Iseli ye-Eukaryotic: Ulwakhiwo lweSeli kunye noMsebenzi

Iseli ye-eukaryotic, isakhiwo esintsonkothileyo nesilungelelaniswe kakhulu, senza iyunithi esisiseko yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ubukho bayo buyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwezicubu kunye namalungu, kunye nokusinda kwezinto eziphilayo ngokupheleleyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha ubume beselula kunye nomsebenzi weeseli ze-eukaryotic, sijonge kumacandelo kunye nee-organelles ezizenza kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo abayenzayo ukugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokwenza imisebenzi yabo eyahlukeneyo kwizinto eziphilayo.

Intshayelelo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

Iseli ye-eukaryotic yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi efumaneka kwizinto eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo, kuquka izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nomngundo. Ngokungafaniyo neeseli zeprokaryotic, iiseli ze-eukaryotic zinentlangano yangaphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, kunye ne-organelles ekhethekileyo eyenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ezi seli zikhulu kakhulu kwaye zinesakhiwo esiphezulu, esivumela ukuba zenze uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo apho zifumaneka khona.

Enye yeempawu ezahlukileyo zeeseli ze-eukaryotic bubukho benucleus echazwe kakuhle, ejikelezwe yinwebu yenyukliya. Ngaphakathi kwinucleus kukho imathiriyeli yemfuza yeseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yiDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Ukongeza kwi-nucleus, iiseli ze-eukaryotic zikwanazo nezinye izakhiwo eziphambili, ezifana ne-endoplasmic reticulum, i-mitochondria, i-Golgi apparatus, kunye ne-lysosomes. Nganye kwezi organelles idlala indima ethile kwimetabolism kunye nokusinda kweseli.

Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lweeseli ze-eukaryotic kukukwazi ukuvelisa kwakhona ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-mitosis. Ngexesha le-mitosis, iseli yomama yahlulahlulwe ibe ziiseli zentombi ezimbini ezifanayo, iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kunye nokukhula kwezicubu kunye namalungu ngaphakathi kumzimba. Le nkqubo Kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni nasekuhlaziyweni kwezicubu kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic nazo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ngokusebenzisa i-meiosis, inkqubo ebangela ukwakheka kweeseli zesini, ezifana nesidoda kunye namaqanda.

Ukuqulunqwa kweseli ye-eukaryotic

Ukubunjwa kwangaphakathi kweseli ye-eukaryotic

Iseli ye-eukaryotic, uphawu lwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ye-multicellular organisms, iyahlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa kwayo kwangaphakathi. Ubume bayo bubandakanya izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezidlala imisebenzi ephambili⁢ yokusebenza kweeseli kunye nokuphila.

1. Inucleus: Igqalwa “njengengqondo” yeseli, inucleus liziko lolawulo eligcina imvo yemfuza yeseli, iDNA. Nalu ulwazi lwemfuzo olumisela iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi yeseli. Ukongezelela, i-nucleus iqulethe i-nucleolus, ejongene nokuveliswa kwe-ribosomes.

2. Ii-Organelles: I-Organelles zizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ⁢ezenza imisebenzi ethile ngaphakathi kwiseli. Ezinye ze-organelles ezibaluleke kakhulu ziquka:

• Mitochondria: Inoxanduva lokuvelisa amandla ngokuphefumla kweselula.
• Izixhobo zeGolgi: Inoxanduva lokuguqula, ukupakisha kunye nokuthutha iiprotheni kunye neelipids.
• I-Lysosomes: Ziqulathe ii-enzymes zokwetyisa zokonakaliswa kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma yeselula.
• Ribosomes: Bathatha inxaxheba kwiprotheni synthesis.
• I-RER kunye ne-REL: I-rough endoplasmic reticulum⁢ (RER)⁤ ibandakanyeka kwiprotheni synthesis, ngelixa i-smooth endoplasmic reticulum (REL) inoxanduva lokudibanisa i-lipids kunye ne-detoxifying substances.

