IiColloids Ziyintoni Iintlobo kunye nemizekelo

Emhlabeni Kwimichiza kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezinokuba zintsonkothile kwabaninzi. Enye yazo i-colloids, iklasi ekhethekileyo yemixube ebonakaliswe ngayo iipropati zayo abantu kunye nokuziphatha kwabo okungaqhelekanga. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-colloids ezikhoyo kwaye zihlalutye eminye imizekelo iimbalasane zolu didi lunomdla lwezinto. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yobugcisa kunye nokungathathi hlangothi, siya kufuna ukujula ngakumbi kwisihloko, ukubonelela ngombono ocacileyo kunye ocacileyo we-colloids kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe.

1. Intshayelelo kwiicolloids: yintoni na, iindidi kunye nemizekelo

IiColloids ziinkqubo ezisasaziweyo ezikwimeko ephakathi phakathi kwezisombululo eziyinyani kunye nokunqunyanyiswa. Zibonakaliswa ngokuqulunqwa ngamasuntswana ahlakaziweyo obungakanani be-microscopic, axhonywe kwindawo yokusabalalisa. Ezi ngqungquthela ziyakwazi ukuhluka kwimilo kunye nobukhulu, ukusuka kwi-nanoparticles ukuya kwiincinci ezinkulu, kwaye zinokuba ziqinile, zimanzi okanye zigase.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-colloids, ezihlelwe ngokwesigaba se-particle edibeneyo kunye neyokukhupha. Ezinye zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo ziicolloids ezilulwelo-lulwelo, ii-colloids eziqinileyo, kunye ne-gas-liquid colloids. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-colloid luneempawu ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu, ezibenza zibe luncedo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe kunye nezesayensi.

Ukuze uqonde ngcono ukuba yintoni i-colloids, kuyanceda ukwazi imizekelo ye-colloids efumaneka kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ubisi, imayonesi, inkungu, umsi, kunye neplasma yegazi. Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela i-colloids ekhoyo ngayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nendlela iimpawu zazo ezizenza zibaluleke ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

2. Inkcazo yee-colloids kunye neempawu zabo eziphambili

I-Colloids ziinkqubo ezihlakaziweyo apho iinqununu ezihlakaziweyo zinobukhulu phakathi kwe-nanometer ye-1 kunye ne-1 micrometer. La masuntswana asasaziweyo anokuba sisiqina, ulwelo okanye igesi, kwaye ahlakazwe kwindawo eqhubekayo. Ukusasazwa kweengqungquthela kwi-medium eqhubekayo yinto eyahlula i-colloids kwezinye iingxube, ezifana nezisombululo kunye nokumiswa. Ukusabalalisa kuzinzile ngenxa yemikhosi yokusebenzisana phakathi kweengqungquthela ezihlakaziweyo, ezithintela ukuba zingahlali okanye ziqhube.

Enye yeempawu eziphambili ze-colloids kukukwazi ukusabalalisa ukukhanya. Oku kungenxa yokuba iinqununu ezihlakazekileyo zikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zidibanise nokukhanya, kodwa azinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zisasazeke ngokupheleleyo. Oku kusasazeka yokukhanya Yiloo nto ebangela umphumo weTyndall, osivumela ukuba siqaphele indlela yokukhanya kwi-colloid. Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lubuchule be-colloids ukwenza iigels, ezine-cross-linked three-dimensional structure ebamba i-medium eqhubekayo ngaphakathi.

I-Colloids iphinda ibonise iimpawu ze-electrochemical, njengoko iinqununu ezihlakaziweyo zinokufumana intlawulo yombane ngenxa ye-adsorption yeentlobo ze-ionic ukusuka phakathi. Ezi ntlawulo zombane zinokuba zilungile okanye zingalunganga, kwaye zichaphazela intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasuntswana ahlakazekileyo. Ukunyanzeliswa kwe-electrostatic phakathi kweenqununu ezihlawulisiweyo zomqondiso ofanayo zivimbela ukuba zidibanise, ezinegalelo ekuzinzeni kwee-colloids. Kwelinye icala, umtsalane we-electrostatic phakathi kwamasuntswana ahlawuliweyo eempawu ezichaseneyo kunokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwee-aggregates. Ezi zakhiwo ze-electrochemical zisisiseko kwizicelo ezininzi ze-colloids, ezinje kumashishini okutya, izinto zokuthambisa kunye namayeza.

