones: Ikuvumela ukuba umamele isandi sokudlala.

Iintlobo zeHardware: Iiperipherals ezixubeneyo

Okokugqibela, sixube iiperipherals, ezo dibanisa igalelo ledatha kunye nemisebenzi yemveliso. Abafumani kuphela ulwazi, kodwa baphinde bathumele. Eminye imizekelo yile:

• Izikrini zokuchukumisa: Bakuvumela ukuba ujonge ulwazi kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, usebenzisane nalo ngonqakrazo oluthe ngqo.
• Iiprinta zemisebenzi emininzi: Ukongeza kumaxwebhu okushicilela, unokuskena kwaye uwaguqulele kwiifayile zedijithali.
• Iimodem: Badibanisa izixhobo kwinethiwekhi, okwenza kube lula ukuba idatha yamkelwe kwaye ithunyelwe.

Isishwankathelo, sinokuthi ezi ntlobo ze-hardware (ukulungiswa, ukugcinwa, igalelo, imveliso kunye nokuxuba) zezona zifanelekileyo ekusebenzeni kwekhompyuter. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, zisekho kuzo zonke iikhompyuter zanamhlanje, ziququzelela ukufikelela kwethu kwindalo iphela.