Kwinkalo yebhayoloji yeseli, i-centrioles ibe yinto yokufunda kunye nomdla amashumi eminyaka. Ezi zakhiwo ezincinci ze-cylindrical zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlukaneni kweeseli kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cytoskeleton, evumela ukusabalalisa okuchanekileyo kwee-chromosomes kunye nentlangano ye-microtubules. Kule klasi yeselula, siya kungena kwihlabathi elinomdla yeecentrioles, ukuhlola iimpawu zayo, imisebenzi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeselula.
Intshayelelo kuphononongo lweseli kunye ne-centrioles
Iseli igqalwa njengeyona yunithi isisiseko yobomi kwaye ufundo lwayo lusisiseko sokuqonda iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zezinto eziphilayo. Kulo mongo, i-centrioles zizakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwiseli, kuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwahlulo lweeseli kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinjenge-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
I-Centrioles yi-organelles encinci ye-cylindrical eyenziwe ngama-microtubules, ekhoyo kwiiseli ezininzi zezilwanyana. Zifumaneka kwi-cytoplasm, kufuphi ne-nucleus kwaye zihlala zenziwe ngeesilinda ezimbini ze-perpendicular, ezibizwa ngokuba ngumama centrioles kunye nentombi ye-centrioles. Ezi zakhiwo zibalulekile kwintlangano ye-cytoskeleton kwaye ziqinisekisa ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lwe-chromosomes ngexesha lokuhlukana kweeseli.
Ngokusebenzayo, ii-centrioles zenza imisebenzi emininzi ephambili kwiseli. Eminye yayo yile:
- Ulungelelwaniso lwemitotic spindle: I-Centrioles inoxanduva lokubumba kunye nokulungelelanisa i-mitotic spindle, isakhiwo esinceda ukwahlula iichromosomes ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweseli.
- Ukwenziwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella: I-Centrioles ibalulekile ekubunjweni kwezakhiwo ezihambahambayo, ezifana ne-cilia kunye ne-flagella, ezivumela ukunyakaza kweeseli kunye nokuveliswa kombane wamanzi kwizicubu ezikhethekileyo.
- Isiseko semizimba ye-basal: I-Centrioles nayo ithatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwemizimba ye-basal, izakhiwo ezisisiseko ekubunjweni kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
Ushwankathelo, uphononongo lweseli kunye neecentrioles lubalulekileukuqonda iinkqubo zeselula kunye nokubaluleka kwezi zakhiwo kubomi bezinto eziphilayo. Le ntsimi yophando inikezela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokuhlukana kweeseli, ukubunjwa kwezakhiwo ezihambayo, kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kweeseli ngokubanzi.
Ubume kunye nemisebenzi yeecentrioles kwiseli
I-Centrioles zii-organelles ezikhoyo kwiiseli ezininzi zezilwanyana kunye nezinye iiseli zezityalo. Le mizimba mincinci ye-cylindrical, equkethe ii-triplets ezilithoba ze-microtubules, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintlangano kunye nomsebenzi weseli. Isakhiwo sayo sangaphakathi senziwe ngamabini e-centrioles ahlala elungelelaniswe nge-perpendicular enye kwenye, eyenza into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-diplosoma.
Imisebenzi ephambili ye-centrioles inxulumene nenkqubo yokwahlula kweeseli. Ngexesha le-interphase, i-centrioles iyaphindaphindeka, yenze isibini esitsha esahlulayo kweyokuqala ngaphambi kokuba iseli yahlulwe. Ezi centrioles ziphindiweyo zifudukela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli, zenze i-mitotic spindle, isakhiwo esinceda ukwahlula iichromosomes ngexesha le-mitosis. Ukongezelela, i-centrioles iphinda ithathe inxaxheba ekubunjweni kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella, izakhiwo ezivumela i-cell locomotion okanye ukuveliswa kwamanzi ombane kwi-tissue.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwi-cell division kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella, i-centrioles ibandakanyeka kwintlangano ye-centromere ngexesha le-meiosis, inkqubo yokwahlula kweeseli ezikhokelela ekubunjweni kweeseli. I-Centrioles iye yabonwa ukuba idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhelaniseni i-axis yokwahlula kweeseli, iqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okufanelekileyo kwamacandelo eselula kwiiseli zeentombi. Nangona i-centrioles ibalulekile kwimisebenzi emininzi yeselula, ezinye iiseli, ezifana neeseli ze-muscle kunye ne-neuron ezivuthiweyo, azikho ii-centrioles, ezibonisa ukuba ezinye izilungelelaniso zinokuvela ukuze zenze le misebenzi ibalulekileyo.