3. Ukuhlelwa kwee-colloids ngokwemeko yazo yokusasazeka

Uluhlu lwahlulahlulwe lwaba ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili: i-sol, i-gel kunye ne-emulsion.

Okokuqala, i-sol-type colloids ibonakaliswe ngokuba namasuntswana asasazwe kwindawo yolwelo. La masuntswana ayimikroskopu ngobukhulu kwaye axhonywe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba azihlali ngokuxhuzula. Izinto eziqinileyo zinokuba yinxalenye yelanga, kodwa kufuneka zibe kwimo yamasuntswana amahle kakhulu kwaye azinakunyibilika ngokupheleleyo kulwelo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo we-sol colloid ligazi, apho iiseli zegazi zihlakazwa kwi-plasma.

Okwesibini, i-gel-type colloids ibonakaliswe ngokuba nesakhiwo esine-dimensional ezintathu apho i-liquid medium ihlala ibanjwe. kwinethiwekhi eqinileyo. Oku kubangela into eqinileyo eneempawu zolwelo kunye nesiqina. Iigels zenziwe xa amasuntswana e-colloidal adibanisa kunye kwaye enze inethiwekhi eqhubekayo kwindawo yolwelo. Imizekelo yeejeli ziquka i-gelatin, irabha, kunye nejeli ye-silica.

Ekugqibeleni, i-emulsion-type colloids yenziwa xa i-liquids ezimbini ezingabonakaliyo zihlakazwa omnye komnye ngokusetyenziswa kwe-emulsifying agent. I-agent emulsifying isebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwezigaba ezibini zolwelo kwaye zibathintele ukuba bahlukane. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo we-emulsion yi-mayonnaise, apho ioli kunye neviniga zenza umxube ozinzile ngenxa ye-emulsifying agent equkethe amaqanda.

4. I-Colloids esasazwe kulwelo: izisombululo ze-colloidal

I-colloid esasazwe kulwelo ibhekisa ekumisweni kwamasuntswana kwindawo enamanzi. La masuntswana, anokuba qinileyo, abe lulwelo okanye abe yigesi, anobungakanani obumalunga ne-1 kunye ne-1000 nanometers, nto leyo ebanika iimpawu ezithile. Izisombululo zeColloidal zibonakaliswa ngokubonisa inkangeleko elinganayo kwiliso leze, kodwa xa kujongwa phantsi kwe-microscope ukusasazeka kwamasuntswana kunokubonwa.

Ukufumana isisombululo se-colloidal, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusasazeka zingasetyenziswa. Enye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo kukugaya, apho iinqununu eziqinileyo zityunyuzwa de zifikelele kubukhulu obufanelekileyo. Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukufumana izisombululo ze-colloidal ngokusebenzisa i-condensation, apho iinqununu zenziwa kumphunga. Obunye ubuchule yi-emulsion, equka ukusasaza amathontsi olwelo olunye kolunye olungagungqiyo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba izisombululo ze-colloidal zinokuzinza okanye zizinzile. Kwezinye iimeko, amasuntswana athambekele ekudibaneni ngenxa yamandla anomtsalane phakathi kwawo. Ukuze ugweme oku, kunokwenzeka ukusebenzisa i-stabilizers, njengama-surfactants okanye iipolymers, ezithintela amaqhekeza ukuba adibanise. Ngaphezu koko, ukuxinwa kweengqungquthela kwisisombululo nako kuchaphazela ukuzinza kwayo. Ngale ndlela, kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo yomenzi kwaye wenze iimvavanyo zokuzinza ngaphambi kokusebenzisa isisombululo se-colloidal kwizicelo zangempela.

