Umhlaza kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye nokuzala kwamaselula.

Umhlaza sisifo esichaphazela izigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye ubume baso obuntsokothileyo bubhide izazinzulu kumashumi eminyaka. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi bagxininise ingqalelo yabo ekuqondeni ubudlelwane phakathi komhlaza kunye nokuzala kwamaselula, befuna ukutyhila iindlela ezisisiseko ezivumela iiseli ukuba zahlule kwaye ziphindaphindeke ngokungalawulekiyo Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga olu budlelwane ngokweenkcukacha,⁤ sivavanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo apho umhlaza unokutshintsha kwaye uphazamise inkqubo yokuzala kweeseli.

Indima yokuveliswa kweeseli ekuphuhliseni umhlaza

Ukuveliswa kweSellula kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni umhlaza, kuba uphelile le nkqubo ukuba iiseli zomhlaza ziphindaphindeka ngokungalawulekiyo. Njengoko iseli eqhelekileyo isahlula,⁢ DNA yayo iphindaphindwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye isasazwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kweeseli zentombi. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yomhlaza, le nkqubo yokuveliswa kweselula iguqulwa, ekhokelela ekugqithiseni okungalawulwayo kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga.

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zoku kwinqanaba leeseli ezinegalelo⁢ kuphuhliso lomhlaza. Enye yazo kukuguqulwa kofuzo oluphambili olulawula umjikelo weeseli, ezifana ne-tumor suppressor genes kunye ne-oncogenes. Olu tshintsho lunokuthi lwenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo okanye lunyanzeliswe yimiba yangaphandle, njengokuvezwa kwi-carcinogens ethile. Olu tshintsho lwemfuza lukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kokuveliswa kweseli, ukuvumela iiseli zomhlaza ukuba ziphindaphindeke ngokungalawulekiyo kwaye zenze amathumba.

Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokuveliswa kweeseli kumhlaza inxulumene ngokusondeleyo ne-angiogenesis, oko kukuthi, ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emitsha esondla ithumba. Iiseli zomhlaza zikhupha iikhemikhali ezikhuthaza ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emitsha ejikelezileyo, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwezondlo kunye neoksijini eyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwazo okungalawulekiyo. Le nkqubo ye-angiogenesis ibonelela ngeeseli zomhlaza kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze ziphile kwaye zisasazeke, zibe negalelo ngakumbi ekuphuhliseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili komhlaza.

Ukusebenzisana phakathi kweeseli zomhlaza kunye nomjikelo wobomi beselula

Ziyindawo ebalulekileyo yokufunda ukuqonda kunye nokulwa esi sifo sitshabalalisayo. Kule nkqubo, iiseli zomhlaza ziyaphambuka kumjikelo oqhelekileyo wobomi beselula, ziguqula ukusebenza kwazo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ziqhubekisela phambili ukukhula kwazo okungalawulekiyo. Apha ngezantsi kukuphononongwa ngokweenkcukacha kolu nxibelelwano:

1. Iinguqu zemfuza:

Iiseli zomhlaza zibonakaliswa ngokuba neenguqu zemfuza ezichaphazela ngqo umjikelo wobomi beselula. Olu tshintsho lunokuthi lube khona ukusuka kwimvelaphi yeseli yomhlaza okanye lunokuthi lwenzeke ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwayo. Ezinye iinguqulelo zichaphazela i-tumor suppressor genes, enoxanduva lokulawula ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokwahlula. Olunye utshintsho lwemfuza lunokuchaphazela i-oncogenes, izakhi zofuzo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kweeseli okungalawulwayo. ⁤Olu tshintsho ludala uthotho lweziganeko ezivumela iiseli zomhlaza ukuba zibaleke iindlela zokulawula umhlaza. umjikelo weseli.

2. Ukupheliswa komjikelo wobomi beeseli:

Nje ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zifumane utshintsho lwemfuza, inkqubo yokuyeka ukulawulwa komjikelo wobomi beselula iyaqala. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zihlala kwaye zihamba ngokukhawuleza kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omjikelo weeseli, njengenqanaba lokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kunye nokwahlulahlulwa kweeseli, ngaphandle kokulandela iindawo zokukhangela ezihlala zilawula ukuqhubeka kwazo. ⁣ Oku kupheliswa kolawulo kuvumela iiseli zomhlaza ukuba ziphindaphindeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye zenze amathumba.

