Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli

Ukwahluka cell phone yinkqubo isisiseko kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic kunye nokwakhiwa kwezicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Le nkqubo Kubandakanya ukuqeqeshwa kweeseli, apho zifumana iimpawu ezithile kwaye zithatha imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kumzimba. Ngokwahlula kweeseli, iiseli ziyahlula kwaye ziguquke zibe ziindidi zeeseli ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengeeseli zemisipha, iiseli zemithambo-luvo okanye iiseli zegazi, phakathi kwabanye. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga nzulu inkqubo yokwahlula kweeseli, ukuhlalutya iindlela zemolekyuli kunye nemiqondiso elawula le nkqubo ibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izinto eziphilayo.

Imigaqo yokwahlulwa kweeseli

Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli kubhekisa kwinkqubo apho iseli igqwesa kwaye yamkele umsebenzi othile kwi-multicellular organism. Lo mcimbi ubalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu kunye namalungu emntwini. Zingundoqo ekuqondeni indlela izinto eziphilayo ezihamba ngayo ukusuka ekubeni ziiseli ezingacalulwanga ukuya kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo.

Kukho imigaqo eyahlukeneyo elawula ukwahlula kweeseli, kubandakanywa:

• Iplastiki yeSelula: Iiseli zinamandla okutshintsha imeko yazo kwaye zamkele izazisi zeselula ezahlukeneyo kumjikelo wabo wobomi.
• Iindlela zokubonisa: Iiseli zifumana imiqondiso yangaphandle kunye ne-stimuli emisela i-cell yabo kunye nomsebenzi othile.
• Imbonakalo yohlobo olwahlukileyo: Iiseli zivula kwaye zicime iiseti ezahlukeneyo zemfuza njengoko zahlula, zivumela ukuba zithole iimpawu ezizodwa.

Ukongeza kwimigaqo ekhankanyiweyo, ezinye izinto ziphembelela ukwahlulwa kweeseli, ezifana ne-microenvironment ethile kunye nezinto ezikhutshelweyo. Izifundo kunye nophando kule ntsimi lubonakalise ulwazi oluninzi malunga neendlela ze-molecular ezilawula ukuhlukana kweeseli. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili kwimimandla efana neyeza lokuvuselela kunye nonyango lwemfuza, apho injongo kukusebenzisa amandla okwahlukana kwamaselula ukunyanga izifo kunye nokulimala.

Iinkqubo zeemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo ekwahlulweni kweeseli

Ukwahlula kweeseli yinkqubo esisiseko ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezininzi eziphilayo. Ngethuba le nkqubo, iiseli ze-stem zisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwaye zamkele imisebenzi ethile kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu. Ngale ndlela, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zemolekyuli ezilawula kwaye zilawule ukwahlula kweeseli.

Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokwahlulahlula iiseli kukusebenza kweejini ezithile. Ngokubonisa imichiza kunye nezinto ezikhutshelweyo, iiseli zivula okanye zicime iindlela ezahlukeneyo zofuzo ukuze zifumane iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zeselula. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokuhlukana kwe-neuronal, izakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nokuqulunqwa koqhagamshelwano lwe-synaptic kunye nokuveliswa kwee-neurotransmitters ziyasebenza.

Enye indlela ebalulekileyo yeemolekyuli ekwahlulweni kweeseli kukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sechromatin. I-Chromatin yinkimbinkimbi eyenziwe yi-DNA kunye neeprotheni ezenza iichromosomes. Ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli, utshintsho lwenzeka kulwakhiwo lwechromatin oluvumela okanye luthintele ufikelelo lwezinto ezikhutshelweyo kwijene. Olu tshintsho, olufana ne-histone methylation okanye i-acetylation, lumisela ukuba zeziphi iijini ezibonakaliswa kwiseli ethile.

Ukubaluleka kokuhlukana kweeseli kuphuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi

Ukwahlulahlula iiseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngethuba le nkqubo, iiseli ze-embryonic zifumana iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezivumela ukuba zenze imisebenzi ethile ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo. Olu lwahlulo lubalulekile ekubunjweni kwezicubu kunye namalungu ahlukeneyo, kwaye yintoni evumela ukuba iseli nganye idlale indima yayo ekhethekileyo emzimbeni.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zokwahlula kweeseli kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Phakathi kwazo kukho:

• Ukwahlula kwasekuqaleni kweeseli: kweli nqanaba, iiseli ze-embryonic ziqala ukwamkela izazisi ezahlukeneyo zeselula kwaye zigxile kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
• Ukwahlula kweseli kade: ngeli nqanaba, iiseli zifumana iimpawu ezithile ezahlulayo, njengokumila kwazo, ubungakanani kunye nomsebenzi.
• Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli zetheminali: kweli nyathelo lokugqibela, iiseli ziba ziiseli eziqolileyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye azikwazi ukutshintsha isazisi seselula.