Indawo kunye nombutho we-centrioles kwiseli
I-Centrioles zizakhiwo ezincinci ze-cylindrical ezikhoyo kwiiseli ezininzi zezilwanyana. Ngokwendawo, i-centrioles ifumaneka kwi-cytoplasm yeseli, kufuphi ne-nucleus. Ngokuphangaleleyo, zilungelelaniswe ngokwezibini ezibizwa ngokuba zii-diplosomas, zilungelelaniswe ngokwe-perpendicular enye kwenye. Ezi diplosomes inokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lomjikelo weseli.
Kwinqanaba le-G1 lomjikelo weseli, i-centrioles ifumaneka kufuphi ne-nucleus kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-centrosome. I-centrosome yeyona organelle iphambili enoxanduva lokuyilwa kwe-mitotic spindle ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ngexesha S isigaba se umjikelo weseli, ii-centrioles ziphindaphinda kwaye zohlulwe ukwenza izibini ezifanayo zeediplosomes. Kwinqanaba le-G2, ezi diplosome zihamba zisiya kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli, zilungiselela ulwahlulo lweeseli ezilandelayo.
Ukongeza kwindawo ezikuyo, ii-centrioles zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintlangano yeseli. Ezi microtubules nazo zibalulekile ekuhambeni kwe-chromosomes ngexesha lokuhlukana kweeseli kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
Inkqubo yokuphindaphinda kunye nokwahlulwa kwee-centrioles
Sisiganeko esibalulekileyo ekwenziweni kweeseli kwaye sinendima ebalulekileyo ekuyilweni kwe-mitotic spindle ngexesha lokwahlukana kweeseli. I-Centrioles yizakhiwo ze-cylindrical ezenziwe ngama-microtubules kwaye zikhona kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli zezilwanyana Umsebenzi wabo oyintloko kukuthatha inxaxheba kwintlangano kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwe-microtubules ye-cytoskeleton, kunye nokuqulunqwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
Uphinda-phindo lwe-Centriole lwenzeka ngexesha lesigaba sika-S somjikelo weseli, ngokukodwa kwisigaba sokuphindaphinda se-centrosome. ngexesha le nkqubo, umama ucentriole uphinda enze iintombi ezimbini eziziicentrioles. Esi siganeko silawulwa ngokungqongqo ziiprotheyini ezikhethekileyo ezilawula ukubunjwa kunye nokwandiswa kwee-microtubules kwisakhiwo secentriole. Nje ukuba uphindaphindo lugqityiwe, izibini ezimbini zeecentrioles zihlala zisondelelene enye kwenye kwinucleus yeseli.
Emva koko, ngexesha le-M yesigaba somjikelezo weseli, i-centrioles ephindwe kabini iyahlukana kwaye ifudukela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli ukuze zithathe inxaxheba ekwenziweni kwe-mitotic spindle. iqinisekisa ulwahlulo olululo lweechromosomes kunye nokwenziwa kweeseli zeentombi ezifanayo ngokwemfuzo. I-microtubules ye-mitotic spindle idibanisa kwi-centrioles kwaye inceda ukulungelelanisa izixhobo ze-mitotic, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa i-mitosis efanelekileyo kunye ne-cytokinesis.
Ukubaluleka kweecentrioles kulwahlulo lweeseli
I-Centrioles zizakhiwo ze-cylindrical ezikhoyo kwiiseli zezilwanyana ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulwahlulo lweeseli. Zifumaneka kwicytoplasm, kufutshane nenucleus, kwaye ukubaluleka kwazo kulele ekukwazini kwazo ukucwangcisa nokukhokela indibano ye-mitotic spindle ngexesha le-mitosis.
