"Indlela yenethiwekhi ayifunyenwanga" xa ufikelela kwenye iPC: Uyilungisa njani i-SMB ngaphakathi Windows 11

Ukuba ujongene nomyalezo othi "Umendo womnatha awufunyenwanga" xa uzama ukuvula ifolda ekwabelwana ngayo okanye umthombo wenethiwekhi, ungakhathazeki: awuyena owokuqala. Esi silumkiso sihlala sivela Windows 11 xa ikhompyuter ingakwazi ukufumana okanye ukufikelela kwindlela ye-UNC yenye iPC okanye iNAS. Oku kunokuba ngenxa yodonga oluvalela izibuko 445, ingxaki ngokufunyanwa komsebenzi womnatha, inkonzo ye-SMB, okanye ukusilela kwesisombululo esilula. Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba ngokuphononongwa ngokucwangcisiweyo kohlengahlengiso kunye neemvavanyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kunokulungiswa kwimizuzu..

Kweli nqaku, uya kufumana i-walkthrough ecacileyo, ecacileyo yendlela yokuxilonga kunye nokulungisa ufikelelo lwezixhobo ze-SMB kwi-Windows 11. Siza kugubungela iitshekhi ezikhawulezayo, iinkonzo ezimele zisebenze, imithetho ye-firewall, inkxaso yenguqulo ye-SMB, iimvume kunye neziqinisekiso, imiyalelo yokuqinisekisa, kunye nolunye useto oluphambili lweendawo ezinezixhobo zelifa okanye i-NAS. Umbono kukuba ungabuyela kwi \\ PC\Folder okanye \\ IP\Resource ngaphandle kweentloko. Masifunde konke malunga impazamo "Umendo wothungelwano awufunyenwanga" xa ufikelela kwenye iPC.

Ithetha ukuthini eneneni "indlela yenethiwekhi ayifunyenwanga"?

Umyalezo ubonisa ukuba iWindows ayikwazanga ukusombulula okanye ukufikelela kwindlela yenethiwekhi oyifakileyo. Kwi-SMB, iindlela zisebenzisa ifomathi ye-UNC, umzekelo \\COMPUTER\Kwabelwana ngayo okanye \\192.168.1.50\Kwabelwana ngayo. Ukuba isixokelelwano asikwazi ukuguqulela igama kwidilesi ye-IP, okanye ukuba ayikwazi ukuqhagamshela kwizibuko le-SMB yenginginya ekude (TCP 445), uya kuyibona le mpazamo. Ke oonobangela bahlala bohlulwa ngokwesisombululo samagama, uqhagamshelo kunye neemvume/ifirewall.

Windows 11 isebenzisa i-SMB 3.x ngokungagqibekanga, ehamba ngaphezulu kwe-TCP 445 kwaye ayisafuni i-NetBIOS ngaphezulu kwe-TCP/IP njengoko yakha yenza. Ke ukuba kukho into evimba elo zibuko, ukuba kukho umgaqo-nkqubo ofuna ukusayina okanye uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo olungaxhasiyo kwesinye isiphelo, okanye ukuba umatshini okude unoguqulelo olungahambelaniyo lwe-SMB, uxhulumaniso luya kusilela. Inokuba lula njengokuchwetheza kakubi kwegama lesiqulathi seefayili ekwabelwana ngaso..

Ukuqala, qiniseka ukuba indlela ikhona kwaye isixhobo esikude sivuliwe. Yivavanye nge-IP kunye negama ukuze ucuthe ukuba ngaba ingxaki ngumba wamagama (DNS/LLMNR) okanye umba woqhagamshelwano olusulungekileyo. Ukuba isebenza nge \\ Kwabelwana \ IP kwaye hayi nge \\ Kwabelwana \ Igama, kugxilwe kwisisombululo.

