Umjikelo weSeli kunye neeChromosomes

El umjikelo weseli kunye neechromosome zizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ekuphindaphindeni nasekudluliseleni ulwazi lwemfuza kwizinto eziphilayo. Uphononongo lwezi nkqubo lube yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu kwibhayoloji, okusivumela ukuba siqonde iindlela ezilawula ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lweeseli iingqiqo eziphambili yomjikelo weseli kunye neechromosomes, kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo kunye nokufaneleka kwibhayoloji yeeseli.

Intshayelelo kuMjikelo weSelula

Umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo esisiseko yokuzala nokukhula kweeseli kwizinto eziphilayo. Luluhlu lwezigaba ezicwangcisiweyo nezilawulwayo ezivumela iiseli ukuba zahlule ngokuchanekileyo nangokufanelekileyo.

Kukho izigaba ezine eziphambili zomjikelezo weseli: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S, isigaba se-G2 kunye nesigaba se-M. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, iiseli zikhula kwaye zanda umsebenzi we-metabolic. Isigaba S sibalulekile, njengoko kukweli nqanaba apho i-DNA yeseli iphindaphindwa, iqinisekisa ukuba iseli nganye yentombi inekopi epheleleyo yemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Kamva, ngexesha le-G2, elinye inqanaba lokukhula kweeseli kunye nokulungiselela ukwahlukana kwenzeka. Okokugqibela, isigaba se-M, esikwabizwa ngokuba yi-mitosis, kuxa iseli yahlulahlula kwaye iiseli ezimbini zentombi ezifanayo ziveliswa.

Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lomjikelo weseli lubalulekile ngenxa yempilo kunye nokusebenza okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Utshintsho kwi le nkqubo Zinokukhokelela kwizifo ezinjengomhlaza, apho iiseli zikhula kwaye zahlukane ngokungalawulekiyo. Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda kakuhle umjikelo weeseli kunye neendlela zokulawula eziwulawulayo. Ezi ndlela ziquka iiprotheni ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cyclins kunye ne-cyclin-dependent kinases, ezenza njengabalawuli abaphambili kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelezo weseli.

Ngokufutshane,⁢ umjikelo cell phone yinkqubo kubalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo Ngezigaba zazo ezahlukeneyo, iiseli ziyahlula kwaye zivelise kwakhona, ziqinisekisa ukukhula kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu kunye namalungu. ⁢Ulawulo lwayo oluchanekileyo lungundoqo ⁣ekuthinteleni⁤ izifo kunye nokugcina i-homeostasis yeselula. Ngokufunda kunye nokuqonda umjikelo weeseli, sinokufumana umbono ogqibeleleyo ngakumbi webhayoloji yeeseli kunye neenkqubo ezisisiseko ezenzeka emizimbeni yethu.

Inkcazo kunye nezigaba zoMjikelo weSeli

Izigaba zoMjikelo weSeli

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo zonke iiseli ezihamba kuyo⁤ kubo bonke ubomi babo. Lo mjikelo wahlulwe ngokwezigaba ezininzi, ngasinye sinemisebenzi ethile kunye neempawu ezizodwa eziqinisekisa ukukhula nokukhula kweeseli ngokuchanekileyo. Izigaba ezithathu eziphambili zomjikelo weseli zichazwe ngezantsi:

• Isigaba G1 ⁢(Isithuba soku-1): Kweli nqanaba, iseli ilungiselela ukuphinda i-DNA yayo. Ngeli xesha, iseli idibanisa iiprotheyini kwaye ikhula ngobukhulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba inezixhobo ezaneleyo zokwahlula kweeseli ezilandelayo.
• Inqanaba S (Udityaniso): Ngesi sigaba, iseli iphindaphinda iDNA yayo. Ngamnye kwimisonto ye-DNA ikhutshelwa ukwenza imisonto emibini efanayo, eya kuthi kamva isasazwe kwiiseli zeentombi.
• Isigaba G2 (Isithuba sesi-2): Kwesi sigaba, iseli ilungiselela ukwahlukana kweeseli. ⁢Ngeli xesha, iseli iyaqhubeka nokwenza iiprotheyini kwaye ikhule ngobungakanani, njengakwiSigaba se-G1. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-DNA kunye nokulungiswa kwakhona kuqhutyelwa phambi kokwahlula.