Ngexesha lokwahlulahlula kweeseli, ii-centrioles ziphindaphinda kwaye zifudukele kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Xa belapho, benza iipali ze-mitotic spindle, uthungelwano lwe-microtubules oluhamba kuyo yonke iseli kwaye lunceda ukwahlula iichromosomes ngexesha lokwahlukana. I-Centrioles inoxanduva lokusekwa kweenkwenkwezi ze-polar, izakhiwo ezinceda ukuzinzisa i-mitotic spindle kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo kweechromosomes kwiiseli zeentombi.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwi-mitosis, i-centrioles nayo ibalulekile kwezinye iinkqubo zeselula, ezifana nokubunjwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella. I-Cilia kunye ne-flagella ziingqikelelo ze-membrane yeseli evumela ukunyakaza kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-stimuli yangaphandle. I-Centrioles isebenza njengamaziko okulungelelanisa ukudibanisa kunye nokugcina ukwakhiwa kwezi organelles. Ngaphandle kwe-centrioles esebenzayo, ukubunjwa kunye nokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwezi cilia kunye ne-flagella kuya kuphazamiseka.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kweecentrioles kunye necytoskeleton yeseli
I-centriole sisakhiwo seselula esidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumbutho kunye nomsebenzi we-cytoskeleton yeseli. Le organelle yenziwe ngepere yeesilinda ezimgongxo ezenziwe ngeesilinda ezilithoba zeemicrotubules. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukubunjwa kwe-asteros kunye ne-achromatic spindle ngexesha lokuhlukana kweeseli.
I-cytoskeleton, kwelinye icala, luthungelwano lweeprotheni ezinefiber ezifumaneka kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic. Iqulethwe yi-actin microfilaments, i-microtubules kunye ne-filaments ephakathi, ebonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo, ukuhamba kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-intracellular. Nangona i-centriole iyisakhiwo esahlukileyo kwi-cytoskeleton, ubudlelwane bayo bubalulekile ekugcineni ifom yeselula kunye nomsebenzi.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-centrioles kunye ne-cytoskeleton bubonakaliswa kwiinkalo ezininzi:
- I-centriole isebenza njengeziko lokulungelelanisa i-microtubule, ibonelela ngesakhiwo esiyimfuneko ekubunjweni nasekuzinzeni kweefilaments ngaphakathi kwe-cytoskeleton.
- I-Microtubules esuka kwi-centrioles ibalulekile ekubunjweni nasekuhanjisweni kwamanye amacandelo e-cytoskeleton, njenge-actin microfilaments kunye ne-filaments ephakathi.
- Ukuphazamiseka okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-centrioles kunokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi we-cytoskeleton, enokubangela iingxaki ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular, i-cell division, kunye nesimo esipheleleyo seseli.
Indima ye-centrioles ekubunjweni kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella
I-Centrioles idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kunye nesakhiwo se-cilia kunye ne-flagella, i-organelles ehambayo efumaneka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, ukusuka kwi-unicellular ukuya kwi-multicellular organisms. Ezi zakhiwo zivumela ukunyakaza kwamaselula, ukuthuthwa kwamasuntswana, kunye nokuveliswa kwemisinga yamanzi. Imisebenzi ephambili ye-centrioles ekubunjweni kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella ichazwe ngezantsi:
1. Ulungelelwaniso kunye nenucleation yeemicrotubules: I-Centrioles isebenza njengamaziko okulungelelanisa ama-microtubules, ayinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-cilia kunye ne-flagella. I-Microtubules zizakhiwo ze-cylindrical ezenziwe nge-tubulin, iprotheyini enika i-rigidity kunye nenkxaso. I-Centrioles ijongene ne-nucleation kunye nentlangano ye-microtubules, eyenza isakhiwo esiphakathi se-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
2. Ukumiselwa kobude kunye nokuqhelaniswa: I-Centrioles inceda ukuseka ubude kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuzihlanganisa kunye nokulawulwa kwe-microtubule elongation, i-centrioles ilawula ubude be-cilia kunye ne-flagella. Ukongeza, i-centrioles iphinda ichaphazele ukuqhelaniswa kwezi organelles, iqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso lwazo oluchanekileyo ngokubhekiselele kwiseli kunye nokusingqongileyo.
3. Ukutshintshwa kunye nokulungiswa: I-Centrioles ithatha inxaxheba ekutshintsheni nasekulungiseni i-cilia eyonakalisiweyo kunye ne-flagella. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo ezininzi, apho ukulahlekelwa okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella kunokuchaphazela imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana ne-locomotion kunye nokuthathwa kwezondlo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-centrioles kunye nophuhliso lwe-embryonic
I-Centrioles yi-organelles ekhoyo kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli zezilwanyana ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-embryonic. Zenziwe ngesakhiwo se-cylindrical esakhiwe ngama-triplets alithoba e-microtubules ahlelwe ngendlela ye-perpendicular Ngexesha lokwahlula kweeseli, i-centrioles iphindaphinda kwaye yahlula, ngaloo ndlela yenze iipali ze-mitotic spindle eziya kuba noxanduva lokusasaza i-chromosomes ngexesha lokwahlula.