Iitshekhi ezikhawulezayo ezikongela ixesha

Ngaphambi kokungena kwisethingi ephuculweyo, kukho iziseko eziyimfuneko ukuba uzigwebe. Iziganeko ezininzi zisonjululwa kweli nqanaba.:

• Qinisekisa ukuba zombini izixhobo zikwinethiwekhi efanayo okanye zineendlela phakathi kwazo (icandelo elifanayo okanye i-subnet ehambayo).
• Zama ukungena nge-IP: uhlobo \\192.168.xx\ResourceName kuMhloli.
• I-Ping umamkeli: Vula ikhonsoli kwaye usebenzise i-ping NAME kunye ne-ping 192.168.xx ukujonga ukusonjululwa kwegama kunye nokubambezeleka.
• Qhuba uvavanyo lwezibuko: Kwi-PowerShell, uVavanyo-Uqhagamshelo lomnatha -Igama leKhompyutha NAME -Izibuko 445. Ukuba i-port 445 ivaliwe, i-SMB ayiyi kuxhuma.
• Qinisekisa ukuba iprofayile yenethiwekhi iBucala kwiiSetingi > Inethiwekhi & ne-Intanethi (Iinethiwekhi zoluntu zithintela ukufunyanwa kunye nokwabelana).
• Jonga umhla kunye nexesha: ukungangqinelani okukhulu kwaphula ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokutyikitya.

Enye inkcukacha ehlala ingabonakali: ukuba isibonelelo ekwabelwana ngaso sisusiwe okanye sinikwe igama, umxhasi akasayi kukwazi ukuyifumana nokuba inethiwekhi iphelele. Iqinisekisa ukuba isiqulathi seefayili kusabelwana ngaso kwikhompyuter ekude.

Layita ukufunyanwa kwenethiwekhi kunye nokwabelana ngeefayile

Windows 11 ivala iinketho ezithile ngokungagqibekanga kuthungelwano oluphawulwe njengoluNtu. Jonga oku kulandelayo: Yintsika ukuba amanye amaqela akubone kwaye unokuwabona..

• Yiya ku Useto > Inethiwekhi & ne-intanethi > Useto lwenethiwekhi ekwinqanaba eliphezulu > Ukhetho lolwaba olukwinqanaba eliphezulu.
• Ngaphantsi kweeProfayili zaBucala, vula iNethiwekhi yokuFumana kwaye uvule ulungelelwaniso oluzenzekelayo lwezixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi.
• Kwakhona vula iFayile kunye noKwabelana ngePrinta.
• Ngaphantsi kwazo zonke iiNethiwekhi, unokwenza iPassword ekhuselweyo yokwabelana (iyacetyiswa) okanye uyikhubaze ukuba ufuna ukufikelela kwiindwendwe kwinethiwekhi ethembekileyo. Ukuyekisa kuvumela ukungena ngaphandle komsebenzisi, kodwa kunciphisa ukhuseleko.

Emva kokufaka oku, zama ukufikelela nge-UNC kwakhona. Ukuba umamkeli akakabonakali, khumbula ukuba i-Network Explorer ixhomekeke kwiindlela zokufunyanwa (WS-Discovery/LLMNR) ezithi ngamanye amaxesha zisilele, ngoko ke ukuchwetheza \\Kwabelwana nge-IP\ ngokuthe ngqo kuselona vavanyo luthembekileyo. Ukuvumela ukwabelana kuyafuneka, kodwa akusoloko kwanele..

Iinkonzo zeWindows ezibalulekileyo ze-SMB kunye noFundo

Ezinye iinkonzo zenkqubo kufuneka ziqhubele ukufunyanwa kwe-SMB, ukupapasha, kunye nokufikelela kwizixhobo emsebenzini. Vula iinkonzo.msc kwaye ujonge: Ngaphandle kwezi, inethiwekhi ihlala "yimfama".

• Umncedisi (LanmanServer): shicilela izabelo zakho.
• Indawo yokusebenzela (LanmanWorkstation): Umxhasi weSMB wenkqubo.
• I-Fiature Discovery Host (i-FDResPub) kunye ne-Fiature Discovery Resource Publishing: Yazisa izixhobo zakho.
• I-DNS Client kunye ne-DHCP Client: kubalulekile kumagama kunye needilesi ze-IP.
• Ukufunyanwa kwe-SSDP kunye ne-UPnP ye-Device Host: Uncedo ngokufunyanwa kwezinye iinethiwekhi.
• I-Network Location Awareness (NLA): Ihlela iprofayile yenethiwekhi.
• I-NetBIOS ngaphezulu kwenkxaso ye-TCP/IP - kuphela ukuba uthembele kwi-NetBIOS kwiindawo zelifa.