3. Ukusebenzisana neeseli ezisempilweni:

Iiseli zomhlaza azenzi zodwa, kodwa zisebenzisana neeseli ezisempilweni ezikhoyo kwindawo yethumba. Olu nxibelelwano lunokuphembelela umjikelo wobomi beselula yeeseli ezisempilweni kwaye zikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwazo zibe ziiseli zomhlaza zinokukhupha iimolekyuli ezikhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli okanye zithintele ukufa kweeseli ezisempilweni. Ukongezelela, banokwenza uxhulumaniso lomzimba kunye neeseli eziphilileyo, ukuvumela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zofuzo ezikhuthaza utshintsho kwiiseli eziphilileyo kunye negalelo ekuphuhliseni umhlaza.

Isishwankathelo, zihambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuguqulwa kofuzo, ukuchithwa komjikelezo wobomi beselula, kunye nokusebenzisana kunye neeseli eziphilileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ⁢unxibelelwano kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo nezijoliswe kumhlaza.

Utshintsho kumjikelo wobomi beeseli kunye nekhonkco labo nomhlaza

Utshintsho kumjikelo wobomi beeseli ziinkqubo eziphambili kuphuhliso lomhlaza. Olu tshintsho— lunokubangelwa ⁢inani lemiba, efana nemfuza okanye⁢ utshintsho lwemo engqongileyo, ephazamisa ulungelelwaniso olubuthathaka. yomjikelo weseli eqhelekileyo. Olu tshintsho lunokukhokelela ekubeni iiseli zihlukane ngokungalawulekiyo, zenze amathumba ayingozi.

Kukho izigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo wobomi beeseli ezinokuchaphazeleka kumhlaza. Enye yezona ngongoma zibalulekileyo sisigaba sokwanda kweeseli, apho iiseli ziyahlukana kwaye ziphindaphinde ukuvelisa iiseli ezintsha. Kumhlaza, esi sigaba sinokutshintshwa, okukhokelela ekwandeni okugqithisileyo kunye nokungalawulekiyo kweeseli zomhlaza.

Esinye isigaba esibalulekileyo sisigaba yokufa kweeseli ecwangcisiweyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis. Le ndlela yendalo yenzelwe ukuphelisa iiseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingeyomfuneko ngendlela ehlelekile. Nangona kunjalo, kumhlaza, kunokubakho inhibition ye-apoptosis, evumela iiseli zomhlaza ukuba ziphile kwaye ziqokelele.

• Ukuguqulwa komjikelo wobomi beselula kumhlaza sisihloko esiqhubekayo sophando.
• Inkqubela phambili ekuqondeni olu tshintsho iqhuba uphuhliso lweendlela ezintsha zonyango ngokuchasene nomhlaza.
• Ukuchongwa kofuzo oluthile kunye neeprotheni ezibandakanyekayo ekuguqulweni komjikelo weeseli zibalulekile kuyilo lonyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nolomntu.

Isishwankathelo, umhlaza unxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo notshintsho kumjikelo wobomi beselula. Ukuqonda olu tshintsho kwinqanaba le-molecular kubalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kokuthintela okusebenzayo, ukuxilongwa, kunye nezicwangciso zonyango ezichasene nesi sifo esibi.

Umhlaza kunye nefuthe layo kwinkqubo yokwahlulahlulwa kweeseli

Umhlaza sisifo esintsonkothileyo esichaphazela inkqubo yokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokwahlula kulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye neenkqubo ezilawulwayo emzimbeni womntu. Nangona kunjalo, xa utshintsho lwezofuzo lwenzeka okanye utshintsho lwenzeka kwiindlela zokulawula, ukukhula kweeseli okungalawulwayo kunokuqaliswa, okukhokelela ekubunjweni kwamathumba anobungozi.