5. Ii-colloids ezisasazwe kwiigesi: i-colloidal aerosols

I-aerosol ye-colloidal kukusasazwa kwamasuntswana e-colloidal kwigesi. Kolu hlobo lwe-colloid, amasuntswana aqinileyo okanye angamalwelo asasazwa emoyeni okanye nayiphi na enye igesi. Iingqungquthela ze-Colloidal zinokuhluka ngobukhulu kunye nokubunjwa, zinike iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Ezinye ii-aerosols eziqhelekileyo ze-colloidal ziquka ipeyinti yokutshiza, iideodorants, kunye neemveliso ezinkonkxiweyo ezisebenzisa i-propellants.

Ukufumana i-aerosol ye-colloidal, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusasazeka zisetyenziswa. Enye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo yi-atomization, apho ulwelo luguqulwa lube ngamasuntswana alungileyo kusetyenziswa uxinzelelo okanye amandla e-ultrasonic. Olunye ubuchule yi-nebulization, apho ulwelo luguqulwa lube ngamasuntswana ngesenzo segesi ecinezelweyo okanye isixhobo se-ultrasonic.

Okubalulekileyo, ii-aerosols ze-colloidal zinezicelo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwishishini lamayeza asetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izixhobo zokuphefumla ukuze kusetyenziswe amayeza ngomoya. Ukongeza, ii-aerosols ze-colloidal zikwasetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kweemveliso zokuthambisa, ezinjengezitshizi. yeenwele, ezinceda ukusasaza izithako ngokulinganayo. Isishwankathelo, ii-aerosols ze-colloidal zi ngempumelelo yokusasaza amasuntswana e-colloidal kwigesi, enezicelo ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoshishino.

6. Ii-Colloids ezisasazwe kwizinto eziqinileyo: iijeli ze-colloidal

Kwimichiza, iigels ze-colloidal zihlobo olukhethekileyo lwee-colloids ezihlakazwe kwizinto eziqinileyo. Ezi nkqubo zenziwe ngamasuntswana aqinileyo anqunyanyisiwe kulwelo oluphakathi, enza uthungelwano olunemigangatho emithathu-efana nesakhiwo. Iigels ze-Colloidal zibonakaliswa yi-viscosity ephezulu kunye nokukwazi ukugcina amanzi amaninzi.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wejeli ye-colloidal yijeli ye-silica, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lokuphelisa iigesi kunye nolwelo, kunye nokwenza amayeza kunye nezithambiso. Ukufumana i-gel silica ye-colloidal, kuyimfuneko ukusabalalisa i-silica particles kulwelo olunjengamanzi okanye utywala, kwaye emva koko uvumele isakhiwo se-gel ukuba senze.

Ukuqulunqwa kwejeli ye-colloidal kubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha uhlobo lweengqungquthela eziqinileyo eziza kusetyenziswa, kunye nolwelo olusasazwayo olufanelekileyo. Emva koko, iinqununu zihlakazwa kwi-liquid, mhlawumbi ngokuvuselela oomatshini, i-ultrasound okanye nayiphi na enye indlela efanelekileyo. Emva kokuba iinqununu zihlakazwe, isakhiwo se-gel sivunyelwe ukuba senze ngokusebenzisana phakathi kweengqungquthela kunye ne-liquid. Le nkqubo Kungathatha ixesha kwaye kufuna ukulawulwa ngononophelo lobushushu kunye neemeko zokuxinana kweesuntswana.

Isishwankathelo, iijeli ze-colloidal ziinkqubo apho amasuntswana aqinileyo ahlakazwa kulwelo ukwenza i-network-dimensional network-like structure. Ezi gel zibonakala kakhulu kwaye ziyakwazi ukugcina amanzi amaninzi. Ukuqulunqwa kwejeli ye-colloidal kubandakanya ukukhethwa okufanelekileyo kweengqungquthela kunye nokusabalalisa ulwelo, kulandelwa ukuchithwa kweengqungquthela kunye nokulawulwa kobume be-gel. Ezi gel zineendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwishishini kunye nokuveliswa kweemveliso zamachiza kunye nezithambiso.

7. Iintlobo ze-colloids: i-hydrophilic kunye ne-hydrophobic

I-Colloids zizinto ezibonakala ngokukwazi kwazo ukusasazeka kwizinyibilikisi, zenza isigaba esingafaniyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-colloidal dispersion. Ezi dispersions zingahlelwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: i-hydrophilic colloids kunye ne-hydrophobic colloids.