Ekuphuhlisweni kwe-embryonic, i-centrioles ibalulekile ekubunjweni kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-cilia kunye ne-flagella, eziyimfuneko ekuhambeni kweeseli. Ezi zakhiwo ziyimfuneko, umzekelo, ukuhamba kwe-sperm kunye nokuhamba kwamaqanda kwindlela yokuzala yabasetyhini. Ukongeza, i-centrioles nayo inxulumene nombutho we-microtubules, izakhiwo ezinoxanduva lokugcina uhlobo lweseli kunye nothutho lwe-intracellular.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic, i-centrioles nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni umjikelo weeseli. Babandakanyeka ekwenziweni kwezixhobo zokwahlula iiseli kwaye banoxanduva lokwahlula ngokuchanekileyo iichromosomes ngexesha lemitosis. Ukungasebenzi kwe-centrioles kunokukhokelela ekungaqhelekanga kuphuhliso lwe-embryonic kunye nezifo zofuzo.
Ukubaluleka kwee-centrioles kwi-polarity yeselula kunye ne-symmetry
I-Centrioles zizakhiwo ze-cylindrical ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-polarity yeselula kunye ne-symmetry. Ezi organelles zifumaneka kwiiseli ezininzi zezilwanyana kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlukaneni kweeseli kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
Ukubaluleka kwee-centrioles kwi-polarity yeselula kukukwazi ukuququzelela i-cytoskeleton kunye nokumisela ukuqhelaniswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zeselula. I-Centrioles isebenza njengamaziko okulungelelanisa i-microtubules, emide, i-filaments encinci eyenza inxalenye ye-cytoskeleton yeselula. Ezi zakhiwo zibonelela ngesikhokelo sokuhamba kwe-organelles kunye ne-vesicles kwiseli, ukuvumela iinkqubo zeselula ukuba zenziwe ngendlela ehlelekile nefanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwi-cell polarity, i-centrioles nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-symmetry yeseli. Ngexesha lolwahlulo lweeseli, ii-centrioles kabini kwaye zijonge kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli. Ezi centrioles ziphindwe kabini zisebenza njengamaziko okulungelelanisa i-microtubules ye-mitotic spindle, ejongene nokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kweechromosomes ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweseli. Le symmetry yeselula iqinisekisa ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lwemathiriyeli yemfuza kunye nokwakheka kweeseli zentombi ezinomphelelisi owaneleyo wechromosomal.
Izinto ezichaphazela umsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo se-centrioles
I-Centrioles zakhiwo ezibalulekileyo kwiiseli, ezijongene nokuqulunqwa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwe-cytoskeleton. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokwakheka kwayo.Ezinye zezi zinto zithiwe thaca apha ngezantsi:
1. I-genetics: Ilifa lemfuzo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi kunye nokwakheka kweecentrioles. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nokwakheka kwe-centriole kunokubangela ukungahambi kakuhle okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle. Olu tshintsho lwemfuza lunokuzuzwa okanye lufunyanwe ngexesha lokuphila komntu.
2. Iimeko zokusingqongileyo: Imeko-bume apho iseli iphuhla inokuchaphazela nomsebenzi weecentrioles. Ngokomzekelo, ukuvezwa kumanqanaba aphezulu oxinzelelo, utshintsho kwiqondo lokushisa, kunye nokufuma kunokutshintsha amandla e-centrioles ukucwangcisa i-cytoskeleton ngokuchanekileyo. Ukongeza, iikhemikhali ezithile ezikhoyo kwindawo, njengamayeza okanye i-toxins, zinokuchaphazela kakubi i-centrioles.
3. Ummiselo weSelula: Ngaphakathi kweseli, kukho iindlela zolawulo ezilawula umsebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo lweecentrioles. Ngokomzekelo, iiprotheni ezithile zinokusebenza njenge-receptors yesignali, ukulawula ukubunjwa kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-centrioles. Ngokufanayo, umjikelo weseli kunye neenkqubo zokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli nazo zinefuthe kumsebenzi kunye nokwakheka kweecentrioles.
Iindlela zokujonga kunye nokufunda iicentrioles kwilabhoratri
I-Centrioles zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwahlula iiseli kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella. Kwilabhoratri, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujonga kunye nokufunda iicentrioles ezisivumela ukuba siqonde ubume kunye nomsebenzi wazo. Ngezantsi zizinye zezi ndlela:
1. I-Fluorescence microscopy: Ngokusebenzisa i-fluorescence microscopes, i-centrioles inokungcoliswa ngeedayi ezithile ezibophelela kwiiprotheni ezikhoyo kwezi zakhiwo. Obu buchule buvumela ukuba i-centrioles ibonakale ngokucacileyo kwaye ihluke kwezinye izakhiwo zeselula.