Enye yeempawu eziphambili zomhlaza kukukwazi ukuphepha iindlela zokulawula ezihlala zilawula umjikelo weseli. Olu tshintsho lunokubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo eziphambili zokwanda kweeseli, ezinje nge-tumor suppressor genes okanye i-oncogenes, ngenxa yoko, iiseli zomhlaza zinokwahlula-hlula ngendlela ekhawulezileyo kwaye azihambi kwinkqubo ye-apoptosis, ecwangcisiweyo yokufa kweseli.

Inkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli ibalulekile ekukhuleni, ekuhlaziyweni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, kumxholo womhlaza, ukwahlukana kweseli okungalawulwayo⁢ kunokuba neziphumo ezibi. Iiseli zomhlaza zinokuhlasela izicubu kunye namalungu akufutshane, zisasazeke nge-circulatory okanye i-lymphatic system, kwaye i-metastasize kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Ngoko ke, ukuqonda indlela umhlaza ochaphazela ngayo inkqubo yokwahlula iiseli kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso ezisebenzayo kunye nezijoliswe kuzo.

Ukubaluleka kokulawulwa komjikelo weeseli ekuthinteleni umhlaza

Ayinakujongelwa phantsi. Umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda kunye nokwahlulwa kweeseli ngendlela echanekileyo kunye nocwangco. Xa le nkqubo iyancipha, inokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kweeseli zomhlaza. Ngezantsi⁢ zezinye izizathu zokuba kutheni ukulawulwa komjikelo weeseli kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuthintelo lomhlaza:

Gcina i-Homeostasis yeSelula:

Ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo komjikelo weseli kuvumela iiseli ukuba zigcine ulungelelwaniso oluqhubekayo phakathi kokwanda kunye ukufa kweeseli. Le bhalansi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-homeostasis, ibalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu kunye namalungu. Ukuba umjikelo weseli awulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, iiseli ziyakwazi ukwanda ngokungalawulekiyo, ezikhokelela ekubunjweni kwezicubu ezinobungozi.

Thintela ukuFumana komonakalo weDNA:

Umjikelo weseli olawulwayo nawo udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ukuqokeleleka komonakalo weDNA. Ngethuba lokujikeleza kweeseli, iiseli zinethuba lokulungisa nawuphi na umonakalo kwi-DNA yazo ngaphambi kokuba ziqhubeke nokwahlula. Ukuba ukulawulwa komjikelo weseli kuphazamisekile, iiseli ezineDNA eyonakeleyo zinokuqhubeka nokwahlulahlula kwaye zidlulisele ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwiiseli zeentombi, ngaloo ndlela zandisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza.

Susa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga:

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo wolawulo lomjikelo weeseli kukuphelisa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga. ⁢Ukuba iseli ifumana utshintsho olukhulu lwemfuzo ngexesha lomjikelo weseli, ngesiqhelo, indlela yokulawula umgangatho iyakubangela i-apoptosis, inkqubo yokufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo. Oku kuvumela iiseli ezinobungozi obunobungozi ukuba zipheliswe ngaphambi kokuba zibe nomhlaza. Ngaphandle kokulawulwa okufanelekileyo komjikelo weeseli, ezi seli zingaqhelekanga zinokunqanda i-apoptosis kwaye ziqhubeke nokukhula ngokungalawulekiyo.

Isishwankathelo, ukulawulwa komjikelo weeseli kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni umhlaza ngokugcina i-homeostasis yeselula, ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa komonakalo weDNA, kunye nokuphelisa iiseli ezingaqhelekanga Ukuqonda kunye nokufunda Imvelaphi yeendlela zokulawula umjikelezo weseli ibalulekile ekuphuhliseni ukuthintela umhlaza osebenzayo kunye izicwangciso zonyango.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-apoptosis kunye nomhlaza

Sisihloko esibaluleke kakhulu kuphando lwezonyango. I-Apoptosis, okanye ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo, yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuphuhliswa kunye nokugcinwa kwezicubu ezinempilo Umhlaza, kwelinye icala, sisifo esibonakaliswa ukwanda okungalawulwayo kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga.

Inqaku eliphambili kuncwadi kukuba i-apoptosis eneziphene inokuba negalelo ekwakhiweni nasekuqhubekeni kwamathumba Umzekelo, iiseli zomhlaza zihlala zibonisa utshintsho kwiindlela zokubonisa ezilawula i-apoptosis, izenze Ikuvumela ukuba uphephe ukufa kweseli yakho ecwangcisiweyo kwaye uqhubeke nokuphindaphinda. ngendlela engalawulekiyo.