Ukwahlula kweeseli kubalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngaphandle kwayo, izicubu kunye namalungu ayimfuneko ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yomzimba ayinakwenziwa. Ngaphaya koko, ukwahlukana kweeseli nako kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni nasekuhlaziyweni kwezicubu ezonakeleyo. Ukuqonda kunye nokulawula inkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile kwintsimi yeyeza lokuvuselela, apho iiseli ze-stem zifunwa ukulungisa izicubu kunye nokunyanga izifo.

Izinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle ezilawula ukuhlukana kweeseli

Ukwahlula kweeseli yinkqubo entsonkothileyo elawulwa luluhlu lwezinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni indlela iseli esebenza ngayo ibe luhlobo oluthile lweeseli. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga ezinye zezinto eziphembelela ulwahlulo lweeseli, zombini ngaphakathi kwiseli nakwindawo engqongileyo.

Izinto zangaphakathi ezilawula ukwahlulwa kweeseli:

• Izilawuli zokukhutshelwa: Ezi zinto ziiprotheyini ezibophelela kwi-DNA kwaye zijika ukubonakaliswa kofuzo oluthile okanye lucime. Imizekelo yabalawuli abashicilelweyo yimiba ekhutshelweyo, ebophelela kulandelelwano oluthile lwe-DNA kunye nokulawula ukubhalwa kweejene ezibandakanyekayo ekwahlulweni kweeseli.
• Uhlengahlengiso lwe-Epigenetic: Ukuguqulwa kwe-Epigenetic kukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kwi-DNA kunye ne-histones enokuthi isebenze okanye ithule i-gene expression. Olu hlengahlengiso lunokudluliselwa ukusuka kwiseli enye ukuya kwenye ngexesha lokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli, kuvumeleke ukuba kugcinwe ipateni yohlobo oluthile lwemfuza kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli.
• Umqondiso we-intracellular: Iindlela ze-intracellular signaling zihambisa izibonakaliso ukusuka kwi-cell membrane ukuya kwi-nucleus, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukuhlukana kweeseli. Ezi zibonakaliso zinokuveliswa yimiba yokukhula, iihomoni kunye nezinye iimolekyuli. Kwi yenza kusebenze okanye kucime Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezithile zokubonisa, iiseli ziyakwazi ukulawula ikamva labo kwaye zahlule kwiintlobo zeeseli ezahlukeneyo.

Izinto zangaphandle ezilawula ukwahlulwa kweeseli:

• I-Morphogenesis: Inkqubo ye-morphogenesis ibandakanya utshintsho kwimilo kunye nesakhiwo seeseli kunye nezicubu ngexesha lophuhliso. Izinto zangaphandle, ezifana ne-tissue mechanics kunye ne-gradients ye-molecular signal, inokulawula ukuhlukana kweeseli ngokuchaphazela i-morphogenesis.
• Unxibelelwano lweSelula: Iiseli zinxibelelana enye kwenye ngemiqondiso yeemolekyuli, ezinjengokunxibelelana kweeseli kunye nokukhutshwa kweemolekyuli zomqondiso. Olu nxibelelwano lunokuchaphazela ukuhlukana kwamaselula ngokuvula okanye ukuvala iindlela ezithile zokubonisa kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho kwi-gene expression.
• Ubume beSelula: Indawo ekuyo iseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cellular microenvironment, inokuphembelela ulwahlulo lwayo. Izinto zangaphandle ezifana nokufumaneka kwezondlo, ubukho bezinye iiseli, kunye nokuqina kokusingqongileyo kunokuchaphazela ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kunye nesiphelo seseli.

Inkqubo yokwahlula iiseli kwiiseli zesiqu

Iiseli ze-Stem ziiseli ezikwaziyo ukwahlula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Inkqubo yokwahlula kweeseli ibalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu kunye namalungu omzimba. umzimba womntu. Ngale ndlela yokwahlulahlula, iiseli ze-stem zinokuba yi-nerve, izihlunu, igazi kunye neeseli zethambo, phakathi kwabanye.