3. I-Cytoskeleton: Inethiwekhi yeeprotheyini ze-protein ezibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwiseli kwaye igalelo ekuhambeni kwayo kunye nokwahlula. Iqulethwe ngama-microtubules, i-microfilaments kunye ne-filaments ephakathi.

Ukuqukumbela, iseli ye-eukaryotic ibonakaliswe kukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi, iqaqambisa ubukho benucleus enemathiriyeli yemfuza kunye nee-organelles ezahlukeneyo ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo. I-cytoskeleton ibonelela ngesakhiwo esiyimfuneko kunye nokukwazi ukufudukela kwiseli. Lo mbutho kunye nobungcali bangaphakathi buvumela iiseli ze-eukaryotic ukuba zenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi wenucleus yeseli

I-nucleus yeseli sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweeseli ze-eukaryotic, kuba igcina imathiriyeli yemfuza yeseli kwaye ilungelelanisa umsebenzi weselula. Ijikelezwe yi-membrane yenyukliya eyahlula kwi-cytoplasm kwaye iqulethe amacandelo ahlukeneyo adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-protein synthesis, ukulawulwa kofuzo kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.

Ubume benucleus yeseli ikakhulu buqulunqwe zezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Imvulophu yeNyukliya: Imvulophu ephindwe kabini ejikeleze i-nucleus kwaye ilawula ukudlula kweemolekyuli phakathi kwenucleus kunye necytoplasm.
• I-Nucleoplasm: Ijeli enamanzi egcwalisa i-nucleus⁤ kwaye iqulethe iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo eziyimfuneko kumsebenzi wenyukliya⁢.
• I-Nucleolus: umzimba oxineneyo okhoyo kwi-nucleoplasm⁤ ojongene nokuveliswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweeribosomes.
• Iipores zeNyukliya: Iipores zeNyukliya: Izakhiwo ezinemingxuma kwinwebu yenyukliya ezivumela utshintshiselwano lweemolekyuli phakathi kwenucleus kunye necytoplasm.

Ukongeza kwisakhiwo sayo, i-nucleus yeseli nayo inomsebenzi obalulekileyo kwiseli. Ngokuqulatha imathiriyeli yemfuzo ngohlobo lwe-DNA,⁢ i-nucleus ilawula ukuhlanganiswa kweprotheyini kunye nolawulo lwemfuza. Oku kufezekiswa ngokubhalwa, apho i-DNA ikopishwa kwi-RNA yesithunywa, kwaye iguqulelwe emva koko kwiiprotheni I-nucleus nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlukaneni kweeseli, njengoko inoxanduva lokuphindaphinda kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-DNA ngexesha le-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis. Ukongezelela, i-nucleus iphinda ithathe inxaxheba ekugcinweni nasekukhululweni kwamandla ngendlela ye-nucleotides kunye ne-intercellular signaling, ngokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali zeeprotheni kunye nokuveliswa kweempawu ze-molecular.

Indima yecytoplasm kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

I-cytoplasm yinxalenye esisiseko yeseli ye-eukaryotic kwaye yenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kolu hlobo lweseli. Yenziwe nge-viscous, i-gelatinous substance, i-cytoplasm inezakhiwo ezininzi zeselula kwaye yindawo apho uninzi lwemisebenzi ye-metabolic yeseli yenziwa khona.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ephambili ye-cytoplasm yile:

• Umbutho kunye nenkxaso yolwakhiwo: I-cytoplasm ibonelela ngesakhiwo esine-dimensional ezintathu esixhasa i-organelles kunye namacandelo eseli ye-eukaryotic, evumela ukusebenza kwayo ngokufanelekileyo.
• Iimpendulo zeMetabolic: Iimpendulo ezininzi zeekhemikhali ezibalulekileyo ekusindeni kweeseli zenzeka kwicytoplasm. Kulapho i-glycolysis, inqanaba lokuqala lokuphefumla kweselula, phakathi kwezinye iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo ze-metabolic, zenzeka.
• Uthutho lwangaphakathi: ⁢ I-cytoplasm iququzelela ukuhamba kweemolekyuli kunye ne-organelles ⁤ngeseli. Oku kufezekiswa ngenxa ye-microtubules kunye ne-microfilaments eyingxenye ye-cytoskeleton, kunye nobukho beeprotheni ezahlukeneyo zeemoto.