Ezi zigaba ze umjikelo cell are kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekugcinweni kwezicubu kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Isigaba ngasinye senziwe ngendlela echanekileyo kunye neyocwangco, iququzelelwe ngoluhlu lwezibonakaliso kunye neendlela zokulawula eziqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwemfuza kunye nokuhamba okuchanekileyo komjikelezo. Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo eqhubekayo, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile, iiseli zinokungena kwisigaba esibizwa ngokuba yi-G0, apho zihlala zithule kwaye zingahluli ngokusebenzayo.

Ukubaluleka kokuPhindwa kwe-DNA kuMjikelo weSeli

Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli eqinisekisa usasazo oluchanekileyo lolwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwiseli kamama ukuya kwiiseli zentombi yayo. Ukubaluleka kwayo kukwimiba emininzi ebalulekileyo:

1. Ukugcinwa kolwazi lwemfuzo: Ukuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA kuvumela iseli nganye yentombi ukuba ifumane ikopi efanayo yemathiriyeli yemfuza yeseli yomzali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi ezuzwe njengelifa igcinwa ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, ngaloo ndlela igcina ingqibelelo yezinto eziphilayo.

2. Ukulungisa kunye noLungiso lweBug: Ngexesha lokuphindaphindwa kwe-DNA, indlela yokuhlola ubungqina kunye nokulungisa i-enzymes idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni nasekulungiseni iimpazamo okanye umonakalo onokwenzeka kumcu we-DNA. Olu lungiso luthintela ukuqokelela kweenguqu zofuzo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwexesha elide le-genomic.

3. Ukuveliswa kweeprotheyini kunye nokulawulwa kweeselula: Ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kunika isiseko seprotheni synthesis, njengoko ulwazi lwemfuza olugcinwe kwi-DNA lubhalwa kwaye luguqulelwe kwisithunywa se-RNA (mRNA). I-mRNA, yona, isebenza njenge template yeprotein synthesis, edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni nasekulawuleni iinkqubo zeselula.

IiNdlela zoLawulo zoMjikelo weSelula

Indima yeChromosomes kuMjikelo weSeli

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo esisiseko kubomi bazo zonke iiseli emizimbeni yethu. Ngethuba lo mjikelo, iiseli ziyahlula kwaye zivelise kwakhona ngendlela elawulwayo, evumela ukukhula kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu kunye namalungu eChromosomes, ehlanganiswe ne-DNA kunye neeprotheni, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, iqinisekisa ukwahlula okuchanekileyo kwezinto zofuzo kunye nokufika. ⁤ yekopi epheleleyo yolwazi kwiseli nganye yentombi.

Esinye sezona ziganeko zibalaseleyo kumjikelo weseli kukuphindaphindwa kweechromosomes Ngexesha le-S isigaba, i-DNA equlethwe kwiichromosomes iyaphindwa yenze iikopi ezimbini ezifanayo. Ezi kopi, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-chromatids ezingoodade, zihlala zidityanisiwe kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-centromere de zahlukane ngexesha lesigaba se-M Ukusasazwa okuchanekileyo kweechromatids ezingoodade kwiiseli zeentombi kubalulekile ukugcina uzinzo lwemfuza kunye nokuthintela ukuphambuka kwechromosomal.

Ukongeza kwindima yabo ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA kunye nokwahlula, i-chromosomes nayo idlala indima ephambili ekulawuleni umjikelo weseli Isakhiwo se-chromosomes kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwabo kwi-nucleus yeseli kunika i-scaffolding ebonakalayo evumela ukuphunyezwa okuchanekileyo kwamanyathelo omjikelezo. Iiprotheyini ezithile zibophelela kwiichromosomes ngamaxesha achanekileyo ukuze zisebenze okanye zithintele ukuqhubela phambili komjikelezo, ziqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa okwaneleyo phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ndlela zokulawula zibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukwanda kweeseli okungalawulekiyo, okunokukhokelela kuphuhliso lwezifo ezinjengomhlaza.