I-Hydrophilic colloids zezo apho isigaba sokusasazeka sinobudlelwane be-solvent enamanzi. Kulo hlobo lwe-colloids, ukusabalalisa kwenziwa ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kweeamolekyu zesigaba esichithwayo kunye neemolekyuli ze-solvent. Le ntsebenziswano ithandwa yi-polarity ye-molecule kwaye iyenzeka ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-adsorption okanye i-hydration.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hydrophobic colloids zezo apho isigaba esisasazwayo sinobudlelwane obuncinane okanye asikho naso kwi-solvent emanzi. Kule meko, i-dispersion yenziwa ngenxa yokungabikho kokusebenzisana phakathi kweeamolekyu zesigaba esichithwayo kunye neemolekyuli ze-solvent. Ukuzinzisa oku kusasazeka, ubukho bama-agent asebenzayo okanye ama-surfactants afunekayo ukunciphisa ukuxhatshazwa komhlaba kunye nokuthintela ukuhlanganiswa kweengqungquthela.

Isishwankathelo, i-hydrophilic colloids ine-affinity yamanzi, evumela ukusasazeka kweengqungquthela kwindawo enamanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hydrophobic colloids ayinabudlelwane bamanzi kwaye ifuna ubukho be-surfactants ukwenza i-dispersions ezinzileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zimbini ze-colloids kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokuziphatha kwazo kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso, ezinje ngokwenziwa kwezinto, i-pharmacology, kunye ne-chemistry yokutya.

8. I-Colloids ye-particle particles: i-emulsions kunye ne-colloidal suspensions

I amasuntswana amasuntswana colloids Ziinkqubo apho amasuntswana amancinane olwelo asasazwa kolunye ulwelo okanye kwindawo eqinileyo. I-emulsions kunye ne-colloidal suspensions zimbini iindidi ze-particle colloids ezifumaneka kwishishini kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Las emulsiones Ziyi-colloids apho amathontsi amancinci olwelo olunye ahlakazwa kolunye ulwelo olungagungqiyo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo lubisi, apho amaconsi amanqatha asasazwa emanzini. I-Emulsions inokuzinza okanye ingazinzi, kuxhomekeke kwisiqhelo samaconsi ukuba adibanise okanye adibanise. Ukuzinzisa i-emulsion, i-emulsifying agents, ezifana ne-lecithin okanye i-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, ingasetyenziswa.

Ukumiswa kweColloidal Ziinkqubo apho amasuntswana aqinileyo ahlulwe ngokucokisekileyo asasazwa kulwelo. La masuntswana awazinzi lula ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncinci kunye nemikhosi ye-electrostatic repulsion phakathi kwabo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo we-colloidal suspension yi-silica gel emanzini, esetyenziswe kwimveliso yokutya. ukhathalelo lomntu nakwishishini lamayeza. Ukumiswa kwe-Colloidal kunokusetyenziswa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zezicelo, ezifana neengubo, i-adhesives kunye ne-pharmaceuticals.

9. I-Colloids yamasuntswana aqinileyo: i-colloidal dispersions

Isuntswana eliqinileyo i-colloids zii-colloidal dispersions eziquka amasuntswana aqinileyo ahlulwe ngokucokisekileyo asasazwe kulwelo oluphakathi. Ezi ngqungquthela eziqinileyo zinobungakanani obuphakathi kwe-nanometer ye-1 kunye ne-1 micrometer, ezibanika iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kunye ezikhethekileyo.

Enye yeempawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zee-colloids zamasuntswana ukuzinza kwazo, kuba amasuntswana aqinileyo athambekele ekubeni aglomerate kwaye ahlale. Ukugcina amaqhekeza ahlakazekileyo kunye nokukhusela i-sedimentation, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zisetyenzisiweyo, ezifana nokongezwa kwee-agent zokuzinzisa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuvuselela kunye ne-homogenization.