Ngapha koko, ukuchasana ne-apoptosis yenye yeempawu eziphambili zeeseli zomhlaza, ezenza kube nzima ukunyanga. Ukuqonda iindlela zeemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo kule nkcaso kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso zonyango ezisebenzayo. Ngale ndlela, iindidi ngeendidi zemfuza kunye neeproteni ezilawula i-apoptosis kunye ⁣ nokungasebenzi kakuhle komhlaza ziye zachongwa, nto leyo evule iindlela ezintsha zophando kunye namathuba okunyanga esi sifo.

Indima ye-oncogenes ekupheliseni ukuveliswa kweeseli

I-Oncogenes idlala indima ephambili ekuyekisweni kokuveliswa kweseli, isisiseko ekuphuhliseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Ezi zakhi zofuzo zifake iiprotheni ezilawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nokwanda kweeseli, ukwahlula kunye nokusinda kwabo ngokungafanelekanga okanye ukuguqulwa kwenguqu kunokubangela uchungechunge lweziganeko ezikhokelela ekukhuleni kweeseli ezingalawulwayo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ekubunjweni kwamathumba.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo⁤ apho i-oncogenes inokuphazamisa ukuzala iselfowuni eqhelekileyo. Okokuqala, ukusebenza kwayo kunokukhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kokukhula, okubangela ukwanda kweeseli ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza, i-oncogenes inokuphazamisa iindlela zokucinezela ithumba, ukuthintela ukufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo okanye ukukhuthaza i-angiogenesis, ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emitsha esondla ithumba.

Ngokukwanjalo, i-oncogenes inokuguqula umjikelo weseli, ithande ukungena kweeseli kwisigaba sokuphindaphinda iDNA kwaye ithintele okanye ichaphazele ukuphuma kwisigaba sokwahlulwa kweseli. Oku kunokubangela ukuqokelelana kweeseli kwisigaba sokuphindaphinda, nto leyo enegalelo ekukhuleni kwethumba elingalawulekiyo. Isishwankathelo, ukunyanzeliswa kokuveliswa kweeseli ezibangelwa ngumsebenzi ongaqhelekanga we-oncogenes yinto enqumayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili komhlaza, ukubonelela ngamathuba okuphuhliswa kwezonyango ezijoliswe kula mayeza athile ukulwa nesi sifo.

Iingcebiso zokuthintela ukuphuhliswa kweeseli zomhlaza emzimbeni

Yamkela ukutya okunempilo: Ukutya ukutya okunokulinganisela, okutyebileyo kwezondlo kubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza emzimbeni. Qiniseka ukuba uquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziqhamo, imifuno, ukutya okuziinkozo, kunye neeproteni ezibhityileyo kukutya kwakho kwemihla ngemihla. Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kokutya okucutshungulwayo, amafutha agcweleyo kunye noshukela ocoliweyo, njengoko anokunyusa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza.

Gcina ubunzima obusempilweni: Ukutyeba kakhulu okanye ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo kunokonyusa umngcipheko⁢ wokukhula kweentlobo ezininzi zomhlaza. Ukugcina ubunzima obunempilo, kubalulekile ukukhokela ubomi obusebenzayo kunye nokwenza umsebenzi oqhelekileyo womzimba. Ukongeza, kuphephe indlela yokuphila yokuhlala kwaye unciphise ixesha olichitha uhleli okanye ungenzi nto.

Kuphephe ukusebenzisa icuba kunye notywala: Icuba kunye notywala ziyaziwa izinto ezinobungozi kuphuhliso lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Ukuba uyatshaya, kufuneka ucinge ngokuyeka ngoko nangoko. Kwakhona, kuphephe ukuchanabeka ecubeni Isekeni. Ngokuphathelele ukusela utywala, kububulumko ukubunciphisa ngobungcathu okanye ukuphephe ngokupheleleyo. La manyathelo aya kunceda ukunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wakho wokuba neeseli zomhlaza emzimbeni ⁢.