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Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zokwahlula kweeseli kwiiseli ze-stem: ulwahlulo lokumisela kunye nokwahlukana kwe-stochastic. Ngokwahlulahlula okuqinisekileyo, iiseli ze-stem zifumana imiqondiso ethile evela kwi-microenvironment yeselula eyenza ukuba bamkele i-cell fate ecwangcisiweyo. Kwelinye icala, kulwahlulo lwestochastic, iiseli ze-stem zifumana iiseli zazo ngokungakhethiyo, ngaphandle kokulandela ipateni ethile.

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Ibandakanya uthotho lwezigaba kunye nemimiselo. Okokuqala, iiseli ze-stem kufuneka zithole izibonakaliso zangaphandle ezenza izakhi zofuzo zisebenze kwaye zithulise abanye, ngaloo ndlela zivumela ukufunyanwa kweempawu zomnombo othile weseli. Ezi seli zeprogenitor ke ziyaphindaphindeka kwaye zibe ziiseli ezivuthiweyo. Okokugqibela, ezi seli ziqolileyo ziya kuqala ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yohlobo lweeseli zazo, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuchanekileyo kwezicubu kunye namalungu emzimbeni.

Ukusetyenziswa kokuhlukana kweeseli kwiyeza lokuvuselela

Baye baba yindawo enomdla kakhulu kwizazinzulu kunye noogqirha kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Olu qeqesho lufuna ukuphuhlisa unyango olusekelwe kwisakhono seeseli ukuvuselela izicubu ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezigulayo kunye namalungu.

A yezicelo Ezona ndlela zithembisayo zokwahlulwa kweeseli zikwinkalo yobunjineli beethishu. Ngokusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem, kunokwenzeka ukuvelisa izicubu zokwenziwa ezingasetyenziselwa ukutshintsha izitho ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezigulayo. Ezi zindwangu zokwenziwa zinokuthi ziyilwe ukuba zibe neempawu kunye nemisebenzi efana neendwangu zangaphambili, ukubonelela ngamathuba amatsha kunyango lwezifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokulimala okukhulu.

Esinye isicelo esibalulekileyo sokuhlukana kweeseli kwiyeza lokuvuselela kunyango lweeseli. Obu buchule bubandakanya ukusebenzisa iiseli ze-stem okanye iiseli ezikhethekileyo ukulungisa okanye ukubuyisela izicubu ezonakalisiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yokulimala komgogodla, iiseli ze-stem zingasetyenziselwa ukuvuselela i-neurons eyonakalisiweyo kunye nokubuyisela ukusebenza kweemoto. Ukongeza, unyango lweeseli lukwajongwa njengokhetho lonyango lwezifo ezinjenge-Parkinson kunye nesifo seswekile, zifuna ukubuyisela iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezinqongopheleyo ngeeseli ezisempilweni.

Ulawulo lwemfuza yokwahlula kweeseli

Yinkqubo esisiseko ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano olunzima lokunxibelelana kofuzo, iiseli zifumana iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwaye zenze imisebenzi ethile kumzimba. Lo matshini ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukubunjwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezicubu kunye namalungu.

Ukwahlula kweeseli kulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngezinto ezikhutshelweyo, eziziiprotheyini ezikwaziyo ukubophelela kwi-DNA kunye nokuvula okanye ukucinezela ukubonakaliswa kweejeni ezithile. Ezi zinto zikhutshelweyo zisebenza ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo, zenza uthungelwano olulawulayo olulawula ukuqhubela phambili kokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ngaphezu koko, ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic, okufana ne-DNA methylation kunye nokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ze-histone, nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, ziphembelela ukufumaneka kofuzo oluza kubhalwa.

Kwenzeka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ophuhliso lwe-embryonic kunye nasemva kokubeleka. Ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli, iiseli ze-pluripotent stem zikhokelela kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo ze-progenitor, ezithi emva koko zahlule zibe ziintlobo ezithile zeeseli. Ezi nkqubo zokwahlula zilawulwa yimiqondiso eyahlukeneyo ye-extracellular, njengezinto zokukhula kunye ne-cell adhesion molecules, eyenza i-intracellular signaling pathways ilawule ukubonakaliswa kofuzo ngendlela elawulwayo kunye nokulawulwa kwendawo.