Zisete ku-Autostart (apho kufanelekile) kwaye uziqalise ukuba zimisiwe. Ukuqalisa kwakhona emva kotshintsho ngamanye amaxesha kukhawulezisa ikhompyuter evela kwinethiwekhi..

I-Firewall kunye ne-Antivirus: Ukuvula indlela ye-SMB

Izibuko elingundoqo le-SMB yanamhlanje yi-TCP 445. Kwiikhompyutha ezindala, i-TCP 139 kunye ne-UDP 137–138 (NetBIOS) nazo zinokudlala, kodwa kwi-Windows 11, i-445 yinto eqhelekileyo. Ukuba i-firewall blocks 445, uya kubona "Umendo wothungelwano awufunyanwanga" okanye ukuphelelwa kwexesha.

• KwiPaneli yoLawulo > Windows Defender Firewall > Vumela usetyenziso, qinisekisa ukuba "Ulwabelwano lweFayile kunye nomshicileli (SMB-In)" luvumelekile ubuncinane kwiinethiwekhi zaBucala.
• Ukuba usebenzisa i-firewall yomntu wesithathu (okanye i-antivirus), yenza umthetho ongenayo kwi-TCP 445 kwikhompyutheni ephethe ifolda ekwabelwana ngayo.
• Khubaza okwethutyana i-firewall ukuvavanya. Ukuba iyasebenza, yivule kwakhona kwaye ulungise imigaqo. Musa ukuyishiya ingasebenzi umphelo.

Nge-antivirus yomntu wesithathu, ezinye zibandakanya "i-smart firewall" okanye ukuhlolwa kwetrafikhi enokuphazamisana ne-SMB. Qwalasela inethiwekhi yasekuhlaleni okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-SMB ukunqanda ukutshixwa “kuthe cwaka”..

Iinguqulelo ze-SMB kunye neNkxaso: SMB1, SMB2/3, ukuSayina kunye nokuFihliswa

Windows 11 iza ne-SMB 2/3 enikwe amandla kwaye i-SMB 1 ivaliwe kukhuseleko. Ukuba ufikelela kwizixhobo ezindala (i-NAS endala kakhulu, abashicileli abanogcino, Windows XP/Server 2003, njalo njalo.), banokuthetha kuphela i-SMB 1. Yiphephe i-SMB1 ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko ngokungqongqo.

Jonga kwi-PowerShell: yenza imiyalelo yoxilongo

Get-SmbClientConfiguration
Get-SmbServerConfiguration
Test-NetConnection -ComputerName NOMBRE -Port 445

Ukuba ufuna inkxaso ye-SMB 1 okwethutyana, yiya kwiiNkalo zeWindows kwaye wenze "i-SMB 1.0/CIFS" (umxhasi okanye iseva njengoko kufuneka). Yisebenzise kancinci kwaye kuphela kwiinethiwekhi ezithembekileyo. Enye indlela kukuhlaziya i-firmware ye-NAS okanye utshintshele kwisixhobo esixhasa i-SMB2/3..

Khangela kwakhona ukusayina/uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo lwe-SMB: Ukuba isiphelo esinye sifuna ukusayina kwaye enye ayifuni, umdibaniso uyasilela. Kwimigaqo-nkqubo yendawo (gpedit.msc): Uqwalaselo lweKhompyutha > Iitemplates zoLawulo > Inethiwekhi > I-Microsoft Network Workstation/Server, setha "iDigitally Sign" ukuze ilungele indawo yakho. Kwiimeko zasekhaya, ukunyanzelisa utyikityo kuhlala kungafuneki kwaye kunokophula ukuhambelana nezixhobo ezindala..

Iimvume kunye neziQinisekiso: NTFS + Ukwabelana

Kungenxa yokuba indlela ikhona kwaye izibuko livulekile akwanele; ufuna iimvume ezifanelekileyo kwisixhobo ekwabelwana ngaso kunye nesixokelelwano sefayile. Kwikhompyuter yokwabelana, vula iiPropati zeFolda> Ukwabelana> Ukwabelana okuPhezulu kwaye ujonge abasebenzisi okanye amaqela anokufikelela. Ukuvavanya, unokunika "Funda" ku "Wonke umntu" kwaye ulungelelanise kakuhle.

