Imephu yaseYurophu: Isixhobo esibalulekileyo somzobo wokuqonda indawo yelizwekazi
Imephu yaseYurophu izimise njengesixhobo esixabisekileyo sokumelwa kwemizobo yelizwekazi kunye nejografi yalo. Ngokuqokelelwa ngobuchule kwedatha yejografi kunye nenkqubo engqongqo yezelizwe, le mephu iveza ngendlela echanekileyo neneenkcukacha zendlela imiphetho, imida yezopolitiko, iinkunzi, izixeko eziphambili kunye neyona miba ifanelekileyo yokuma komhlaba kulo mmandla.
Xa kuqwalaselwa iyantlukwano enkulu yamazwe, iinkcubeko kunye neelwimi ezifumaneka eYurophu, kucacile ukuba ukudala kunye nokugcina imephu esexesheni kunye nechanekileyo yommandla ngumsebenzi onzima kwaye obalulekileyo. Esi sixhobo sibonelela ngombono obanzi ongavumeli kuphela ukufumana nokuchaza imida yemimandla yamazwe aseYurophu, kodwa nokuqonda unxibelelwano lwejografi kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo ezizodwa ezichaza isizwe ngasinye.
Ukuchaneka kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha equlethwe kwimephu yaseYurophu ibalulekile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Ukusuka kucwangciso lweziseko ezingundoqo kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo zendalo, ukuya kucwangciso lwendlela yothutho kunye nokukhuthaza ukhenketho, le mephu iba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezifundo kunye nobuchwephesha.
Imbali etyebileyo yeYurophu, ubudlelwane obuntsonkothileyo benkcubeko, kunye nolungelelwaniso oluntsonkothileyo lwemo yezopolitiko lwenza ukuvelisa imephu ethembekileyo nebanzi ibe ngumsebenzi onzima. Abadwebi beemaphu abaziingcaphephe, ngokudityaniswa kobuchule kwijografi, itekhnoloji kunye noyilo lwegraphic, bazabalazela ukubamba ngokuchanekileyo kwaye babonise utshintsho lwemimandla kunye nendaleko yezopolitiko eqhubeka ukwenzeka kulo mmandla unomdla.
Ukuqukumbela, imephu yaseYurophu sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sobugcisa esinika imbono eneenkcukacha nechanekileyo yeempawu zejografi zelizwekazi. Ukusuka ekunqumleni imida ukuya ekucwangciseni iiprojekthi ezinkulu, le mephu ibe sisixhobo esixabiseke kakhulu kubaphandi, iingcali kunye nabathandi bejografi ngokufanayo, abayifumana ingumthombo othembekileyo wolwazi lwejografi oluyimfuneko ekuqondeni ngcono ukuntsonkotha kunye neyantlukwano yeYurophu.
1. Intshayelelo kwimephu yaseYurophu: Isishwankathelo selizwekazi laseYurophu
IYurophu lelinye lawona mazwekazi amadala kwaye ahlukeneyo ehlabathini. Yenziwe ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-40 kunye neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, iilwimi kunye nezithethe, iYurophu yindawo enomdla kubakhenkethi kunye nabaphandi ngokufanayo. Le mephu yaseYurophu ibonelela ngesishwankathelo selizwekazi, ibonelela ngolwazi oluyimfuneko malunga nejografi, imbali kunye neempawu eziphambili.
Kwimephu, amazwe aseYurophu kunye neenkunzi zawo ziyakwazi ukuchongwa ngokulula, eziluncedo ngakumbi kwabo banomdla wokuhamba kunye nokuhlola iindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ukongezelela, izibonakaliso zibandakanyiwe malunga nendawo yemimandla ephawulekayo yejografi, njengeAlps, iPyrenees kunye neCarpathians. Oku kusivumela ukuba sibe nombono opheleleyo ngakumbi we-European landscape kunye nokuphakama okwahlukeneyo okukhoyo kwilizwekazi.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yemephu kukubonakaliswa kwemilambo ephambili kunye nemizimba yamanzi eYurophu. Ilizwekazi linemilambo emininzi ebalulekileyo, efana neDanube, iRhine kunye neVolga, ezidlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nenkcubeko yezizwe zaseYurophu. Ukongeza, imephu ibonisa iilwandle kunye neelwandle ezijikeleze iYurophu, ezifana noLwandle lweMeditera, uLwandle lwaseNyakatho kunye noLwandle lweBaltic, oluyimfuneko ekuqondeni impembelelo yamanzi kwijografi kunye nembali yelizwekazi.