Umbutho kunye noLwakhiwo lweeChromosomes

Iichromosomes zizakhiwo ezilungelelaniswe kakhulu kwaye zibalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kweeseli. Iseli nganye inenani elithile leechromosomes, ezihluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo. Ebantwini, umzekelo, kukho izibini ezingama-23 zeechromosomes, kwitotali yeechromosomes ezingama-46.

Ulwakhiwo olusisiseko lwechromosome lwenziwe ziingalo ezimbini, le imfutshane eyaziwa ngokuba ngu "p" kunye nende yaziwa ngokuba ngu "q". Kwelinye icala, ingalo nganye yahlulwe yaba ziingingqi ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba ngamabhanti echromosome. Ezi bhanti zibonakala phantsi kwe-microscope ekhethekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokungcolisa.

Ukongeza kwisakhiwo sazo somzimba, iichromosomes zikwabonisa ulungelelwaniso kwinqanaba lemfuza Ikhromozomu nganye iqulethe iijini, ezilulandelelwano lwe-DNA olunoxanduva lokurekhoda iiproteni kunye nokulawula imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yeselula. Ezi mizila yemfuza zilungelelaniswe ngokwamacandelo abizwa ngokuba yi-loci, alungelelaniswe ngendlela ethile kwichromosome.

Umjikelo weSeli kunye neCandelo leSeli

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo ethi iseli ikhule kwaye yahlulwe ibe ziiseli ezimbini zeentombi. ⁤Le ⁢inkqubo iqulathe amanqanaba ahlukeneyo kwaye ⁤iqinisekisa uphindaphindo oluchanekileyo⁢ kunye nokusasazwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuzo. Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli, kwelinye icala, yinkqubo apho iseli yoomama yahlulahlulwe ibe ziiseli ezimbini zeentombi ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo.

Umjikelo weseli wahlulwe waba zizigaba ezine eziphambili: isigaba se-G1 (i-gap 1), isigaba se-S (synthesis), isigaba se-G2 (i-gap 2) kunye nesigaba se-M (mitosis). Ngexesha le-G1, iseli iyakhula kwaye iqhube imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ye-metabolic, ilungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli. Kwinqanaba elingu-S, ukuphindwaphindwa kwe-DNA kwenzeka, apho ikhromozomu nganye iphindwaphindwa ukuze yenze iikopi ezimbini ezifanayo. Emva koko, kwisigaba se-G2, iseli iyaqhubeka nokukhula kwayo kwaye ilungiselela isigaba esilandelayo.

Ekugqibeleni, sifikelela kwisigaba se-M, esisisigaba sokwahlulwa kweeseli ngokwaso. Esi sigaba sahlulwe saba ngamanqanaba amaninzi: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase Ngexesha le-prophase, i-chromosomes iyancipha kwaye i-mitotic spindle iqala ukwenza. Kwi-metaphase, iichromosomes zilungelelaniswa kumbindi weseli, ngelixa i-anaphase, iichromatids zikadade zahlukana kwaye zitsalwa kwiipali ezichasene neseli. Ekugqibeleni, ngexesha le-telophase, i-chromosomes iyancipha, i-nuclei yenza i-nuclei kwakhona, kwaye i-cytokinesis iyenzeka, apho iseli iyahlula ibe zimbini.

Ulawulo lwemfuzo kuMjikelo weSeli

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo elawulwa kakhulu eyenzeka kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic ukuqinisekisa ukukhula kunye nokwahlukana. Ulawulo lwemfuzo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo⁤ kobu matshini buntsonkothileyo, ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho ukusuka kwesinye isigaba ukuya kwesinye.

Enye yeendlela eziphambili kulawulo lwemfuza kumjikelo weseli kukubonakaliswa kwemfuza ethile ngamaxesha athile. Ngethuba lesigaba se-G1, izakhi zofuzo ezikhuthaza ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokuphindaphinda kwezinto zofuzo ziyasebenza, ngelixa kwisigaba se-S, izakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA zibonakaliswa ngokubanzi.