Kwi Ukhuseleko (NTFS) thebhu, qiniseka ukuba iakhawunti enye okanye iqela lineemvume zokufunda/zokubhala ngokufanelekileyo. Khumbula: imvume esebenzayo kukuhlangana kwe-NTFS kunye noKwabelwana. Omnye uvumela kwaye omnye ukwala iibhloko zokungena..

Kumxhasi, ukuba uyacelwa ukuba ufumane iziqinisekiso, ngenisa igama lomsebenzisi kunye negama lokugqitha kwikhompyuter ekude (okanye ithambeka, ukuba likhona). Unokuzigcina kuMphathi woBugcisa ukuze ungachwethezi ngalo lonke ixesha. Ukuba umsebenzisi onegama elifanayo kunye negama lokugqitha likhona kuzo zombini iikhompyuter, ungqinisiso lubonakala elubala..

Ukwenza imephu nomsebenzisi othile kwikhonsoli:

net use \\SERVIDOR\Compartida /user:SERVIDOR\Usuario LaContraseña /persistent:yes

Ukuba ibuyisela "Ufikelelo lwaliwe" kodwa hayi "Indlela yenethiwekhi ayifunyenwanga," wenze inkqubela phambili: ufikelele kumamkeli kwaye lixesha lokulungisa iimvume okanye iziqinisekiso. Ziziphoso ezahlukeneyo ekufuneka zahlulwe..

Amagama okusombulula: DNS, LLMNR, kunye neNetBIOS

Ukuba \\ I-IP ekwabelwana ngayo \ iyasebenza kodwa \\ Igama eKwabelwana ngalo\ alisebenzi, ingxaki ngumba wokusombulula ingxaki. Kwiinethiwekhi zasekhaya, ngamanye amaxesha i-router ayizisombululi ii-hostnames zeWindows. Zama rhoqo ukusebenzisa i-IP okanye udala amangeniso kwiifayile zenginginya njengendlela yokulungisa ngokukhawuleza..

Zama le miyalelo ukufumanisa isisombululo samagama kunye neecache

ping NOMBRE
ping 192.168.1.50
nbtstat -R
ipconfig /flushdns

Kwiindawo ezine DNS eyakho (iofisi/isizinda), khangela ukuba abathengi basebenzisa iseva ye-DNS echanekileyo kwaye irekhodi i A ikhona yenginginya. I-LLMNR kunye ne-mDNS inokunceda kwiinethiwekhi ezincinci, kodwa azikho isidenge. Ukuvavanya, ukwenza imephu nge-IP ngokukhawuleza kuphelisa amathandabuzo..

Coca imidibaniso kwaye uqalise kwakhona isitaki sothungelwano

Ngamanye amaxesha ingxaki isuka kwiiseshini ze-SMB ezincamatheleyo okanye kwiinkcukacha ezigciniweyo. Coca kwaye uqalise kwakhona amacandelo enethiwekhi: Lunyango olungummangaliso emva kweenzame ezininzi ezingaphumeleliyo..

net use * /delete /y
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /registerdns
nbtstat -R
netsh winsock reset
netsh int ip reset

Qala kwakhona ikhompyutha yakho emva kokuqhuba le miyalelo. Emva koko zama ukufikelela kwidilesi ye-IP ekwabelwana ngayo kwakhona. Ukuba iyasebenza ngoku, ingxaki ibikwi-cache okanye iisokethi ezimbi..

Izicwangciso zomgaqo-nkqubo wendawo yeemeko ezixubeneyo

Kuthungelwano olunezixhobo ezindala okanye iiseva ezinemigaqo-nkqubo engqongqo, umxhasi kunye nomncedisi akanako “uthethathethwano” kakuhle. Vula gpedit.msc ukuphonononga imigaqo-nkqubo kwaye uhlengahlengise ngokufanelekileyo:

• Ubumbeko lweKhompyutha > Iitemplates zoLawulo > Inethiwekhi > I-Microsoft Network Workstation: Funa umsayino wedijithali (khubaza oku ukuba umncedisi akawuxhasi ngexesha lovavanyo).
• Ulungelelwaniso lweKhompyutha > Izakhelo zoLawulo > Inethiwekhi > Umxhasi/Iseva ye-SMB: Ubuncinane bolwimi lwe-SMB kunye nobuninzi ukuba okusingqongileyo kuyakufuna. Ngokubanzi, shiya i-SMB2/3 njengento ehlala ikho..
• Ulungelelwaniso lweKhompyutha > Iitemplates zoLawulo > Inethiwekhi > I-Microsoft Network Workstation > I-Logon yeeNdwendwe engakhuselekanga: Yenza oku kuphela ukuba ufuna ukufikelela kwiindwendwe kwizixhobo zelifa.
• Useto loKhuseleko > IiKhetho zoKhuseleko > Ukhuseleko lweNethiwekhi: Inqanaba loQinisekiso loMphathi we-LAN: Sebenzisa i-NTLMv2 ukuba kuyenzeka; yehlisa inqanaba kuphela kwiikhompyuter zelifa, ukwazi umngcipheko.

Ukungena ngeeakhawunti zolawulo lwasekhaya ngaphaya komsebenzi womnatha kwezinye iintlelo, unokufuna ukwenza ixabiso lobhaliso LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy=1 kwi-HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System. Yisebenzise ngobulumko kwaye kuphela kwiinethiwekhi ezithembekileyo..

Uhlaziyo kwikhompyuter eyabelana ngefolda

Ukuba ingxaki iyaqhubeka, gxila kumamkeli "osebenzela" isiqulathi seefayili: Kulapho uya kufumana eyona mikhondo..

• Qinisekisa ukuba inkonzo ye-“Server (LanmanServer)” iyasebenza.
• Khangela ukuba ifolda yabiwe ngokwenene kwaye igama lovimba lichanekile (IiPropati > Ukwabelana > Ukwabiwa okuPhambili).
• Vula uMjongi weMsitho> IiLogi zeWindows > Inkqubo kwaye ujonge amangeniso anxulumene ne "Srv", "SMBServer" okanye "LanmanServer".
• Khangela ukuba akukho software yokhuseleko ivalela uqhagamshelo olungenayo lwe-445/TCP.
• Zama ukunika okwexeshana iimvume "Funda" ku "Wonke umntu" eSabelanani kunye ne-NTFS ukukhupha iimvume. Emva koko ubuyele kuqwalaselo olukhuselekileyo.

Ukuba inginginya ekude yi-NAS, khangela ideshibhodi yayo ukuze uqiniseke ukuba inkonzo ye-SMB iyasebenza, iinguqulelo ze-SMB ezivumelayo (ubuncinci kunye nobuninzi), nokuba ifuna ukusayinwa/uguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo, kwaye abaphi abasebenzisi abanemvume. Kwi-NAS yakudala, ukwenza i-SMB2 ihlale isitshixo..

Iimpazamo ezinxulumeneyo kunye nendlela yokutolika

"Umendo womnatha awufumanekanga" uhlala ehamba kunye nekhowudi 0x80070035 okanye impazamo yenkqubo 53. Oku kubonisa ukuba umphathi okanye umendo awukwazi ukusonjululwa okanye ufikeleleke. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubona u-0x80070005 (ufikelelo lwaliwe), uqhagamshelwano sele lukhona kwaye umba unemvume okanye iziqinisekiso. Ukwahlula uhlobo lwempazamo kukhokela ukuxilongwa kwakho.

0x80004005 (impazamo engachazwanga) inokuvela kwakhona ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwe-SMB eqhelekileyo okanye ukuba uthethathethwano ngokhuseleko aluphumeleli. Kwezi meko, yenza ukuba uphicotho-zincwadi okanye uphonononge uMjongi weMisitho ukuze ufumane imiyalezo ethe kratya evela kumthengi we-SMB kunye neseva. Okukhona imikhondo ikunika isiganeko, kokukhona uya kufika ngokukhawuleza kwisizathu..