Iziphumo zokwahlukana kweeseli kwimpilo kunye nezifo

Ukwahlula kweeseli yinkqubo esisiseko yophuhliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngobu buchule bumangalisayo, iiseli zifumana iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kunye nemisebenzi ezivumela ukuba zidlale indima yazo kwizicubu kunye namalungu omzimba womntu. Olu nxibelelwano luntsokothileyo lweeseli ezihlukeneyo lunegalelo elikhulu kwimpilo nakwizifo.

Kwimpilo, ukwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kweenkqubo zomzimba womntu. Ngokomzekelo, iiseli ze-muscle ezihlukeneyo zivumela ukunyakaza okufanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa imisipha, ngelixa iiseli ze-nerve ezihlukeneyo zihambisa izibonakaliso zombane ezilawula izenzo zethu kunye nemibono. Ngaphaya koko, ukwahlulwa kweeseli kukwanoxanduva lokuvelisa iiseli zegazi, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseni ioksijini kunye nezondlo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguqulwa okanye ukungasebenzi ngokungafaniyo kwamaselula kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezinzulu. Umzekelo, ukulahleka kwesakhono seeseli zokwahlula ngokufanelekileyo kunokukhokelela ekuphuhliseni amathumba omhlaza. Ukongeza, ezinye izifo zofuzo zinxulunyaniswa neengxaki ekuhlukaneni kweeseli, okukhokelela ekwenziweni kwezicubu ezingaqhelekanga kunye nezitho. Ukuziqonda kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezintsha zonyango ezinokulungisa olu tshintsho kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bezigulane.

Ukwahlula kweeseli kumhlaza: iimpembelelo kunye nemibono yonyango

Ukwahlulahlula iiseli yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwezicubu kunye namalungu emzimbeni womntu. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yomhlaza, le nkqubo iphazamisekile, ekhokelela ekubunjweni kweeseli zomhlaza ezingahlukaniyo kwaye zanda kakhulu.

Iimpembelelo zokwahlukana kweeseli kumhlaza zibalulekile. Ukunqongophala kokwahlula kweeseli zomhlaza kubanika amandla amakhulu okuhlasela kunye ne-metastasize xa kuthelekiswa neeseli eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphaya koko, ezi seli zingahlukanisiweyo zihlala zixhathisa ngakumbi kunyango olusemgangathweni, zenza ukupheliswa kwazo ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuphinda umhlaza kube nzima.

Ngokwemibono yonyango, ukuqonda iindlela ezilawula ukwahlula kweeseli kumhlaza kubaluleke kakhulu. Olu lwazi lunokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezintsha zonyango ezikhuthaza ukuhlukana kweeseli zomhlaza, ngaloo ndlela zibuyisela umsebenzi wazo oqhelekileyo kunye novelwano kunyango oluqhelekileyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukuchongwa kweziphawuli ezithile zokwahlulahlula kweeseli kumhlaza kunokuququzelela ukuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nokubekwa kwesigulana, ukuvumela unyango olulolwamntu ngakumbi kunye nolusebenzayo.

Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli kwi-immune system: iziseko zokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo

ukwahlukana kweeseli kwinkqubo I-Immunology yinkqubo ebalulekileyo evumela umsebenzi ochanekileyo wenkqubo yethu yokukhusela. Le nkqubo, eyenziwe ngothungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lweeseli neemolekyuli, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni umzimba wethu kwiintsholongwane nakwizinto eziyingozi.

Ukwahlula kweeseli kwi-immune system kubhekisela ekuguqulweni kweeseli ze-stem kunye ne-progenitor kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo, nganye inomsebenzi othile kwi-immune response. Ezi seli ziquka i-T kunye ne-B lymphocytes, iiseli ze-dendritic, i-macrophages, kunye ne-neutrophils, phakathi kwezinye.

Ngexesha lokwahlula kweeseli, iiseli zifumana iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-morphological kunye nokusebenza ezivumela ukuba zenze imisebenzi ethile. Ngokomzekelo, i-T lymphocytes, ephuma kumathambo ethambo, ifudukela kwi-thymus apho igqibezela ukuvuthwa kwayo. Apho baphuhlisa i-antigen receptors ezizodwa ezibavumela ukuba baqaphele kwaye baphendule kuma-molecule angaphandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-lymphocyte ye-B, ekwavela kumongo wethambo, iyahlula kwiiseli ze-plasma ezikwazi ukuvelisa izilwa-buhlungu, ii-agent eziphambili kwi-humoral immunity.