2. Imvelaphi kunye nokuvela kwe "Map yaseYurophu"
"Imephu yaseYurophu" ngumboniso womzobo wamazwe kunye nemimandla eyenza ilizwekazi laseYurophu. Imvelaphi yayo isusela kumaxesha amandulo, apho impucuko ezahlukeneyo zaqala ukuzoba iimephu ezisisiseko ukuqonda ihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Ezi mephu zokuqala zaseYurophu zaziyimizobo elula emele imimandla enqotshiweyo kunye neendlela zokurhweba ezikhoyo ngelo xesha.
Njengoko iinkulungwane zazidlula, imephu yaseYurophu yavela yaza yagqibelela. Ebudeni bamaXesha Aphakathi, iimonki zabakhupheli zazijongene nokuzoba nokuhombisa iimephu, zongeza iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo namagqabaza. Kungelo xesha apho kwavela iimephu zokuqala ezichane ngakumbi nezineenkcukacha, nangona zazisekude kakhulu.
I-Renaissance yaphawula inqaku eliphambili ekuveleni kwemephu yaseYurophu. Ngenkqubela phambili yokuhlola elwandle kunye nohambo, abazobe bemephu babenokufikelela kulwazi oluninzi lwejografi. Oku kuvumele ukwenziwa kweemephu ezichane ngakumbi nezineenkcukacha, ezisekelwe kwimilinganiselo yeenkwenkwezi kunye nokubalwa kwemathematika. Ukususela ngoko, imephu yaseYurophu yaba sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuhamba ngenqanawa, ezopolitiko kunye norhwebo.
Ngamafutshane, "iMaphu yaseYurophu" ineengcambu zayo kwimizobo yamandulo yamandulo yabahloli bamandulo, kodwa iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane. Enkosi kwinkqubela phambili yokuhlola kunye nokuzoba iimaphu, namhlanje sinemephu ezichanekileyo nezineenkcukacha ezisinceda siqonde kwaye sijonge kwilizwekazi laseYurophu ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Uyilo lweCartographic "yeMaphu yaseYurophu": umboniso ochanekileyo welizwekazi
Uyilo lwe-cartographic "lweMaphu yaseYurophu" lubalulekile ukuphumeza ukumelwa okuchanekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zelizwekazi. Ukwenza Kwimephu esebenzayo, izinto ezininzi ezisisiseko zoyilo kunye nobuchule kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ngezantsi yimiba emithathu ephambili ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa usenza uyilo lwemephu yemephu:
1. Ukukhethwa kwemibala efanelekileyo: Imibala ibalulekile ukuhambisa ulwazi kunye nokuququzelela ukuqonda imephu. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe Iphalethi yombala ehambelana nomxholo wemephu kwaye iqinisekisa ukufundeka okuhle. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imibutho yenkcubeko enokuthi ibe nemibala eyahlukeneyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa imibala epholileyo yolwandle kunye nemibala efudumeleyo kumazwekazi kunokubonelela ngomboniso ocacileyo.
2. Isimboli esicacileyo nesifutshane: Ukukhethwa kweesimboli kunye neempawu zegraphic kubalulekile ukusasaza ulwazi. ngokufanelekileyo. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iisimboli ezisemgangathweni kunye nezaziwayo, ezifana neentolo ukubonisa imilambo, imigca echokoziweyo yemida, kunye nezangqa zoonobumba abakhulu. Ukongeza, ingqwalasela kufuneka ihlawulwe kwisikali semephu kwaye uqinisekise ukuba iisimboli zibonakala ngokulula nakubungakanani obuncitshisiweyo.