Ukongeza kulawulo lwe-gene expression, ukulawulwa emva kokuguqulelwa kwakhona kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli. Iiprotheyini ezifana necyclin-ezixhomekeke ⁢kinase zinoxanduva lokuvula imiba yoshicilelo kunye nee-enzyme eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kuqhubekeko lomjikelo weseli. Ngokufanayo, ukuthotywa kweeprotheyini eziphambili, ezilawulwa yi-proteasome complex, ivumela ukuguquka ukusuka kwesinye isigaba ukuya kwesinye.

Utshintsho lweChromosome kunye nempembelelo yazo kuMjikelo weSeli

Utshintsho lweChromosomal lutshintsho kulwakhiwo okanye kwinani leechromosomes, ezinokuthi zibe nempembelelo enkulu kumjikelo weseli kunye neenkqubo zebhayoloji ezisisiseko. Olu tshintsho lunokuvela ngenxa yeempazamo ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA, ukuhlanganiswa kwakhona kofuzo, okanye ukwahlulwa kwechromosome ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ngezantsi, siza kuhlola ezinye eziphambili.

Olunye lolona tshintsho luqhelekileyo lwechromosome yi-aneuploidy, ebhekisa kutshintsho kwinani leechromosomes kwiseli. Le nto inokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni okanye ekuzuzeni i-chromosomes epheleleyo okanye inxalenye, eguqula kakhulu ibhalansi yemfuza. I-Aneuploidy inokuphazamisa umjikelo weeseli, kuba oomatshini bemolekyuli abanoxanduva lokuphindaphinda i-DNA kunye nokwahlulwa kwechromosome banokungasebenzi kakuhle kwiiseli ezinechromosome engaqhelekanga.

Olunye utshintsho lwechromosomal olufanelekileyo lutshintsho, olubandakanya utshintshiselwano lwamacandelo e-chromosomal phakathi kweechromosomes ezingezo-homologous. Oku kunokutshintsha ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza okuqhelekileyo kwaye kuchaphazele izakhi eziphambili ezilawula umjikelo weseli. Ukongeza, ii-chromosomal inversions, apho icandelo le-chromosome liguqulwa ngokwendlela yalo, linokuguqula ukupakishwa kwe-DNA kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kweechromosomes, kube nefuthe lokuphindaphinda kwechromosome kunye nokwahlula.

Izifo ezinxulumene neChromosomal Anomalies

Kukho ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela kakhulu impilo kunye nophuhliso lomntu ngamnye. Olu tshintsho lwemfuza lunokwenzeka nakubani na, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sini na okanye ubudala. Apha ngezantsi zezinye zezona zifo zixhaphakileyo ezinxulumene ne-chromosomal abnormalities:

Down's Syndrome: Sikwaziwa ngokuba yi-trisomy 21, esi sifo sibangelwa yikopi eyongezelelweyo yechromosome 21. Abantu abane-Down syndrome badla ngokuba neempawu zomzimba ezahlukileyo, ukulibaziseka ekukhuleni kunye neziphene zengqondo.

I-Turner syndrome: Esi sifo senzeka kwabasetyhini kwaye sibonakaliswe ngokungabikho ngokupheleleyo okanye inxalenye ye-chromosome ye-X Abantu abane-Turner syndrome banokuba nobude obufutshane, ukukhubazeka kwentliziyo kunye neengxaki zezintso, kunye nobunzima bokuvuthwa ngokwesondo kunye nokuzala.

I-Klinefelter syndrome: Kolu kuphazamiseka, amadoda ane-X chromosome eyongezelelweyo, ekhokelela kwiseti ye-XXY yechromosome endaweni ye-XY eqhelekileyo. Abantu abane-Klinefelter syndrome banokufumana ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kwezicubu zamabele, ukuveliswa kwesidoda esisezantsi, kunye nobunzima bokufunda nokuthetha.