Iingcebiso zokugcina impilo eyaneleyo yokuzala kwizigulane ezinomhlaza

Kweli nqaku, sinikezela ngeengcebiso ezibalulekileyo zokugcina impilo eyaneleyo yokuzala kwizigulana ezifunyaniswe zinomhlaza. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba isigulane ngasinye sahlukile kwaye oko la macebiso Kufuneka kuboniswane nabo kwaye bahlengahlengiswe kunye neqela lezonyango.

1. Ukutya okunesondlo: Ukutya okwaneleyo kubalulekile ukugcina impilo esemgangathweni yokuzala. Qinisekisa ukuba uquka ukutya okutyebileyo kwiivithamini, iiminerali, kunye ne-antioxidants kwidayethi yakho Eminye imizekelo Ziziziqhamo ezitsha kunye nemifuno, iintlanzi ezityebileyo kwi-Omega-3 fatty acids, kunye nemifuno enika iprotheni kunye nefiber. Kwakhona, kuphephe ukutya okugayiweyo, okuqhotsiweyo, kunye neswekile.

2. Gcina ubunzima obunempilo: Ubunzima obugqithisileyo bunokuchaphazela kakubi impilo yokuzala kumadoda kunye nabasetyhini. Ukulawula nokugcina ubunzima obaneleyo kubalulekile ukufezekisa umsebenzi owaneleyo wehomoni kunye nokukhuthaza ukuzala. Ukuba unobunzima bokugcina ubunzima obunempilo, funa inkxaso yezondlo okanye ugqirha okhethekileyo.

Iziphumo zonyango lomhlaza ekuveliseni iiseli

Unyango lomhlaza, olufana nechemotherapy, unyango lweradiation, kunye nonyango olujoliswe kuyo, luneziphumo ezibalulekileyo ekwenziweni kweeseli. Olu nyango lwenzelwe ukuhlasela nokubulala iiseli zomhlaza, kodwa zinokuchaphazela iiseli ezisempilweni kwinkqubo. Apha ngezantsi zezinye zeziphumo eziphambili olu nyango lunokuba nazo ekuveliseni iiseli:

Iziphumo kulwahlulo lweeseli:

• I-Chemotherapy kunye ne-radiation therapy inokuthintela ukwahlukana kweeseli ngokubamba umjikelo weeseli. Oku kungenxa yokuba olu nyango luyonakalisa i-DNA kwaye luthintela iiseli ekwahluleni nasekuveliseni ngokuchanekileyo.
• Unyango olujoliswe kuyo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lunokuchaphazela ngokukhethekileyo iinkqubo ezithile zeselula ezibalulekileyo kulwahlulo lweeseli, okukhokelela ekuthinteleni ukukhula kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli zomhlaza.

Iziphumo ekwenziweni kweeseli ezintsha:

• Unyango lweChemotherapy kunye nonyango lwemitha lunokuchaphazela amandla eeseli zestem ukwenza iiseli ezintsha. Olu nyango lungonakalisa okanye lutshabalalise iiseli ze-stem, ezinokunciphisa amandla omzimba okubuyisela iiseli ezonakeleyo.
• Unyango olujoliswe kuyo lunokuchaphazela kwakhona ukuveliswa kweeseli ezintsha ngokuvimbela iinkqubo eziyimfuneko ekubunjweni kweeseli ezintsha okanye ngokuthintela iimpawu ezilawula ukusebenza kweeseli ze-stem.

Iziphumo kukuveliswa kwesiqhelo kweeseli:

• Ukongeza kokuchaphazela ukuveliswa kweeseli zomhlaza, unyango lomhlaza lungonakalisa iiseli eziphilileyo ezahlula ngokukhawuleza, njengeeseli zeenwele, iiseli zegazi kunye neeseli ezihambelana nomgudu wokugaya.
• Olu nyango lunokubangela ukufa kweeseli ezisempilweni, ezinokukhokelela kwiziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezibalulekileyo, ezinjengokulahleka kweenwele, i-anemia, kunye neengxaki zesisu.