3. Ukuleyibhile okufundekayo: Ukuleyibhile okwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ukunika ulwazi olongezelelweyo kunye nokuququzelela ukutolikwa kwemephu. I-typeface kufuneka ikhethwe ecacileyo kwaye ifundeka kakuhle, iqinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani kunye nemibala yeelebhile ifanelekile kumxholo wemephu. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba usasaze iilebhile ngokulinganayo ukuphepha ukuxinana kunye nokubhideka. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukubalaselisa amagama amazwe, izixeko, kunye neempawu ezibalaseleyo zejografi.
Ngokulandela le migaqo yoyilo lwekhatografi, kuyakwenzeka ukwenza "iMaphu yaseYurophu" ebukekayo kwaye idlulise ulwazi oluchanekileyo. ngokufanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, imephu nganye yahlukile kwaye inokufuna ukulungiswa ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo kunye nabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zoyilo lwekhatografi kunye nemizekelo yokubonisana neemephu eziyimpumelelo kunokuhamba indlela ende ekuqinisekiseni uyilo lwekhatografi.
4. Izinto eziphambili zemephu yaseYurophu: imida, amazwe kunye neenkunzi
Ukuqonda ngcono imephu yaseYurophu kunye neempawu zayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinto eziphambili eziyenzayo. Okokuqala, imida echaziweyo phakathi kwamazwe yenye yezona zinto ziphawulekayo. Le mida imele imida yemimandla eyahlula isizwe ngasinye kwaye iyisiphumo sezivumelwano zembali kunye nezivumelwano.
Enye into esisiseko ngamazwe abumba iYurophu. Ilizwekazi lenziwe lilonke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu izimele, inye nenkcubeko yayo, ulwimi norhulumente wayo. Ukusuka kumazwe amakhulu afana neJamani, iFransi kunye ne-United Kingdom, ukuya kumancinci afana neLuxembourg, iMalta neSan Marino, ukuhlukana kwezizwe zaseYurophu kuyamangalisa ngokwenene.
Okokugqibela, amakomkhulu elizwe ngalinye yenye into ebalulekileyo kwimephu yaseYurophu. Isizwe ngasinye sinekomkhulu elisebenza njengeziko lezopolitiko nolawulo lwelizwe. Ezinye zezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo Ziquka iParis (eFransi), iBerlin (eJamani), iRoma (eItali) neMadrid (eSpain). Ezi zixeko azikho nje iimpawu zesizwe, kodwa kunye neendawo ezithandwayo zabakhenkethi.
5. Iimpawu zejografi ezibonisiweyo kwimephu yaseYurophu
IYurophu lilizwekazi elityebileyo ngeempawu zejografi ezibalaseleyo. Ukusuka kwimilambo emikhulu ukuya kwiintaba ezintle, imaphu yaseYurophu ityhila intaphane yezinto ezahlukileyo. Enye yezona zinto ziphawuleka kakhulu kubukho beeAlps, udederhu lweentaba olugubungela amazwe asibhozo aseYurophu, kuquka iSwitzerland, iFransi neItali. Ezi ntaba ziphakamileyo zidume ngeencopho zazo ezigqunywe likhephu kunye nobuhle bendalo, nto leyo etsala abakhenkethi abavela kulo lonke ihlabathi.
Olunye uphawu oluphawulekayo lwejografi nguMlambo iDanube, onqumla kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu anjengeJamani, iOstriya neHungary. Lo mlambo, nobude obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2.850, ngowona mde kakhulu eYurophu kwaye udlale indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwempucuko kulo lonke. kwimbali. Iindonga zayo zizaliswe zizixeko needolophu ezintle, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe ngumthombo obalulekileyo wezothutho nokhenketho.
Ukongeza kwiiAlps kunye neDanube, imephu yaseYurophu ikwabonisa ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo zejografi. Phakathi kwazo kukho ii-fjords zaseNorway, ezizii-indentations ezinzulu ezenziwa kumanxweme ngenxa yesenzo somkhenkce. Ezi fjords zibonelela ngeendawo ezintle zomhlaba ezinamawa anyukayo kunye namanzi acwenge njengekristale, ibe ngumtsalane odumileyo. kubathandi yendalo kunye nokufota. Ukongeza, iYurophu inenani elikhulu leziqithi, ezinje ngeBritish Isles, iziqithi zaseMalta kunye neGreek Islands, ezibonelela ngeendawo ezizodwa kunye nenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo enomdla.
6. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemephu yaseYurophu kwijografi kunye nesicwangciso sobuchule
Imephu yaseYurophu sisixhobo esixabiseke kakhulu kwijografi nakwisicwangciso sobuchule. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo zininzi kwaye igubungela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Le mephu ivumela iingcali zejografi ukuba zihlalutye usasazo lwejografi yamazwe, iimpawu ezibonakalayo zelizwekazi, kunye nobudlelwane bomda phakathi kwawo.
Kwijografi, imephu yaseYurophu isetyenziselwa ukufunda kunye nokuqonda ukuhanjiswa kweempawu zejografi ezinjengeentaba, imilambo, amachibi kunye nolwandle. Ukongeza, kukuvumela ukuba uchonge ezona zixeko zibalulekileyo, iidolophu ezinkulu kunye namaziko aphambili ezoqoqosho kunye nabakhenkethi. Ngokunjalo, sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokwenza ucazululo lothelekiso phakathi kwamazwe nemimandla.
Kwisicwangciso sobuchule, ukusetyenziswa kwemephu yaseYurophu kubalulekile ukuchonga amathuba kunye nemingeni kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Le mephu ikuvumela ukuba ube nombono weendlela zorhwebo, iipaseji zothutho kunye nemithombo yendalo ekhoyo kwilizwe ngalinye. Kukwaluncedo ukuvavanya indawo yeziseko ezingundoqo ezicwangcisiweyo ezifana namazibuko, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya kunye nothungelwano lonxibelelwano. Ngolu lwazi, abacwangcisi banokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi kwaye bayile izicwangciso ezisebenzayo.
7. Izixhobo zobuchwepheshe bokudala kunye nokuhlaziya imephu yaseYurophu
Okwangoku, kukho izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe eziququzelela ukudala kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemephu yaseYurophu. Ezi zixhobo zikuvumela ukuba ubone ngokuchanekileyo nangokuguquguqukayo ijografi yelizwekazi, kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi oluhlaziyiweyo malunga namazwe ahlukeneyo, izixeko kunye neempawu zejografi zommandla.
Esinye sezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekudaleni nasekuhlaziyeni iimephu ArcGIS, isoftwe yolwazi lwejografi enika uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi. Nge-ArcGIS, unokungenisa idatha yejografi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, efana nemifanekiso yesathelayithi, iimephu zendawo, kunye nedatha ye-geospatial ebonwa ukude. Ukongeza, le software ivumela uhlalutyo lwendawo kunye nemodeli yedatha, eluncedo kakhulu ekudaleni iimephu ezichanekileyo nezihlaziyiweyo.
Esinye isixhobo esithandwa kakhulu kwinkalo ye-cartography QGIS, isoftware yomthombo ovulekileyo obonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lomsebenzi wokudala kunye nokuhlela iimephu. I-QGIS ine-interface ekulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ungenise kwaye uthumele ngaphandle idatha yejografi kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, inikezela ngenani elikhulu lezongezo kunye neeplagi ezikuvumela ukuba wenze ngokwezifiso imephu ngokweemfuno zomsebenzisi.
Ukongeza kwiiprogram ezikhankanyiweyo, kukho ezinye izixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezinokuba luncedo ekudaleni nasekuhlaziyeni imephu yaseYurophu. Ezinye zezi zixhobo zi Umhlaba ka-Google, OpenStreetMap y Ibhokisi yemaphu, enikezela ukufikelela kwimifanekiso yesathelayithi, idatha ye-geospatial, kunye nokubonwa kweemephu kunye nobuchule bokwenza ngokwezifiso. Ezi zixhobo zihlaziywa rhoqo, ziqinisekisa ukufumaneka kolwazi oluchanekileyo kunye nolwazi lwangoku lokudala iimephu zaseYurophu.