Isishwankathelo, i-cytoplasm yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kweseli ye-eukaryotic. Ukongeza ekubeni yindawo apho ukuphendulwa okubalulekileyo kwe-metabolic kwenzeka, ikwabonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwaye iququzelele ukuthuthwa kwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwiseli. Ubume bayo obuntsonkothileyo kunye nokwakheka kwayo, kunye nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo eyenzayo, yenza icytoplasm ibe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kubomi beeseli ⁤eukaryotic.

I-Organelles yeseli ye-eukaryotic: isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi

I-membrane yeseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

Inwebu yeseli sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic eyenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukuze iphile. Yenziwe nge-lipid bilayer kunye neeprotheni, isebenza njengesithintelo esikhethiweyo esilawula ukutshintshiselwa kwezinto phakathi kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli, ngaphezu kokugcina ingqibelelo yeseli. Ukubaluleka kwayo kukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko ezifana nokuthuthwa kweeamolekyu, unxibelelwano lwamaselula kunye nokukhuselwa kuma-agent angaphandle.

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili ye-membrane yeseli kukuvumela ukudlula okukhethiweyo kwezinto. Amalungu ayo e-lipid, afana ne-phospholipids, enza i-semipermeable structure elawula ukuba zeziphi iimolekyuli ezingenayo kwaye zishiya⁢ iseli. Ngeeprotheyini ze-membrane, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho⁢, ezifana nokusasazwa okulula, uthutho olusebenzayo kunye ne-endocytosis/exocytosis,⁢ ngaloo ndlela ivumela ukungena kwezondlo kunye nokupheliswa kwenkunkuma.

Enye inkalo efanelekileyo ye-membrane yeseli yindima yayo kunxibelelwano lweselula. Iiprotheyini zomhlaba weseli zinoxanduva lokuqonda imiqondiso yeeseli ezivela kwezinye iiseli okanye indawo engqongileyo, evumela ukusebenzisana kunye nolungelelwaniso phakathi kweeseli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezicubu. Le nkqubo ibalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi.

Iinkqubo zothutho kunye nonxibelelwano kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

Zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni nasekuphileni kwezi ntsholongwane zintsonkothileyo. Ezi nkqubo zivumela ukutshintshiselwa kwezinto kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli. Iindlela eziphambili zothutho kunye nonxibelelwano ezikhoyo kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic zichazwe ngezantsi:

1. Ukuhanjiswa kwezinto kwi-membrane: I-plasma inwebu yeseli ye-eukaryotic ayinakungeneka, oko kuthetha ukuba ilawula ukudlula kwezinto ezithile ukungena nokuphuma kwiseli. Le nkqubo iqhutyelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho, ezifana nokusabalalisa okulula, ukusabalalisa okulula kunye ne-osmosis. Ukongezelela, iiseli ze-eukaryotic nazo zisebenzisa iiprotheni zokuthutha kunye neendlela ze-ion ukulawula ukuhamba okukhethiweyo kwezinto ezithile.

2. Uthutho nge-endomembranous system: Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic zinenkqubo yeenwebu zangaphakathi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-endometrium system. Le nkqubo ibandakanya i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-lysosomes, kunye ne-vesicles yokuthutha. Ezi zakhiwo zisebenza kunye ukuthutha⁢ kunye nokuguqula iiprotheni⁢ kunye neelipids kwiseli. Umzekelo, i-reticulum endoplasmic erhabaxa inoxanduva lokudibanisa kunye nokuthuthwa kweeprotheyini, ngelixa izixhobo zeGolgi ziguqula kwaye zisasazeke kwindawo yazo yokugqibela.

3. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweeselula: Iiseli zeEukaryotic zikwanxibelelana enye kwenye ngeendlela ⁢ezohlukeneyo. Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokunxibelelana kukubonisa iiseli, apho iiseli zikhupha imiqondiso yeekhemikhali, ezinje ngehomoni okanye i-neurotransmitters, ezamkelwa ngama-receptors athile kwezinye iiseli. Ezi zibonakaliso ze-intercellular zivumela ukulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi kunye neempendulo kuyo yonke into ephilayo. Ukongezelela, iiseli ze-eukaryotic ziyakwazi ukunxibelelana ngokusebenzisa i-gap junctions, eyimizila edibanisa ngokuthe ngqo i-cytoplasm yeeseli ezikufutshane, evumela ukutshintshiselana ngokukhawuleza kweemolekyuli ezincinci kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi.

I-Cytoskeleton: inkxaso yesakhiwo kunye nokuhamba kwamaselula

Icytoskeleton luthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lweprotein filaments ebonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwaye ivumela intshukumo yeseli kwizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic. Iqulethwe ngeentlobo ezintathu eziphambili zemicu: i-microtubules, i-actin microfilaments, kunye ne-filaments ephakathi. Ezi zakhiwo eziguquguqukayo zisebenza kunye ukuze kugcinwe imilo yeseli, ukuququzelela amacandelo eselula, kunye nokwenza uluhlu olubanzi lweenkqubo zeselula.

I iimicrotubules Ziyi-cylinders ezingenanto kwaye eziqinileyo ezenziwe yi-protein tubulin. Banikezela ukuzinza kunye nokumelana nomatshini kwiseli, ngaphezu kokukhonza "njengeendlela ezihamba phambili" zokuthutha i-organelles kunye ne-vesicles. I-Microtubules nayo ibandakanyeka ekubunjweni kwe-mitotic spindle ngexesha lokuhlukana kweeseli, kunye ne-motility ye-flagella kunye ne-cilia.

Kwelinye icala, ⁢actin microfilaments Ziyimicu ebhityileyo, ebhetyebhetye eyenziwe ziiproteni ze-actin. Zibalulekile ukuvelisa amandla okunciphisa kunye nokuvumela ukunyakaza kweselula, njengokufuduswa kwe-organelles kunye nokwakheka⁤ kweeprotrusions zeselula ezifana ne-pseudopodia. IiMicrofilaments zikwabandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezinjengokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli kunye nokwakhiwa kokuncamathela kweeseli.

Iinkqubo zokwahlula iiseli kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

Iseli ye-eukaryotic, ekhoyo kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, ibonakaliswe yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu kunye neyinkimbinkimbi yokwahlukana kweeseli. Nge-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis, iseli ye-eukaryotic iyakwazi ukuvelisa kwaye ivelise iiseli ezintsha ngolwazi olufanayo lwemfuzo. Iinkqubo eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kulwahlulo lweeseli⁢ kwiseli ye-eukaryotic zichazwe ngezantsi.

I-Mitosis:

• Mitosis Yinkqubo yokwahlulahlulwa kweeseli eziquka izigaba eziliqela: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase kunye telophase.
• Kwi-prophase, i-chromosomes iyancipha kwaye i-mitotic spindle iqala ukwenza.
• Kwi-metaphase, iichromosomes zihambelana ne-equatorial plane yeseli.
• Kwi-anaphase, i-chromatids yodade iyahlukana kwaye ihambela kwiipali ezichasene neseli.
• I-Telophase iphawula ukuphela kwe-mitosis, apho⁤ iichromosomes zidecondense kunye nee-nuclei ezimbini kwiiseli zentombi.

I-Meiosis:

• Ngokungafaniyo ne-mitosis, i-meiosis yinkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli eyenzeka kwiiseli zesini ukuvelisa i-gametes.
• I-Meiosis⁢ iqulathe izahlulo ezimbini iiseli ezilandelelanayo: i-meiosis I kunye ne-meiosis ⁣II.
• Kwi-meiosis I, i-chromosomes e-homologous idibanisa kwaye itshintshe imathiriyeli yemfuzo kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukuwela.
• Kwi-meiosis II, ii-chromatids zoodade ziyahlukana kanye njenge-anaphase ye-mitosis, zivelisa iiseli ezine ze-haploid.
• I-Meiosis⁢ ibalulekile ekuveliseni ngokwesondo⁢kunye nokwahluka kofuzo kwizinto eziphilayo.