Ukubaluleka koLondolozo lweChromosome ngexesha loMjikelo weSeli

Ukugcinwa kwe-chromosomes ngexesha lomjikelezo weseli kubaluleke kakhulu ukugcina⁤ ukuzinza kwe-genomic kunye nokukhusela ukuguquka kunye nezifo. ⁤Ngexesha lesigaba ⁢DNA yophindaphindo, ikhromozomu nganye ⁣iphindwa ngokuthembekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba⁢ iseli nganye yentombi entsha⁢ ifumana ikopi epheleleyo yemathiriyeli yemfuzo yoqobo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukusasazwa okuchanekileyo kolwazi lwemfuzo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ngapha koko, ukugcinwa okufanelekileyo kweechromosomes kubalulekile ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ngexesha le-mitosis, i-chromosomes i-compact kwaye ilungelelanise kwi-equatorial plate, ivumela ukwahlula ngokufanelekileyo kweekopi ze-DNA kwiiseli zeentombi. Impazamo ekugcinweni kweechromosomes ngexesha le nkqubo inokukhokelela ekuphambukeni kwechromosomal, njenge-aneuploidy, ehambelana nezifo zofuzo kunye nomhlaza.

Ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kweechromosomes, iiseli zisebenzisa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulawula. Iindawo zokukhangela umjikelo weseli Bahlala bebeka iliso kwi-DNA ingqibelelo kwaye banqande ukuqhubela phambili kwisigaba esilandelayo ukuba umonakalo okanye iimpazamo zifunyenwe. Ngexesha lokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA, iindlela zokulungisa i-DNA ziqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umonakalo uyalungiswa ngaphambi kokuba iikopi ze-DNA zihlukane. Ngaphaya koko, iiproteni ezibopha i-centromere zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lweechromosomes ngexesha le-mitosis.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-Cell Cycle kunye noPhando lweChromosome

Ulawulo lomjikelo weseli:

Umjikelo weseli luthotho lweziganeko ezikhokelela kuphindaphindo kunye ⁢nokwahlulwa kweseli. Ukulawulwa okuchanekileyo kwale nkqubo kubalulekile ukugcina ingqibelelo kunye nokuzinza kwezinto eziphilayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela emangalisayo ekuqondeni iinkqubo zemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lomjikelo weeseli.

Oomatshini beselula abanoxanduva lokulawula le nkqubo baye bafunyanwa ukuba babandakanye iiprotheyini eziphambili zokulawula, ezifana ne-cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) kunye nee-cyclins. Ezi proteni zenza ii-complexes ezisebenza njengeetshintshi zokuqalisa ukuqhubela phambili ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo weseli. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchithwa kweprotheyini ekhethiweyo, edibeneyo yinkqubo ye-ubiquitin-proteasome, ifunyenwe indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ngokuchanekileyo ixesha kunye nokulandelelana kweziganeko kumjikelezo weseli.

Ukubaluleka kweechromosomes:

IiChromosomes zizakhiwo ezilungelelaniswe kakhulu eziqulethe ulwazi lwemfuza yezinto eziphilayo. Uphando lwakutsha nje luye lwatyhila ukuqonda okubangel’ umdla ngendlela iichromosome ezilungelelaniswe ngayo nokwahlulwa ngazo ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iichromosomes zilungelelaniswe kwimida yolwakhiwo ebizwa ngokuba yi-topologically associated domains (TADs) nokuba lo mbutho udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwahlulweni okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes.

Ngaphaya koko, ngokusetyenziswa kobuchule bemikroskopu yangoku, kuye kwenzeka ukuba kuqwalaselwe ngokweenkcukacha ii-dynamics zechromosomes ngexesha lomjikelo weeseli. Oku kuhambela phambili kusivumele ukuba siqonde ngcono indlela iichromosome ezidityaniswa ngayo kwaye zicutheke kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omjikelo weseli, kunye nendlela ukufuduka kwayo okuchanekileyo ukuya kwiipali zeseli kulungelelaniswa ngexesha lokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli.

Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kuphando:

Umjikelo weeseli kunye nophando lwechromosome luzuze kakhulu kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukuvela kobuchule bolandelelwano lwesizukulwana esilandelayo buvumele uphononongo olugcweleyo ⁣utshintsho ⁢kwindlela yokulinganisa eyenzeke kumjikelo weseli. Oku kutyhile i-gene regulation eyinkimbinkimbi kunye neguquguqukayo yenethiwekhi⁤ ehambelana neziganeko ezahlukeneyo zomjikelezo weseli.