Ukuqhubela phambili ekuqondeni ukwahlula kweeseli kusetyenziswa ubuchule bebhayoloji yemolekyuli

Ukwahlula kweeseli yinkqubo esisiseko yophuhliso kunye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ngombulelo kubuchule bebhayoloji yeemolekyuli, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo ekuqondweni kwale nkqubo ilawulwa kakhulu nentsonkothileyo. Apha ngezantsi kukho inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo kule ndawo yophando:

Ukuchongwa kweziphawuli zeselula: Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule bebhayoloji yemolekyuli kwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukuchonga iimpawu ezithile zeemolekyuli zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Ezi mpawu zivumela iiseli ukuba zahlulwe kwaye zihlelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula, okubalulekileyo ekuqondeni ukuba zikhula njani izihlunu kunye nendlela ezigcinwa ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Uphononongo lweendlela zolawulo lwemfuza: Ukwahlula kweeseli kubandakanya utshintsho kwipatheni yokubonakalisa imfuza yeeseli. Ukusebenzisa ubuchule bebhayoloji ye-molekyuli, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula imfuza ezilawula ukwahlula kweeseli ziye zafunyanwa, ezifana ne-DNA methylation, ukuguqulwa kwe-histone, kunye nomsebenzi wezinto ezibhaliweyo. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zisivumele ukuba siqonde indlela imfuza eyenziwa ngayo okanye ithuliswe ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli.

Ubuchule bokuhlela imfuza: Itekhnoloji yokuhlela iGene, efana ne-CRISPR-Cas9, iye yaluguqula ufundo lokwahlulahlula kweeseli. Besebenzisa obu buchule, abaphandi banokukhetha ukutshintsha iDNA yeeseli ukuze bafunde ifuthe lemfuza ekwahlulweni kweeseli. Oku kusivumele ukuba sichonge izakhi zofuzo eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo ekuhlukeni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye nokuqonda kakuhle iindlela ezilawula le nkqubo.

Ukubaluleka kokwahlula kweeseli kubunjineli beethishu

Ukwahlulahlula iiseli yinkqubo esisiseko kubunjineli beethishu, kuba ivumela ukudalwa kwezicubu ezisebenzayo kunye namalungu asuka kwiiseli zestem. Obu buchule beeseli ukuba bube bodwa kwaye bufumane iimpawu ezithile buyimfuneko kwimpumelelo yokufakelwa kwezicubu kunye nokuveliswa kweemodeli ze-in vitro zokufunda izifo.

Okokuqala, ukwahlula kweeseli kusivumela ukuba sifumane iiseli ezikhethekileyo ezinokuthatha indawo yeeseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingekhoyo kwithishu okanye kwilungu. Ndiyabulela oku, kunokwenzeka ukubuyisela umsebenzi wezitho ezifana nentliziyo, isibindi okanye izintso, ukwandisa umgangatho wobomi bezigulane ezifuna ukutshintshwa. Ngapha koko, ukwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile ukuvelisa iiseli ezithile eziphendula imiqondiso ye-physiological kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zendalo zokulungiswa kwezicubu kunye nokuvuselelwa.

Kwelinye icala, ukwahlukana kweeseli kubalulekile kuphuhliso lweemodeli ze-in vitro ezivumela uphononongo olubanzi lwezifo kunye nokufunyanwa kwamachiza amatsha. Ngokwahlula iiseli ze-stem kwiiseli zohlobo oluthile, kunokwenzeka ukuphinda wenze iimodeli zeeseli ezifana neeseli ezichaphazelekayo sisifo esithile. Oku kubonelela abaphandi ngeqonga elilodwa lokuqonda i-pathology esisiseko kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza konyango olunokubakho.

Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha kunye nomthetho kuphando lokwahlulahlula iiseli

Uphando lwezeNzululwazi kwicandelo lokwahlula iiseli luphakamisa imiba emininzi yokuziphatha nesemthethweni ekufuneka ijongwe ngokungqongqo. Ezi ngqwalasela zivela kwimfuneko yokukhusela ingqibelelo kunye nentlalo-ntle kwabantu, ngokunjalo nokuhlonipha imithetho nemigaqo ekhoyo ngoku.