Ngamafutshane, zingundoqo ekukhuleni, ekuphuhliseni nasekuveliseni izinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Zombini i-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis zilawulwa ngokungqongqo, ziqinisekisa ukusasazwa okuchanekileyo kolwazi lwemfuzo kunye nokwakheka kweeseli ezintsha ezineempawu ezizodwa zofuzo.

I-Metabolism kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

I-Metabolism yiseti yeenkqubo zeekhemikhali ezenzeka kwiseli ye-eukaryotic kwaye inoxanduva lokuvelisa amandla ayimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwayo. Ezi nkqubo zibalulekile ukugcina ubomi beselula kunye nokuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwayo oluchanekileyo.

Ukuveliswa kwamandla kwiseli ye-eukaryotic kuqhutyelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-metabolic, ezahlulahlulwe zibe ziinkqubo ezimbini eziphambili: i-glycolysis kunye ne-Krebs cycle. I-Glycolysis luluhlu lwee-chemical reactions apho i-glucose ichithwa phantsi ukufumana amandla ngendlela ye-ATP. ⁢Le nkqubo yenzeka kwi-cytoplasm yeseli⁤ kwaye ayifuni i-oxygen.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umjikelo we-Krebs yinkqubo enzima ngakumbi eyenzekayo kwi-mitochondria yeseli. Kulo mjikelo, ukuthotywa kwe-glucose kugqityiwe kwaye umthamo omkhulu wamandla uveliswa ngendlela ye-ATP Ukongezelela, ngexesha lomjikelezo we-Krebs, ii-compounds eziphakathi ziveliswa eziyimfuneko kwi-synthesis yezinye iimolekyuli ezibalulekileyo , njengee-acids ezinamafutha kunye ne-amino acids.

Ukubaluleka kweseli ye-eukaryotic kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi

Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic zibalulekile kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi ngenxa yesakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yazo ekhethekileyo. Ezi seli zinenucleus enezinto zofuzo ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle, ezivumela ukuba zenze iinkqubo ezinzima kunye nezilawulwayo. Ukubaluleka kwayo kukwimiba emininzi, efana nale:

1. Ubungcali kwiSelula: Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic ziyahlula kwaye zikhetheke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, ezinjengeeseli zemisipha, ii-neurons, iiseli zegazi, phakathi kwabanye. Olu lwazi luvumela uhlobo ngalunye lweseli ukwenza imisebenzi ethile kwaye, ngale ndlela, igalelo ekusebenzeni okuhambelanayo kwezinto eziphilayo.

2. Unxibelelwano lweSelula: Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic zinxibelelana enye kwenye ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo zokubonisa iiseli. Olu nxibelelwano luyimfuneko kulungelelwaniso lwemisebenzi kunye nokulungelelana kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Ukongezelela, unxibelelwano lwamaselula luvumela ukulawulwa kweenkqubo ezifana nokukhula, ukuhlukana kunye nokuphendula komzimba.

3. Lungisa ⁢kunye nokuhlaziya: Iseli ye-eukaryotic iyakwazi ukulungisa nokuvuselela izicubu kunye namalungu awonakeleyo. Eminye imizekelo kukuphola kwenxeba, ukuvuselelwa kwesibindi, kunye nokuveliswa kweeseli zegazi. Esi sikhundla sokuzilungisa singundoqo ekugcineni ingqibelelo yomzimba kunye nokusebenza kwayo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukulawulwa kweGene kunye nokubonakaliswa kofuzo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic

Ulawulo lwemfuza yinkqubo entsonkothileyo elawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic. Le nkqubo ivumela iseli ukuba ivelise iiproteni eziyimfuneko ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangenani elifanelekileyo. Ngezantsi yimiba ephambili yale nkqubo:

Iindlela zokulawula:

• Abakhuthazi kunye nezixhasi: Ezi zinto zilawula ukukhutshelwa kofuzo, ziqinisekisa ukuba kuphela isithunywa i-RNA (mRNA) iveliswa kwimizila yemfuza esebenzayo.
• Izinto ezibhaliweyo: Ziyiprotheyini ezibophelela kwi-DNA kwaye zilawula ukusebenza okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwe-gene transcription.
• Ukuguqulwa kweChromatin: Isakhiwo se-chromatin sinokutshintshwa ngokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali, ezifana ne-DNA methylation okanye i-histone acetylation, echaphazela ukufikeleleka kwe-DNA kumatshini wokubhala.