Ukuba ufikelela kwizixhobo zelifa (i-NAS endala, abashicileli, iibhokisi zemidiya)

Kwizixhobo ezingaxhasi i-SMB2/3, unokhetho lwexeshana oluninzi, ubeka phambili ukhuseleko:

• Nika amandla "i-SMB 1.0/CIFS Client" kwiiNkalo zeWindows kwikhompyuter yomxhasi. Yigcine ixesha elide kangangoko kuyimfuneko.
• Kwi-NAS, phucula ubuncinci benguqulo kwi-SMB2 ukuba i-firmware iyakuvumela; khubaza undwendwe olungaziwayo kwaye usebenzise amagama omsebenzisi/amagama okugqithisa.
• Ukuba ifowuni ifuna i-NTLMv1, seta okwexeshana “iNqanaba loQinisekiso loMphathi weLAN” kwimo exhaswayo.
• Khangela ukuba umncedisi ufuna okanye hayi utyikityo lwe SMB; ukulungelelanisa lo mgaqo-nkqubo kumacala omabini kuthintela ukwaliwa okuthe cwaka.

Ukuba uhlaziyo alunakwenzeka kwaye usebenzisa isixhobo sakho yonke imihla, cinga ngokutshintsha isixhobo okanye ujonge enye indlela ekhuseleke ngakumbi (umzekelo, i-microserver yangoku okanye iNAS). Ukhuseleko kunye nokuhambelana kuya kukusindisa iintloko kwixesha elide..

Iingcebiso ezisebenzayo kunye noxilongo oluluncedo

Ezi ndlela zimfutshane zikhawulezisa ukuxilongwa kwaye kukunceda uqinisekise uqhagamshelwano:

• Umhloli: Chwetheza \\Kwabelwana\IP ngokuthe ngqo ukwahlula imiba yamagama.
• PowerShell: Test-NetConnection -ComputerName IP -Port 445 ukuqinisekisa i-port.
• CMD: imboniselo eshiyekileyo \\SERVER ukudwelisa izabelo ukuba uqhagamshelwano lwe-SMB lulungile.
• PowerShell: Fumana-SmbSession kumncedisi ukuze ubone iiseshoni ezisebenzayo kunye neempazamo. Ikuxelela ukuba ngubani odibanisayo kwaye njani.
• Susa i-zombie mappings: i-net usetyenziso * /cima /yy phinda ubhale ngeenkcukacha ezicacileyo.

Elinye icebiso: tshintsha iprofayile yakho yenethiwekhi ibe Yabucala ukuba ibonakala ngathi kawonke-wonke, ngakumbi kuthungelwano olutsha lwe-Wi-Fi. Oku kuvula ukufunyanwa kunye nokwabelana ngokuzenzekelayo. Uza kuyifumana kwiiSetingi > Inethiwekhi & ne-Intanethi > iiPropati zeNethiwekhi.

Okokugqibela, ukugcina abaqhubi benethiwekhi yakho kusexesheni kuthintela ukungahambelani neempawu ze-SMB zangoku (ukukhuphela, iRSS, njl.njl.). KuMphathi weSixhobo, jonga uhlaziyo lwe-Ethernet/Wi-Fi iadaptha yakho okanye uzikhuphele kumenzi. Umqhubi omdala unako "ukuqhekeza" kanye into oyifunayo.

Ukuba ufumene oku ngokuzama yonke into ukusuka kuqhagamshelo, ukufunyanwa, iinkonzo, i-firewall, i-SMB, iimvume, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo, kuya kufuneka ukwazi ukuvula isiqulathi seefayili ebesichasa ngaphambili iinzame zakho. Impazamo ethi "Umendo wothungelwano awufunyenwanga" ivakala imbi kakhulu, kodwa idla ngokuba ngenxa yesicwangciso esixekileyo okanye umthetho ongekhoyo; xa sele ikhona, Ukufikelela nge \\ Igama okanye \\ IP iyasebenza kwakhona njengoko kufanele.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Yintoni iMowudi eKhuselekileyo ngeNethiwekhi kwaye uyisebenzisa njani ukulungisa iiWindows ngaphandle kokuyibuyisela kwakhona?

UCristian Garcia

Ukuthanda itekhnoloji ukusukela esemncinci. Ndiyakuthanda ukuhlala unolwazi kweli candelo kwaye, ngaphezu kwako konke, ukunxibelelana nalo. Yiyo loo nto ndizinikele kunxibelelwano lwetekhnoloji kunye neewebhusayithi zomdlalo wevidiyo iminyaka emininzi ngoku. Ungandifumana ndibhala malunga ne-Android, iWindows, iMacOS, i-iOS, iNintendo okanye nasiphi na esinye isihloko esihambelanayo esiza engqondweni.