Ukuqukumbela, unyango lomhlaza luneziphumo ezibalulekileyo ekuzalweni kweeseli. ⁤Kubalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo ezi ziphumo xa kuyilwa iindlela zonyango⁤ naxa kuqwalaselwa iziphumo ezinokwenzeka kwimpilo yesigulana. Oogqirha kunye noososayensi bayaqhubeka nokuphanda iindlela zokunciphisa ezi ziphumo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza konyango lomhlaza, ngenjongo yokufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo kwizigulana.

Ungenelelo lonyango olusekelwe kwimodyuli yokuzala kwamaselula kwizigulane zomhlaza

Intshayelelo:

Ungenelelo lonyango olusekwe kwimodyuli yokuveliswa kweselula lubonakalise ukuba lubaluleke kakhulu kunyango lwezigulane ezinomhlaza. Ezi ndlela zonyango zijolise ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni ukwanda okungalawulekiyo kweeseli zomhlaza, ukuyeka ukukhula kwazo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukubuyisela umva uphuhliso lwabo.

Iindidi zongenelelo lonyango:

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisekwe kumodareyitha wokuzala kweeseli ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga abaguli abanomhlaza, phakathi kwazo oku kulandelayo:

• Unyango lwe-gene: Iqulathe ⁢ukwaziswa kohlobo oluthile lwemfuza kwiiseli zomhlaza, ⁢injongo yokuguqula indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokukhuthaza ukupheliswa kwazo⁤ ngumxokomezelo wokhuselo lomzimba wesigulana.
• Unyango lweSelula: Ngale ndlela, iiseli eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza zisetyenziselwa ukuhlasela nokutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Ezi seli ziyilelwe ukuba ziqaphele kwaye zikhethe ukuhlasela iiseli zethumba, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kwizihlunu ezisempilweni.
• Unyango olujoliswe kulo: Isekelwe ekusebenziseni iziyobisi ezithile ezisebenza kwiimolekyuli kunye neendlela zokubonisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuzala kwamaseli omhlaza. La mayeza afuna ukubhloka okanye ukuthintela⁢iinkqubo ⁢evumela ukwanda okungalawulekiyo kwamathumba.

Iziphumo zokugqibela kunye neengqwalasela:

Ukungenelela kwonyango olusekelwe kwimodyuli yokuveliswa kweeseli kubonise iziphumo ezithembisayo kunyango lwezigulane zomhlaza. Ezi ndlela zonyango zinika ithuba lokulawula kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukuphelisa iiseli zomhlaza ngaphandle kokonakalisa kakhulu izicubu ezisempilweni. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba isigulana ngasinye kunye nohlobo lomhlaza lunokusabela ngendlela eyahlukileyo kolu ngenelelo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwenza unyango olulolwakho kwaye ulandele ngononophelo ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwalo kunye nokhuseleko.

Iingqwalaselo zokuziphatha kuphando⁢ kubudlelwane phakathi komhlaza kunye nokuzala kweselula

Uphando lwezenzululwazi malunga nobudlelwane phakathi komhlaza kunye nokuzala kweeseli luphakamisa uthotho lweengqwalasela zokuziphatha ekufuneka zijongwe ngokungqongqo. Ezi ngqwalasela zinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli yebhayoloji yomntu, ubumfihlo babantu ababandakanyekayo kwizifundo, kunye nobulungisa ekufikeleleni kwiinzuzo zophando.

Okokuqala, ukusetyenziswa kweesampulu zebhayoloji yabantu kuphando kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Esi sixhobo, esibandakanya izicubu kunye neeseli eziqokelelwe kwizigulane, kufuneka zifunyenwe ngokuziphatha kunye nemvume enolwazi lwabantu abachaphazelekayo. Ngaphezu koko, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iisampuli ziphathwa ngentlonipho efanelekileyo kunye nemfihlo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kobumfihlo kunye namalungelo abaxhasi.

Ngokunjalo, ulingano ⁢kufikelelo kwiinzuzo zophando ngumba obalulekileyo kwinkqubela phambili yezeNzululwazi kummandla womhlaza kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli kufuneka kufikeleleke kuluntu luphela, ngaphandle kocalucalulo. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukungafihli ekusasazweni kweziphumo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko kunye noosonzululwazi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zisetyenziselwa ukuxhamla impilo yoluntu kwaye kungekhona kwimidla yabucala.