Okokuqala, iiprothokholi ezicacileyo kunye nezikhokelo kufuneka zisekwe ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neeseli zabantu kuphando. Oku kubandakanya ukufumana imvume enolwazi kubaxhasi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayayiqonda injongo yophando kunye nobungozi obunokubakho obunxulumeneyo. Ukongeza, amanyathelo angqongqo kufuneka amiselwe ukuqinisekisa ubumfihlo beenkcukacha zofuzo kunye nokukhusela ubumfihlo babanikeli.

Olunye uqwalaselo olusisiseko lweenqobo ezisesikweni kukusetyenziswa kweembumba zomntu kuphando lokwahlula iiseli. Kubalulekile ukuseka imida ecacileyo kunye nemvumelwano malunga nokuba nini kwaye njani iimbumba ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwizifundo zesayensi, zihlala zihlonipha umgaqo wesidima kunye nentlonipho yobomi bomntu. Ngokunjalo, kuyafuneka ukuba kuhlale kuvavanywa inkqubela phambili yenzululwazi nethekhnoloji ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubela phambili kule ndawo ayisetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga okanye ngokungafanelekanga.

Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo lokwahlulahlula kweeseli kwinkalo ye-bioengineering yonyango

Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli kuye kwavela njengobuchule obuthembisayo kwinkalo ye-bioengineering yonyango, kwaye amandla ayo okusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo ayonwabisa. Njengoko uphando luqhubela phambili, iindlela ezininzi ziye zafunyanwa apho ukwahlulwa kweeseli kunokuguqula amayeza kunye nokuphucula unyango olusele lukhona. Ezinye zezona zicelo zithembisayo kwixesha elizayo lokwahlulwa kweeseli kwi-bioengineering yezonyango ziya kuboniswa ngezantsi:

1. Ukuhlaziywa kwezicubu: Ukwahlula kweeseli kunika ithuba lokuvuselela izicubu ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo. Ngokuhlengahlengisa iiseli ze-stem, kunokwenzeka ukuba ziqondise ukuhlukana kwazo kwiithishu ezithile, ezifana nolusu, ithambo okanye umsipha. Le ndlela intsha inokutshintsha unyango lwezifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokwenzakala okubuhlungu, inika izisombululo ezisebenzayo nezihlala ixesha elide.

2. Unyango lweselula olulolwakho: Enkosi ngokwahlulahlula kweeseli, kuyenzeka ukuba kuveliswe iiseli ezikhethekileyo ezivela kwiiseli ze-stem, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuphuhlisa unyango lomntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba izigulane zingafumana unyango olulungiselelwe iimfuno zazo ezithile, okonyusa amathuba okunyangwa kunye nokunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga. Ngaphaya koko, ulwahlulo lweeseli lubonelela ngeqonga lophando lweziyobisi olulungiselelweyo, ukukhawulezisa ukufunyanwa kunye nophuhliso lonyango olutsha.

3. Ubunjineli bezicubu kunye namalungu: Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli nako kunamandla okuguqula izicubu kunye nobunjineli bomzimba. Ngokwahlula okuthe ngqo kweeseli ze-stem, kunokwenzeka ukwenza izakhiwo ezinzima ezilinganisa ukusebenza kwezicubu ezithile okanye amalungu. Le teknoloji ingasetyenziselwa ukuphuhlisa izitho ezenziweyo zokufakelwa, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kubaxhasi kunye nokubonelela ngezisombululo ezifikeleleke ngakumbi kwizigulane ezilindele ukutshintshwa.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Yintoni umahluko weeseli?
A: Ukwahlula kweeseli yinkqubo apho iiseli zitshintsha ukusuka kwimeko engahlukangayo ukuya kwimeko ekhethekileyo ngokupheleleyo, ukuphuhlisa iimpawu ezizodwa ze-morphological kunye nokusebenza.

Umbuzo: Zeziphi iindlela ezilawula ukwahlulwa kweeseli?
A: Ukwahlula kweeseli kulawulwa yinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeendlela ezibandakanya ukubonakaliswa kweeseli, ukusebenzisana kunye nommandla we-extracellular, kunye nokubonakaliswa kweegenes ezithile. Ezi ndlela zisebenza kunye ukwalathisa umkhondo wokwahlula iiseli.

Umbuzo: Zeziphi izigaba zokwahlulwa kweeseli?
A: Ukwahlula kweeseli kunokohlulwa ngokwezigaba ezininzi eziphambili. Okokuqala, iiseli ezingahlukanisiweyo ziye zitshintshwe kwindlela yazo yofuzo, zifumana iprofayili ethile ekhutshelweyo. Emva koko, ezi seli ziqala ukufumana iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ze-morphological kunye nokusebenza okuzahlula kwezinye iiseli.