8. Ukubaluleka kwemephu yaseYurophu kuhambo lwaselwandle kunye norhwebo lwelizwekazi
Imephu yaseYurophu idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhambo lwaselwandle kunye norhwebo lwelizwekazi. Eli lizwekazi linothungelwano olubanzi lwemilambo ebekwe ngokucwangcisekileyo, iilwandle namazibuko, oluthe lwathanda uphuhliso lweendlela zorhwebo kwimbali. Ulwazi kunye nokuqonda le mephu ngoomatiloshe kunye nabarhwebi iba sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokucwangcisa ngempumelelo kunye nokwenza uhambo lwabo kunye nokuthengiselana.
Ukuhamba ngolwandle kuxhamla kubukho bemephu yaseYurophu, kuba ikuvumela ukuba uchonge iilwandle ezahlukeneyo kunye neelwandle ezijikeleze ilizwekazi, kunye nokubona ngokuchanekileyo imigama kunye nezalathiso phakathi kwawona mazibuko abalulekileyo. Ukongeza, imephu ibonisa indawo yeengozi ezinkulu zaselwandle, ezinje ngeingqaqa, iintlabathi nemisinga, nto leyo enegalelo kuhambo olukhuselekileyo. Ukufikelela kolu lwazi luhlaziyiweyo kunye nolwazi oluneenkcukacha kubalulekile ukucwangcisa ezona ndlela zilungileyo kwaye unqande ukusilela ngexesha lokuhamba.
Ngokuphathelele kurhwebo lwelizwekazi, imephu yaseYurophu ibalulekile ukuchonga nokuhlalutya unxibelelwano lomhlaba phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Ikuvumela ukuba ubone ngeso lengqondo uthungelwano lweendlela, oololiwe kunye neendlela zokurhweba ezidibanisa amazibuko kunye namaziko okuvelisa kunye nokusetyenziswa. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ekumiseleni ulungiselelo lothutho lwempahla, ukucwangcisa ukusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nokuseka izivumelwano zorhwebo. Imephu yaseYurophu ibonelela ngombono wehlabathi jikelele wamathuba kunye nezibonelelo ezinikezelwa lilizwekazi kwinqanaba lezorhwebo, livumela iinkampani ukuba zandise izicwangciso zabo kunye namathuba oshishino.
Ukuqukumbela, imephu yaseYurophu idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhambo lwaselwandle kunye norhwebo lwelizwekazi. Ulwazi lwayo olufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kubonelela abakhweli beenqanawa kunye nabarhwebi ngezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokucwangcisa kunye nokwenza imisebenzi yabo ngempumelelo. Ngenxa yolwazi oluneenkcukacha kunye nolwahlaziyo olunikezayo, iingcali kwezi nkalo zinokuceba ezona ndlela zilungileyo, zithintele iingozi kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kweshishini eYurophu. Imephu yaseYurophu ke ngoko iba lihlakani elibalulekileyo lokuhamba ngenqanawa kunye norhwebo kulo mmandla.
9. Iimbono zembali ngemephu yaseYurophu: utshintsho lwezopolitiko kunye nommandla
Imephu yaseYurophu yenze utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwezopolitiko kunye nemimandla kwimbali yonke. Olu tshintsho lube sisiphumo seengxabano, izivumelwano, iimfazwe kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nezikumkani. Eli candelo liza kuphonononga ezinye zezona mbono zembali ezifanelekileyo kwimephu yaseYurophu.
Olunye lolona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwezopolitiko yayikukuwa koBukhosi baseRoma kunye nokunyuka kwezikumkani ezahlukeneyo kunye namazwe aseYurophu. Ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi, iYurophu yayahlulahlulwe yaba ludwe lwemithetho elawulayo kunye nolawulo olulawulwa ziinkosi kunye nookumkani basekuhlaleni. Olu lwahlulo lwemimandla lwabonakaliswa kwimephu yaseYurophu ngelo xesha.