Ummiselo kwinqanaba le-RNA:

• Enye indlela yokudibanisa: Kwimizila emininzi yemfuza, ii-exons kunye nee-intron zinokudityaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zivelise ukwahluka kwe-mRNA.
• I-RNA engeyiyo ikhowudi: Ukongeza kwi-mRNA, kukho ii-RNA ezingafaki ikhowudi kwiiprotheni kodwa zinemisebenzi yokulawula, efana ne-microRNAs kunye ne-RNAs ephazamisayo.
• Ukunciphisa i-mRNA: i-mRNA inokuthi "ihlanjululwe" ngokukhawuleza ukunciphisa isiqingatha sobomi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ithintele ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni ezingafunekiyo.

Emva kokukhutshelwa kunye nolawulo loguqulo⁤:

• Ukuguqulwa kwe-RNA: I-mRNA inokutshintsha iikhemikhali, ezifana nokongezwa komsila we-poly-A, ochaphazela ukuzinza nokuguqulelwa kwayo.
• Ulawulo loguqulo: Izinto ezahlukeneyo zinokulawula iprotein synthesis esuka kwi-mRNA, efana ne-microRNAs kunye neeproteni ezithile ezilawulayo.
• Ukucutshungulwa kwangemva kokuguqulelwa: Emva kokuba zidityanisiwe, iiprotheyini ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali, ezifana ne-phosphorylation okanye i-glycosylation, emisela umsebenzi wabo kunye ne-cellular localization.

Ukuvela kweeseli ze-eukaryotic kunye nefuthe layo kwiiyantlukwano zebhayoloji

Iiseli ze-Eukaryotic, ezikwaziwa ngokuba ziiseli ezintsonkothileyo, ziye zavela kwimbali enomtsalane, nto leyo eye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwiyantlukwano yebhayoloji esiyibonayo kwiplanethi yethu namhlanje. Ezi seli zibonakaliswe ngokuba ne-nucleus echaziweyo kunye ne-organelles yangaphakathi, ebanika amandla amakhulu obuchule kunye nokusebenza kwemisebenzi enzima.

Ukuvela kweeseli ze-eukaryotic zahlulwe zaba ziziganeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ezifana ne-endosymbiosis, edlale indima ebalulekileyo ekwenziweni kwee-organelles ezifana ne-mitochondria kunye ne-chloroplasts. Ezi organelles zisuka kwiibhaktheriya ezaziphagocytosed ziiseli zamandulo, ukuseka ubudlelwane be-symbiotic buluncedo kuwo omabini amaqela. Le nkqubo ivumele iiseli ze-eukaryotic ukuba zandise amandla azo okufumana amandla kunye nokwenza i-photosynthesis, eyathi ekugqibeleni yakhokelela ekuhlukeni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi kunye nokwakhiwa kweewebhu zokutya eziyinkimbinkimbi kwi-ecosystems.

Ukuvela kweeseli ze-eukaryotic kuye kwakhokelela ekuveleni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zobomi, ukusuka kwi-microorganisms eneseli enye ukuya kwizityalo, izilwanyana kunye nefungi. Oku kukhokelele ekwenziweni kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo kunye nokuvela konxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ubungcali beeseli ze-eukaryotic ziye zavumela ukuguquka kwezicubu ezikhethekileyo kunye nezitho, eziye zaqhuba ukuvela koluhlu olubanzi lokulungelelanisa kunye nezicwangciso zokusinda kwizinto eziphilayo.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Yintoni iseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: Iseli ye-eukaryotic luhlobo lweseli enenucleus echaziweyo eyahlulwe kwezinye izakhiwo zeseli ngenwebu yenyukliya.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili zeseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: Iimpawu eziphambili zeseli ye-eukaryotic kubukho be-nucleus echaziweyo, ubukho be-organelles ye-membranous efana ne-endoplasmic reticulum kunye ne-Golgi apparatus, kunye nokukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi enzima njengeprotheni synthesis.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi ii-organelle eziphambili ezikhoyo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: Ii-organelles eziphambili ezikhoyo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic yi-nucleus, i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-mitochondria, i-lysosomes kunye ne-peroxisomes.

Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi wenucleus kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: I-nucleus yeseli ye-eukaryotic inoxanduva lokugcina nokukhusela izinto zofuzo zeseli, ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, kunye nokulawula imisebenzi yeselula.

Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi we-endoplasmic reticulum kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: I-endoplasmic reticulum ibandakanyeka kwi-synthesis kunye nokuguqulwa kweeprotheni, kunye nokuthutha i-lipids ⁢kunye nezinye iimolekyuli⁤ ngaphakathi kweseli.

Umbuzo: Nguwuphi umsebenzi osebenza kwisixhobo seGolgi kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: Isixhobo seGolgi ⁤inoxanduva lokuguqula, ukupakisha kunye nokusabalalisa iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids kwiseli, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuqulunqweni ⁤kwemibhobho yokuthutha.

Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi we-mitochondria kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: I-Mitochondria yi-organelles enoxanduva lokuvelisa amandla ayimfuneko kwimisebenzi yeselula ngokuphefumla kweselula.

Umbuzo: Yintoni i-lysosomes enayo kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: I-Lysosomes iqulethe i-enzymes yokugaya ejongene nokuphula izinto zeselula, ezifana ne-macromolecules kunye neebhaktheriya, ngokusebenzisa ukugaya kwamaselula.

Umbuzo: Yiyiphi imisebenzi eyenziwa yi-peroxisomes kwiseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: I-Peroxisomes yi-organelles ejongene nokukhupha iseli kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimpendulo ezibalulekileyo ze-biochemical, ezifana ne-synthesis kunye nokuchithwa kwe-lipids, kunye nokuchithwa kwe-hydrogen peroxide.

Umbuzo: Isishwankathelo, yintoni isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weseli ye-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: Iseli ye-eukaryotic yenziwe yi-nucleus egcina kwaye ikhusela izinto zofuzo, kunye ne-membranous organelles eyenza imisebenzi ethile efana neprotheni synthesis, i-lipid processing, ukuveliswa kwamandla, kunye nokugaya iselula.

Iimbono zexesha elizayo

Isishwankathelo, siye sahlola ubume kunye nomsebenzi ⁤weeseli ze-eukaryotic, eyona nxalenye yezinto ezintsonkothileyo. Ezi seli zibonakaliswa ngokuba ne-nucleus echaziweyo kunye noluhlu lwee-organelles ezikhethekileyo ezivumela ukuba zenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yeselula. Ukusuka ekugcineni ukuthembeka kwezinto zofuzo ukuya kwimveliso yamandla, iseli ye-eukaryotic isebenzisa intaphane yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo egcina ubomi. Ngaphezu koko, ukukwazi kwabo ukuziqhelanisa kunye nokusabela kwi-stimuli yangaphandle igalelo kwi-versatility ye-eukaryotic organisms kwindawo yabo. Kubalulekile ukuqaqambisa indima ephambili ezi ⁤iiseli ziyidlalileyo kwimpilo yabantu nakwimimandla efana nemfuzo, i-evolutionary biology kunye neyeza. Njengoko siqhubela phambili ulwazi lwethu ngeseli ye-eukaryotic, kuyachulumancisa ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wamathuba anokuthi oku kuvuleke kuphando nophuhliso lwexesha elizayo Xa sithatyathwe kunye, ulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nomsebenzi weseli ye-eukaryotic ibonisa oomatshini obuntsonkothileyo obuvumela ⁤ ubomi njengoko sibazi. yiyo.