Ukongeza, uphuhliso lobuchule be-super-resolution microscopy luye lwavumela abaphandi ukuba bafumane imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu seechromosomes kwaye bajonge iinkcukacha zesakhiwo ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Ezi ndlela ⁢ zibe luncedo ekucaciseni uyilo lwe-3D lweekhromozomi kunye nokuqonda ngcono ukuba zilungelelaniswe kwaye zahlulwe njani ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli.

Ukusetyenziswa koNyango olunokwenzeka kuPhononongo loMjikelo weSeli⁤ kunye neeChromosomes

Uphononongo lomjikelo weeseli kunye neechromosomes luvula ucango lwezicelo ezininzi zonyango kwicandelo lamayeza. Okulandelayo, siza kubonisa ezinye zezicelo ezinokuvela kolu phononongo:

1.⁤ Ukuxilongwa kunye nonyango lwezifo zemfuzo: Ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo komjikelo weseli⁢ kunye neekhromozomi kubalulekile ukuchonga kunye nokuchonga izifo zemfuzo. Ngokuphonononga utshintsho kulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kweechromosomes, abaphandi banokufumanisa oyena nobangela wemfuza wezifo ezinjengeDown syndrome, hemophilia, kunye nomhlaza. Oku kuvumela ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye, emva koko, unyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi, nokuba ngonyango lwemfuza okanye ungenelelo oluthile lwe-pharmacological.

2. Unyango lweSellula kunye nokuhlaziya: Ulwazi lomjikelo weseli luyimfuneko ekuphuhlisweni kweeseli kunye nonyango lokuvuselela. Abaphandi banokusebenzisa olu lwazi ukuze baqhube umjikelo weseli kunye nokukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezigulayo. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yokulimala kwentambo yomgogodla, ukuqhubela phambili okuthembisayo kuye kwenziwa ngokulawula umjikelo weeseli ze-stem ukukhuthaza ukulungiswa kwezicubu ezichaphazelekayo.

3. Ukuphuhliswa kwamachiza athile: Uphononongo lomjikelo weeseli kunye neechromosomes⁣ lungakhokelela ekufunyanweni kunye nophuhliso lwamachiza athile kunyango lwezifo ezinxulumeneyo. Ukuqonda indlela iichromosomes ezisebenza ngayo kunye nendlela ezilawulwa ngayo kumjikelo weseli kunika ithuba lokuchonga iithagethi ezinokubakho ngamachiza. Oku kunokukhokelela kunyango olusebenzayo kunye namayeza akhethiweyo, ukunciphisa iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi bezigulane.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Yintoni umjikelo weseli?
A: Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo⁢ yokuba iiseli zidlula ekubunjweni kwazo ukuya kulwahlulo lwazo zibe ziiseli zentombi ezimbini⁤. Le nkqubo iquka izigaba ezahlukeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba zizigaba zomjikelo weseli.

Umbuzo: Zeziphi izigaba zomjikelo weseli?
A: Izigaba zomjikelezo weseli zezi: G1 (isigaba sokukhula 1), S (isigaba sokudibanisa), i-G2 (isigaba sokukhula 2) kunye ne-M (isigaba se-mitosis). Ngexesha lezi zigaba, iseli ilungiselela ukuphindaphinda umxholo wayo wemfuza kunye nokwahlula okulandelayo.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha le-G1 yesigaba somjikelezo weseli?
A: Ngexesha le-⁢G1 isigaba, iseli ifumana amava okukhula kunye nomsebenzi omkhulu wemetabolism. Kweli nqanaba, amacandelo ayimfuneko ekuphindaphindweni kwe-DNA ayadityaniswa kwaye iseli ilungiselelwe isigaba esilandelayo.

Umbuzo:⁤ Kwaye kwisigaba S somjikelo weseli?
A: ⁤Ngexesha le-S,⁢ iseli idlula kwi-DNA synthesis okanye ukuphindaphinda. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikhromozomu nganye iphinda imathiriyeli yemfuza, yenze izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba ziichromatids ezisista. Ekupheleni kwesi sigaba, iseli iya kuba neDNA ephindwe kabini kunangaphambi kokuba iqale i-S phase.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha lesigaba se-G2?
A: Ngexesha lesigaba se-G2, iseli iyaqhubeka ikhula kwaye ilungiselela ukwahlulwa kweeseli. Kweli nqanaba, ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheyini eziyimfuneko ukuphumeza ukwahlukana kweeseli kwenzeka kwaye kuqinisekisiwe ukuba i-DNA iye yaphindwa ngokuchanekileyo.