Imephu yaseYurophu yabona utshintsho lwezopolitiko kunye nemimandla ngexesha leRenaissance kunye neminyaka yokufunyanwa. Ubukhosi bekoloniyali baseSpain, ePortugal, eNgilani naseFransi banda kwihlabathi liphela, baba nefuthe elikhulu kwimephu yezopolitiko yaseYurophu. Ukunqotshwa kwemimandla, izivumelwano kunye neengxabano zobukoloniyali zibonakaliswe kwimephu njengoko imida itshintshile kwaye imimandla emitsha yahlanganiswa kwi-empires yaseYurophu.
10. Imephu ebonakalayo yaseYurophu: uncedo, imilambo kunye namachibi
Imephu ebonakalayo yaseYurophu inika umbono opheleleyo wokukhululeka, imilambo kunye namachibi abonakalisa eli lizwekazi. Uncedo lwaseYurophu lwenziwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zejografi kunye nezakhiwo, ezinjengeentaba, amathafa, amathafa kunye nezitya. Enye yeendlela eziphambili zeentaba ziiAlps, ezinabela kumazwe aliqela, kubandakanya iFransi, iItali, iSwitzerland kunye neOstriya. Ezi ntaba ziphakamileyo zenza umqobo obalulekileyo wendalo kwilizwekazi.
IYurophu ikwawela imilambo emininzi, edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwijografi nakwimbali yalo mmandla. Phakathi kwemilambo ephawulekayo yiDanube, iRhine, iVolga kunye neLoire. Le milambo iyimfuneko ekuhambeni, ezolimo kunye nokubonelela ngamanzi okusela kwiindawo ezingqongileyo.
Ukongeza kwimilambo, iYurophu likhaya kwinani elikhulu lamachibi, amaninzi awo anemvelaphi yomkhenkce. Izinto ezibalaselisayo ziquka iChibi iLeman, elikwabizwa ngokuba yiLake Geneva, eliphakathi kweFransi neSwitzerland, kunye neChibi iBaikal, eRashiya, eligqalwa njengelona chibi linzulu nelidala ehlabathini. La machibi awabalulekanga kuphela ngokwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa akwabonelela ngamathuba amaninzi okhenketho nawolonwabo.
Ngamafutshane, imephu ebonakalayo yaseYurophu iveza umhlaba ohlukeneyo nonomdla, kunye neentaba ezinomtsalane, imilambo ebalulekileyo kunye namachibi amangalisayo. Ukwazi nokuqonda ijografi yeli lizwekazi kubalulekile ukuqonda imbali yalo, inkcubeko yalo kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. [ISIPHELO
11. Imephu yemozulu yaseYurophu: iindawo zemozulu kunye neepatheni zemozulu
Imephu yemozulu yaseYurophu ibonisa imimandla yemozulu eyahlukeneyo kunye neepatheni zemozulu ezikhoyo kwilizwekazi. IYurophu ineentlobo ngeentlobo zemozulu ngenxa yommandla wayo obanzi kunye neempembelelo ezahlukeneyo zejografi. Le mimandla yeklimati ihlelwa ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nobushushu, imvula kunye nokufuma.
EYurophu, imimandla emininzi yemozulu inokuchongwa. Emantla, sifumana imozulu ye-subarctic, ebonakala ngobusika obubanda kakhulu kunye nehlobo elipholileyo. Embindini nakwimpuma yeli lizwekazi, imozulu yelizwekazi ixhaphakile, kukho ubusika obubandayo kunye nehlobo elishushu. Emazantsi eYurophu, uya kufumana imozulu yeMeditera, enobusika obupholileyo kunye nehlobo elishushu, elomileyo.
Ukongeza kwezi ndawo ziphambili zemozulu, iYurophu inezinye ii-microclimates ngenxa yezinto zendawo ezifana nokuphakama, ukuba kufuphi nolwandle kunye nokuqhelaniswa nejografi. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo ezisezintabeni unokufumana imozulu ye-alpine, kunye nobusika obubandayo kunye nekhephu. Kwimimandla eselunxwemeni, iimpembelelo zaselwandle ziyabonwa ezithomalalisa amaqondo obushushu kwaye zinyuse nokufuma. Ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zemozulu zenza iYurophu ibe lilizwekazi elinomdla kwaye ukuhlola iimephu zayo zemozulu kusinika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo lokuqonda iimeko zalo zemozulu.