Uphando olutsha kunye nenkqubela phambili ekuqondeni ubudlelwane phakathi komhlaza kunye nomjikelo wobomi beselula

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando ngobudlelwane phakathi komhlaza ⁤ kunye nomjikelo wobomi beeseli lufumene inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafumanisa ukuba umjikelo wobomi beseli unxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nophuhliso nokwanda komhlaza. Umjikelo wobomi cell phone yinkqubo elawula ukukhula, ukwahlukana kunye nokufa okucwangcisiweyo kweeseli. Ukuqonda indlela osebenza ngayo lo mjikelo kunye nendlela oguqulwa ngayo kumhlaza kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni unyango olutsha.

Enye yezona ndawo zithembisayo zophando kulo mmandla kukufunda iindlela ze-molekyuli ezilawula umjikelo wobomi beselula Kufunyaniswe ukuba ufuzo oluthile, olubizwa ngokuba yi-oncogenes, lunokubangela ukwanda kweeseli ezingalawulekiyo ezibonisa umhlaza. Ezi oncogenes zinokuqalisa ukwahlukana kweeseli eziqhubekayo kwaye zithintele ukufa okucwangcisiweyo kweeseli zomhlaza. Ukongeza, izazinzulu zichonge ezinye iijini, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-tumor suppressor genes, ezikwaziyo ukunqanda ukukhula okungalawulekiyo kweeseli zomhlaza.

Enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo ibe kukufunyanwa kobudlelwane phakathi komjikelo wobomi beeseli kunye ne-angiogenesis, inkqubo ekwenziwa ngayo imithambo yegazi emitsha ukubonelela izondlo kumathumba. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba iiseli zomhlaza zinokukhupha izinto ezenza ukubunjwa kwemithambo yegazi ejikeleze i-tumor, ngaloo ndlela ikhuthaze ukukhula kwayo kunye nokusasazeka. Ukuqonda indlela i-angiogenesis enxibelelana ngayo nomjikelo wobomi beselula kuvula amathuba amatsha onyango okuthintela unikezelo lwezondlo kumathumba kunye nokucothisa ukukhula kwawo.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo 1: Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi komhlaza kunye nokuzala kweeseli?
Impendulo 1: Umhlaza sisifo esibonakala ngokukhula okungalawulekiyo nokungaqhelekanga kweeseli emzimbeni. Le meko ihambelana ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo yokuveliswa kwamaselula, ekubeni umhlaza ukhula xa iiseli eziqhelekileyo ziqala ukwahlula ngokungalawulekiyo kwaye ngaphandle kokuqhelekileyo.

Umbuzo 2: Ziziphi iinkalo zokuveliswa kweeseli ezibandakanyekayo ekuphuhliseni umhlaza?
Impendulo ye-2: Uphuhliso lweCancer lunokuhambelana nemiba eyahlukeneyo yokuveliswa kweselula, njengomjikelezo weseli, ukulawulwa kofuzo, kunye nomthamo wokulungisa iDNA. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, iiseli zomhlaza zifumana amandla okubaleka iindlela zokulawula ezinokulawula ukukhula kweeseli eziqhelekileyo kunye nokwahlukana.

Umbuzo 3: Kwenzeka njani ukukhula okungalawulwayo kweeseli zomhlaza?
Impendulo ye-3: Ukukhula okungalawulwayo kweeseli zomhlaza kunokubangelwa ukuguqulwa kofuzo oluchaphazela iindlela zokulawula umjikelezo weseli. Olu tshintsho lunokubangela ukuba iiseli zihlukane ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngendlela engalawulwayo, ekhokelela ekubunjweni kwethumba.

Umbuzo 4: Zeziphi iintlobo zeeseli ezinokuvelisa umhlaza?
Impendulo yesi-4: Phantse naluphi na uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni lunokuba nomhlaza. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zomhlaza osuka kwizihlunu ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu omzimba, anjengomhlaza wamabele, umhlaza wemiphunga, umhlaza wedlala lesidoda, phakathi kwabanye.