Umbuzo: Sithini isigaba sokugqibela somjikelo weseli?
A: Isigaba sokugqibela somjikelo weseli sisigaba se-M, esaziwa ngokuba yi-mitosis phase. Kweli nqanaba, ulwahlulo lwenucleus kunye neechromosomes lwenzeka, luvelisa iiseli ezimbini zeentombi ezifanayo enye kwenye kunye nakwiseli yomama.

Umbuzo:⁢ Yintoni iichromosomes?
A: IiChromosomes zizinto ezenziwe ngeDNA kunye neeproteni, ezikhoyo kwinucleus yeseli. Ziqulethe imizila yemfuza kwaye zinoxanduva lokudlulisela ulwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.

Umbuzo: Zingaphi iichromosomes ezikwiseli yomntu?
A: Kwiiseli zomntu, kukho iichromosome ezingama-46, ezilungelelaniswe zaba ngamaqela angama-23. Isibini ngasinye sinechromosome evela kutata nenye evela kumama.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni ngexesha le-mitosis ngokumalunga neechromosomes?
A: Ngexesha le-mitosis, iichromosomes ziyajiya ukuze ziqhube ulwahlulo lwazo kwaye zisasazwe ngokulinganayo kwiiseli zeentombi. Iseli nganye yentombi ifumana ikopi yechromosome nganye ekhoyo kwiseli yomzali.

Q: Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba utshintsho lwenzeka kumjikelo weseli okanye kwiichromosomes?
IMPENDULO: Utshintsho kumjikelo weeseli okanye iichromosomes kunokukhokelela kwizifo zemfuza, iinguqulelo okanye icarcinoma. Olu tshintsho lunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngemitha, imichiza, okanye iimpazamo ngexesha lokuphindaphindwa kweDNA.

Izimvo zokugqibela

Ukuqukumbela, ⁢umjikelo weseli⁢ kunye neekhromozomi zizinto ezisisiseko kuphindaphindo kunye ⁣elilifa lemathiriyeli yemfuzo kwizinto eziphilileyo. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siye sahlola iziganeko ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngexesha lomjikelo weseli, ukusuka kwisigaba se-interphase ukuya kulwahlulo lweeseli kwi. mitosis kunye meiosis. Siphinde sahlola ubume kunye nomsebenzi weechromosomes, sigxininisa ukubaluleka kwazo kwintlangano kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi lwemfuzo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba umjikelo weeseli kunye neechromosome zizihloko ezintsonkothileyo neziguqukayo, ezixhomekeke kuphando olubanzi kunye nofunyaniso oluqhubekayo kwicandelo lezenzululwazi. Njengoko siqhubela phambili ulwazi lwethu, imibuzo emitsha kunye nemiceli mngeni iyavela esiqhubela ekubeni siqhubeke nophando kunye nokwenza nzulu ukuqonda kwethu ezi nkqubo.

Ukuqonda umjikelo weeseli kunye neechromosome kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nobunjineli bemfuza. Ulwazi lwezi nkqubo lunokuba negalelo ekuxilongweni nasekunyangweni kwezifo ezinxulumene nokuguqulwa kwe-chromosomal, kunye nokuguqulwa kofuzo ngeenjongo zonyango okanye zokuphucula izityalo.

Ngamafutshane, uphononongo lomjikelo weeseli kunye neechromosomes kubalulekile ukuqonda isiseko sofuzo sobomi kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Njengoko sisenza nzulu ukuqonda kwethu ezi nkqubo, sivula izixhobo ezixabisekileyo zokujongana nemingeni yenzululwazi kunye nezonyango, kwaye siqhubeke nokukhangela iimpendulo kwiipuzzle zemfuzo kunye nendaleko.