12. Imephu yezoqoqosho yaseYurophu: imimandla yemizi-mveliso, yezolimo kunye nabakhenkethi
Imephu yezoqoqosho yaseYurophu ibonisa iyantlukwano yemimandla enemisebenzi yezoqoqosho ebalaseleyo kumashishini, ezolimo kunye necandelo lokhenketho. Le mimandla idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lweli lizwekazi, inegalelo kuphuhliso nokukhula kwalo. Kule mephu, unokuchonga indawo yemimandla eyahlukeneyo kwaye uqonde ukubaluleka kwabo kwimeko yaseYurophu.
Imimandla yemizi-mveliso yaseYurophu, eboniswe kwimephu, ziindawo apho iinkampani ezininzi kunye neefektri zigxile. Le mimandla ingundoqo ekuvelisweni nasekuthunyelweni kwempahla evelisiweyo, ngokunjalo nasekuveliseni ingqesho. Eminye yemimandla yemizi-mveliso ebalaseleyo yiRuhr eJamani, eMantla e-Itali nakuMmandla oseMantla eFransi. Ezi ndawo ziphawulwa ngeziseko ezingundoqo eziphuhlisiweyo, abasebenzi abakhethekileyo kunye nokufikelela kwizibonelelo eziyimfuneko. njengento ekrwada kunye namandla.
Imimandla yezolimo ithatha indawo enkulu yelizwekazi kwaye ibalulekile kwimveliso yokutya. Kwezi ndawo, izityalo kunye nokukhuliswa kwemfuyo yeyona misebenzi iphambili yezoqoqosho. Eminye yemimandla ebalulekileyo yezolimo yiDanube Plain kuMbindi Yurophu kunye nommandla waseTuscany eItali. Le mimandla inemihlaba echumileyo, imozulu efanelekileyo kunye nesithethe eside kwezolimo..
Okokugqibela, ukhenketho licandelo lezoqoqosho elifanelekileyo kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwaye eyona mimandla ibalaseleyo yabakhenkethi inokuchongwa kwimephu. Le mimandla itsala izigidi zabatyeleli rhoqo ngonyaka kwaye inegalelo elibonakalayo kuqoqosho lwasekhaya. Eminye yemimandla ephambili yabakhenkethi yiCosta del Sol eSpain, iFrench Riviera kunye neziqithi zaseGrisi. Le mimandla ibonakaliswe ngobuhle bayo bendalo, ilifa lenkcubeko kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo zabakhenkethi..
13. Ukuvela kweemephu zaseYurophu kwixesha ledijithali
Ibe yinkqubo enika umdla ethe yaguqula indlela esisebenzisana ngayo kunye nesihamba ngayo kwilizwekazi. Enkosi kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokufumaneka kwedatha enkulu, iimephu zedijithali ziye zavela ukuze zinike amava achanekileyo kunye namava omntu kubasebenzisi.
Enye yezona nkqubela phambili ziqaphelekayo kwinguquko yeemephu zedijithali kukudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhangela ngesathelayithi, obufana neGlobal Positioning System (GPS). Oku kuvumele ukuchaneka okukhulu kwindawo kunye nokukhangela ngexesha lokwenyani, ibonelela abasebenzisi ngezalathiso ezineenkcukacha kwiindawo ezithile ngaphandle kwesidingo seemephu ezibonakalayo. Ukongeza, iimephu zedijithali zikwafake iimpawu ezifana nokubonwa kwe-3D, ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baphonononge umhlaba ngokwenyani ngakumbi kunye nokuququzelela ukuqhelaniswa.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ekuveleni kweemephu zedijithali zaseYurophu kukufumaneka kwedatha kwi ixesha langempela. Ngoku, iimephu ze-intanethi zinokunika ulwazi lwangoku malunga nokuhamba, imozulu, kunye neendawo ezikufutshane zomdla, ukunceda abasebenzisi ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nohambo lwabo. Ukongeza, usetyenziso kunye namaqonga aphuhlisiwe avumela abasebenzisi ukuba banikele ngolwazi okanye uphononongo lweendawo, ukutyebisa ngakumbi amava omsebenzisi.