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kokwahlulwa kweeseli?
A: Ukwahlula kweeseli kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni i-embryonic, ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu, ukubunjwa kwamalungu kunye neenkqubo, kunye nokugcinwa kwe-homeostasis kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ukongeza, iziphene ekuhlukaniseni iiseli zinokufaka isandla ekubonakaleni kwezifo.

Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula kweeseli?
A: Ewe, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula iiseli. Umzekelo, sinokuthetha ngokwahlukana kweeseli kwiiseli zegazi, i-neurons, iiseli zemisipha, iiseli zesikhumba, phakathi kwabanye. Uhlobo ngalunye lweseli lufuna inkqubo yofuzo kunye neempawu ezithile zokuphumeza ukuhlukana.

Umbuzo: Ifundwa njani umahluko weeseli?
A: Uphononongo lokuhlukana kweeseli lwenziwa ngokuqwalaselwa kweeseli kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso kunye nohlalutyo lwezinto ezilawula ukuhlukana kwazo. Ubuchule obufana ne-microscopy, uhlalutyo lwe-gene expression, ukuguqulwa kofuzo kunye nophando kwimodeli yezilwanyana kunye neeselula ziyasetyenziswa.

Umbuzo: Ngaba singakwazi ukulawula okanye ukubangela ukwahlula kweeseli?
A: Ewe, kuyenzeka ukulawula okanye ukuphembelela ukwahlula kweeseli. Ubuchule obahlukeneyo kunye neeprothokholi ziye zaphuhliswa ezivumela ukuba kusebenze okanye kuthintelwe iindlela ezithile zokubonisa umqondiso ukwalathisa ukwahlula kweeseli ezingahlukanisiweyo ukuya kumnombo weseli oyifunayo. Obu buchule bubaluleke kakhulu kwezonyango ubunjineli bokuhlaziya kunye nezicubu.

Umbuzo: Yeyiphi imingeni ekhoyo ngoku kwisifundo sokwahlulahlula kweeseli?
A: Omnye wemingeni ephambili kuphononongo lokwahlulahlula kweeseli kukuqonda ngokweenkcukacha iindlela zemolekyuli eziphantsi kwale nkqubo, kunye nokuchonga izinto eziphambili zolawulo. Ngaphaya koko, ukukwazi ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo ukwahlula kweeseli kusabonisa imingeni yobugcisa neyenzululwazi ekufuneka isonjululwe.

Ukuququmbela

Isishwankathelo, ukuhlukana kwamaselula kuyinkqubo esisiseko ekuphuhliseni i-organism multicellular. Ngothotho lweziganeko ezintsonkothileyo nezilawulwayo, iiseli zifumana iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwaye zibe ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, nganye inemisebenzi ethile emzimbeni.

Le nto ibalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi kunye ne-homeostasis kwizicubu kunye namalungu omzimba, ukuvumela ukubunjwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu, kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwendalo kunye nokuphendula kukwenzakala okanye izifo.

Ukwahlula kweeselfowuni kubandakanya inkitha yemiqondiso kunye nezinto ezilawulayo ezikhokela kunye nokulawula ikamva leseli. Nangona kusekho imibuzo emininzi malunga nemiba ethile yale nkqubo, inkqubela phambili kuphando lwezenzululwazi isinike ulwazi oluthe kratya oluthe kratya lweendlela ezisisiseko.

Ukuqonda kunye nokulawula ukuhlukana kwamaselula kunamandla amakhulu kwintsimi yeyeza lokuvuselela, apho sifuna ukutshintsha izicubu ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezilahlekileyo. Ngaphaya koko, uphononongo lwabo lukwaneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kumhlaza, apho iiseli zinokuphulukana namandla azo okwahlula kunye nokufumana isimilo esibi.

Ukuqukumbela, ukwahlukana kweeseli yinkqubo enomdla kunye neyinkimbinkimbi edlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso, i-homeostasis kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Njengoko ukuqonda kwethu le nkqubo kuqhubeka nokwanda, amathuba amatsha okusetyenziswa kwayo kumayeza kunye nebhayoloji ayavuleka, anikezela ngamathemba athembisayo zombini ngokwemigaqo yophando olusisiseko kunye nezicelo zeklinikhi.