Umbuzo wesi-5: Ziziphi izinto ezinobungozi obuphambili bokuphuhliswa komhlaza?
Impendulo yesi-5: Nangona izizathu ezichanekileyo zomhlaza zingekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinobungozi ezaziwayo ezinokwandisa amathuba okuba nesi sifo. Ezinye zezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zomngcipheko zibandakanya ukutshaya, ukuchanabeka kwi-carcinogens, imitha, usulelo oluthile, imbali yentsapho yomhlaza, kunye nobudala.

Umbuzo 6: Umhlaza unxulumene njani nokuveliswa kweeseli ezifunyaniswe kwaye zinyangwe?
Impendulo yesi-6: Ukuxilongwa komhlaza ngokubanzi kubandakanya iimvavanyo zonyango ezifana novavanyo lwegazi, umfanekiso wezonyango, kunye ne-biopsies, evumela ukuba ubukho kunye neempawu zeeseli zomhlaza zinqunywe. Unyango lomhlaza olunxulumene nokuzala kwamaselula lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenqanaba lesi sifo, kwaye lubandakanya ukhetho olunjengotyando, ichemotherapy, iradiotherapy, i-immunotherapy kunye nonyango olujoliswe kuyo, phakathi kwabanye.

Umbuzo 7: Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukukhusela ukuphuhliswa komhlaza onxulumene nokuveliswa kweeseli?
Impendulo yesi-7: Nangona kungekho ndlela ziqinisekileyo zokuthintela umhlaza ngokupheleleyo, amanyathelo anokuthathwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Oku kuquka ukuphila ngendlela esempilweni, ukuphepha ukusebenzisa icuba kunye notywala, ukuzikhusela ekuchanabekeni kwi-carcinogens nakwizinto eziyityhefu, ukujongwa rhoqo ngugqirha, kunye nokugonyelwa iintsholongwane ezaziwa ngokuba zinxulunyaniswa nomhlaza, njenge-human papillomavirus (HPV) .

Umbuzo 8: Ngawaphi amathuba ophando lwexesha elizayo ngokunxulumene nomhlaza kunye nokuzala kweeseli?
Phendula 8:⁢ Uphando kumhlaza kunye nokuveliswa kweselula kuyaqhubeka ukuba sisihloko somdla omkhulu wesayensi. Kulindeleke ukuba kwenziwe inkqubela-phambili ekuqondeni iindlela zemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo ekuphuhliseni umhlaza, ezinokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezintsha zokuxilonga kunye nonyango olusebenzayo. Ngapha koko, isicelo yonyango Unyango lweGene kunye neyeza lomntu siqu zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kunyango lomhlaza kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuququmbela

Ukuqukumbela, umhlaza⁤ sisiphazamiso sokuzala kweeseli eziguqula ibhalansi eqhelekileyo yomzimba. ​Njengoko siphononongile kweli nqaku, ukukhula kweseli yomhlaza okungalawulekiyo ⁢kunokuvela⁢ kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemfuzo okanye imiba eyingozi yokusingqongileyo.

Ukuveliswa kwakhona kweSellula, inkqubo eyimfuneko ekusebenzeni nasekuhlaziyeni umzimba, iguqulwa ngokusisiseko kumhlaza. Iindlela zokuhlukana kweeseli kunye nokwahlukana ziba zingasebenzi, ezikhokelela ekubunjweni kwamathumba anobungozi.

Ngokuqonda iinkqubo ze-molecular kunye ne-genetic ezibandakanyekayo ekuzalweni kweeseli eziqhelekileyo kunye nokubonakala komhlaza, inkqubela yenziwe ekuxilongweni kwangaphambili kunye nokunyangwa kwesi sifo. Uphando oluqhubekayo kule nkalo luyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni unyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nolwabantu, kunye nokuthintela uphuhliso lwabo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Ngamafutshane, nangona umhlaza kunye nobudlelwane bawo kunye nokuzala kweeseli zintsonkothile kwaye ziyimingeni, inkqubela phambili yesayensi kule ndawo isinika ithemba lokubonelela izigulana ngonyango olungcono kunye nomgangatho wobomi. Kungenxa yolwazi kunye nentsebenziswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwabaphandi kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo apho siya kukwazi ukujamelana nalo mngeni kwaye siqhubele phambili umlo ochasene nomhlaza.