2. Uthumelo lwe-electron microscopy: Ukuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy sisixhobo sokusombulula okuphezulu esebenzisa i-electron endaweni yokukhanya ukujonga iisampulu.Ngobu buchule, imifanekiso eneenkcukacha inokufumaneka yee-centrioles kunye ne-ultrastructure yazo, enceda ukuqonda umbutho wazo inqanaba lemolekyuli.
3. Uhlahlelo lweziguqulo zemfuzo: Kwilabhoratri, iinguqu zemfuzo zisenokwenziwa kwimizekelo yezilwanyana ezifana neempuku okanye iiseli zenkcubeko. Ezi ziguquguqukayo azinazo iiprotheyini ezithile okanye zinotshintsho kufuzo olunxulumene neecentrioles. Uphononongo lwala ma-mutants lusenza sikwazi ukuchonga imisebenzi ethile ye-centrioles kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwi-cell division kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella.
Isishwankathelo, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokujonga kunye nokufunda i-centrioles kwilebhu yeFluorescence microscopy kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy kusivumela ukuba sibe nombono kwaye sihlolisise i-ultrastructure ye-centrioles, ngelixa uhlalutyo lwe-mutant lusinceda siqonde umsebenzi wayo othile. Ezi ndlela zidibeneyo zisinceda sityhile iimfihlakalo ezisemva kweecentrioles kunye nendima yazo ebalulekileyo kwibhayoloji yeeseli.
Izicelo zonyango kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo kwi-centrioles
Izicelo zonyango ze-centrioles ziya zithembisa ngakumbi kwintsimi yeyeza. Ezi zakhiwo zeselula zibonakaliswe ukuba zinendima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni nasekulungelelaniseni i-cytoskeleton, kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli. Iimeko zonyango eziye zaphandwa ukusetyenziswa konyango ziquka umhlaza, izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, kunye nokuphazamiseka kokukhula.
Kwindawo yomhlaza, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-centrioles engaqhelekanga inokufaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwamathumba. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kuphando kunyango olujoliswe ekunqandeni ukukhula kunye nokwanda kwezi centrioles ezigwenxa. Ukongeza, usetyenziso olunokwenzeka lwe-centrioles luyaphononongwa ekuchongeni ii-biomarkers zokuxilongwa kwangoko kunye nokuxilongwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza.
Kwinkalo yezifo ze-neurodeergenerative, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwe-centrioles kunokubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-neuronal kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezifo ezifana nesifo se-Alzheimer kunye ne-Parkinson. Izifundo zexesha elizayo ziya kugxila ekuqondeni ngakumbi ezi ndlela kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango olunokulungelelanisa umsebenzi we-centriole ukukhusela okanye ukubuyisela umva umonakalo we-neuronal. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa okunokubakho kweecentrioles njengezixhobo kunyango lokubuyisela iiseli ukunyanga ezi zifo kuyaphandwa.
Izigqibo kunye nezindululo zophando lwexesha elizayo kwii-centrioles
Izigqibo ezifunyenwe kolu phando kwi-centrioles zinika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kulwakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wabo. Okokuqala, kuye kwaqinisekiswa ukuba i-centrioles idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumbutho we-cytoskeleton kunye nokwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli. Ezi zakhiwo ze-cylindrical zibalulekile ekubunjweni kwe-mitotic spindle kwaye zithatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lwe-chromosomes ngexesha le-mitosis. Ukongezelela, i-centrioles nayo ibandakanyeka ekuveliseni i-cilia kunye ne-flagella, izakhiwo ezihambayo ezivumela ukuhamba kweeselula kunye nokufunyanwa kweempawu zokusingqongileyo.
Esinye sezindululo zophando lwexesha elizayo luya kuba kukwenza nzulu uphononongo lweendlela zemolekyuli ezilawula i-biogenesis ye-centrioles. Ukuqonda okungakumbi kuyafuneka kwizinto ezijongene nokuphindaphinda kunye nokuhlanganisana kwazo, kunye neendlela zokulawula ezithintela ukubunjwa kwazo ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukufunyanwa kwamalungu amatsha emolekyuli kunye nokucaciswa kwawo malunga nendima yawo ethile kumbutho kunye nomsebenzi we-centrioles inokuba yinkqubela enkulu kulo mmandla. nceda ubone kwaye usebenzise i-centrioles kwi-vivo, eya kubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga ne-dynamics kunye nolawulo lwexeshana.