Ngamafutshane, ibe yinkqubo yenguqu eye yaphucula kakhulu isakhono sethu sokuhamba nokuhlola ilizwekazi. Ukudityaniswa kobuchwephesha bokuhamba ngesathelayithi kunye nokufumaneka kwedatha yexesha langempela kunikeze ukuchaneka okukhulu kunye nobuntu kwiimephu zedijithali, ukunika abasebenzisi amava apheleleyo naluncedo kuhambo lwabo. Ezi nkqubela phambili zenze iimephu zedijithali zasisixhobo esiyimfuneko kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
14. Imingeni kunye neendlela ezizayo: imephu yaseYurophu iya kuvela njani kwixesha ledijithali?
Kwixesha ledijithali, IYurophu ijongene nemingeni eyahlukeneyo kunye neendlela eziya kuchaphazela ngokunzulu imephu yayo. Omnye weyona miceli mngeni ingundoqo kukukhula kokwahlukana ngokwedijithali phakathi kwamazwe aphuhlileyo nasakhasayo. Ukukhwela le ngxaki, kubalulekile ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo ezikhuthaza ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kubuchwepheshe kunye noqhagamshelwano.
Omnye umceli mngeni kukhuseleko lwe-intanethi, isihloko esiya sichatshazelwa ngakumbi eluntwini idijithali yangoku. Ngohlaselo lwe-cyber lukhula kwaye izoyikiso zihlala zivela, kubalulekile ukuba iYurophu yomeleze iziseko zayo zokhuseleko kwaye ikhuthaze ulwazi lweendlela ezilungileyo ze-intanethi. Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu kunye nokuseka izikhokelo zolawulo eziluqilima ukukhusela ulwazi lwabemi.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiindlela ezizayo, enye yezona zinto ziphambili iya kuba yinkqubela phambili kukubhadla okungeyonyani kunye ne-automation eYurophu. Obu bugcisa bunamandla okuguqula amacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kushishino ukuya kukhathalelo lwezempilo. Nangona kunjalo, zikwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nefuthe kwingqesho kunye nesidingo sokufumana izakhono ezitsha. Ngale ndlela, kubalulekile ukutyala imali kuqeqesho nakwimfundo ukulungiselela abantu baseYurophu kutshintsho oluzayo.
Isishwankathelo, iMaphu yaseYurophu sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda kunye nokuhlalutya ijografi entsonkothileyo kunye nesakhiwo sezopolitiko kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Ngomboniso wayo ochanekileyo, le mephu ibonelela ngombono ocacileyo kodwa oneenkcukacha zamazwe, amakomkhulu, izixeko ezikhulu, ubume bomhlaba kunye neelwandle ezenza iYurophu.
Ayisosixhobo esibalulekileyo kuphela kwiijografi kunye nabazobi bemaphu abafunda lo mmandla, kodwa ikwaluncedo kakhulu kwizifundiswa, abezopolitiko, ababhali bembali kunye nabani na onomdla wokuqonda ngcono iYurophu yanamhlanje kunye nembali yayo yendaleko.
Ngapha koko, iMaphu yaseYurophu ayiphelelanga nje ekusebenzeni kwayo okubonakalayo; kananjalo kunokuba luncedo njengomthombo wedatha yejografi yohlalutyo olunzulu kunye nezifundo. Ukufumaneka komhla kunye nolwazi oluchanekileyo kule mephu kuvumela ukuba kuhlolwe ngokusondeleyo imida yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, kunye nemingeni kunye namathuba ajongene neYurophu namhlanje.
Kwilizwekazi eliye labona utshintsho kunye neenguqu kwiinkulungwane, iMaphu yaseYurophu ihlala iyisityebi esithembekileyo nesibhekisela ekuqondeni le ndawo ehlukeneyo kunye neyinkimbinkimbi. Nokuba kuphando lwezifundo, uhlalutyo lwe-geopolitical okanye njengesixhobo sokubhekisa ngokubanzi, le mephu ibonelela ngembono ecacileyo nechanekileyo yeYurophu iphela.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.