Omnye umgca othembisayo wophando uya kuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-centrioles kunye nezifo zabantu. Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezifakela iiprotheni ze-centriolar zibonakaliswe ukuba zidibene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka, ezifana ne-Meckel-Gruber syndrome kunye nesifo seBardet-Biedl. Nangona kunjalo, kuninzi ekufuneka kufunyenwe malunga ne-pathological mechanisms ephantsi kwezi zifo. Ukufunda ukuguqulwa kweemolekyuli kunye neeseli ezibangelwa olu tshintsho kunokunceda ukuchonga iithagethi ezintsha zonyango kunye nokuphucula ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezi meko.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Zintoni iicentrioles?
Impendulo: I-Centrioles zizakhiwo ezincinci ezifumaneka ngaphakathi kweeseli ze-eukaryotic. Zenziwe ngepere yeesilinda ezilungiselelwe ngokuthe ngqo komnye nomnye.
Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi weecentrioles?
Impendulo: I-Centrioles idlala indima ephambili kwi-cell division kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cytoskeleton. Ngexesha lokwahlukana kweeseli, ii-centrioles ziphindaphinda kwaye zahlule, zilungelelanisa i-microtubules eziza kwenza i-mitotic spindle.
Umbuzo: Yintoni udidi lweeseli apho iicentrioles zenzeka khona?
Impendulo: Iklasi yeseli apho i-centrioles ivela khona yaziwa ngokuba ziiseli ze-eukaryotic. Ezi seli ziquka izinto eziphilayo ezifana nezityalo, izilwanyana, umngundo kunye protists, kwaye luphawulwa ngokuba nucleus delimited yi inwebu kunye organelles ezahlukeneyo.
Umbuzo: Ziphi ii-centrioles ezihlala zifumaneka kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: I-Centrioles zihlala zihlala kwi-cytoplasm, kufuphi ne-nucleus yeseli. Zifumaneka kwisakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yi-centrosome, eyongeza kwi-centrioles, iqulethe ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nombutho we-cytoskeleton.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho iiseli apho ii-centrioles zingenzekiyo?
Impendulo: Ewe, kukho iiseli apho i-centrioles ingekho.Umzekelo, kwiiseli zezityalo eziphezulu ezifana neeseli ze-epidermal zamagqabi, i-centrioles ayikho, ngokungafaniyo neeseli zezilwanyana.
Umbuzo: Zithini iimpembelelo zokungabikho kweecentrioles kwiiseli ?
Impendulo: Ukungabikho kwee-centrioles kwezinye iiseli kuthetha ukuba abayi kukwazi ukwenza i-mitotic spindle yendabuko ngexesha lokwahlukana kweeseli. Endaweni yoko, ezi seli ziya kusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokucwangcisa i-microtubules kwaye zigqibezele inkqubo yokwahlula.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho ukungafani kwintlangano ye-centrioles kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-eukaryotic?
Impendulo: Ewe, kukho ukungafani kwintlangano ye-centrioles kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-eukaryotic. Ngokomzekelo, kwiiseli zezilwanyana, kukho ngokubanzi i-centrioles ezimbini nge-centrosome, ngelixa kwiiseli zezityalo, akukho zibini ze-centrioles ezibonwayo.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho naziphi na izifo ezaziwayo ezinxulumene ne-centrioles?
Impendulo: Ewe, iziphene ezikwi-centrioles ziyayanyaniswa nezifo ezohlukeneyo zofuzo, ezifana ne-microcephaly, polycystic kidney disease, kunye nezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Izifundo kwi-centrioles zinike ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nemvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lwezi pathologies.
Isiphelo
Ukuqukumbela, udidi lweeseli apho iicentrioles zenzeka khona ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi kunye nokwakheka kweeseli. Ezi organelles zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekubunjweni kwe-mitotic spindle ngexesha ulwahlulo lweseli ukuya kwintlangano ye-cytoskeleton kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-cilia kunye ne-flagella. Ubukho bayo kunye nomsebenzi zibalulekile zombini ukugcina ingqibelelo yeselula kunye nophuhliso oluchanekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngezifundo ezineenkcukacha kunye novavanyo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuphanda nokuqonda ngcono ukubaluleka kweecentrioles kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeselula. Njengoko siqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu kwezi organelles, siyakukwazi ukufikelela kumbono ogqibeleleyo wobunzima kunye nommangaliso welizwe leselula.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.