Kwimizi-mveliso, ii-colloids zamasuntswana aqinileyo zinezicelo ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengokwenziwa kweepeyinti, iingubo, izinto zokuthambisa, amayeza kunye nokutya. Kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwezi mveliso, kubalulekile ukwazi iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwee-colloids ze-particle eqinile, kunye neendlela ezifanelekileyo zokulungiselela nokuzinzisa. Olu lwazi luya kusivumela ukuba sifumane iimveliso umgangatho ophezulu kunye neempawu ezithile.

Isishwankathelo, i-particle colloids eqinileyo yi-colloidal dispersions equka amasuntswana aqinileyo ahlulwe ngokucokisekileyo asasazwe kulwelo oluphakathi. Ezi dispersions zineempawu ezikhethekileyo ngenxa yobukhulu beengqungquthela, kwaye ukuzinza kwazo kubalulekile kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukwazi iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokulungiselela kunye nokuzinziswa kwee-colloids ze-particle eqinile, kunye usetyenziso lwayo ekwenziweni kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo.

10. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ye-colloids kubomi bemihla ngemihla

IiColloids ziinkqubo ezisasazekileyo apho amasuntswana asasaziweyo anomlinganiselo omnye kuluhlu lobungakanani phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-1000 nanometers. Ezi nkqubo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kwaye zinokufumaneka kwiintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso kunye neziganeko. Ngezantsi kukho imizekelo eqhelekileyo ye-colloids kwi ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

1. Ubisi: Ubisi ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo we-colloid. Yenziwe ngama-globules amanqatha amisiwe kwisisombululo samanzi samaprotheni, i-lactose kunye neemaminerali. Ngenxa yobukhulu bamaqhekeza ahlakaziweyo kunye nendlela edibana ngayo nokukhanya, ubisi lunokubonakala okumhlophe opaque.

2. Imayonnaise: Imayonnaise ngomnye umzekelo wecolloid efumaneka ekuphekeni. Iqulethwe ngamaconsi amancinci eoli ahlakazwe kwi-emulsion ye-yolk yeqanda kunye neviniga. Esi sakhiwo se-colloidal sinika i-mayonnaise ukuhambelana kwayo okune-creamy kunye nokubonakala okufanayo.

3. Igazi: Igazi liyi-colloid ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni komzimba. umzimba womntu. Iqulunqwe ngeeseli zegazi (iiseli ezibomvu nezimhlophe zegazi) zixhonywe kwiplasma enamanzi. Igazi ngumzekelo we-colloid ngenxa yobukho beengqungquthela ezihlakazekileyo kunye nokukwazi ukugcina ezi ngqungquthela ekumisweni.

Le yimizekelo nje embalwa yeecolloids ezifumaneka kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. I-Colloids idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, ukusuka ekutyeni ukuya kumayeza kunye nezithambiso. Ukuqonda ubunjani kunye neepropathi ze-colloids zibalulekile kumashishini amaninzi kunye nemimandla yesayensi.

11. Izicelo zemizi-mveliso yee-colloids kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kwi-teknoloji

Ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso yee-colloids kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa bale mihla. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo kukwenza iipeyinti kunye neengubo zokwaleka. I-Colloids isebenza njenge-agent ezinzisayo, ikhusela imvula kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusabalalisa okufanayo kwee-pigments kwipeyinti. Oku akugcini nje ukuphucula umgangatho kunye nokuqina kwengubo, kodwa kuququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nokubonelela ngeempawu ezifana namanzi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwe-abrasion.

Esinye isicelo esiphawulekayo kushishino lwamayeza. IiColloids zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweziyobisi ukuphucula uzinzo kunye ne-bioavailability yeekhompawundi ezisebenzayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-lipid colloids idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuphucula ukunyibilika kweziyobisi ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini, ngaloo ndlela zivumela ukufunxa ngcono emzimbeni. Ukongezelela, ii-colloids zikwasetyenziselwa ukuqulunqwa kwe-creams kunye ne-lotions, ukubonelela ukuthungwa okuthambileyo kunye nokuququzelela ukufunxa ulusu lwezithako ezisebenzayo.

Entsimini yokutya, ii-colloids nazo zidlala indima efanelekileyo. Zisetyenziswa njengezinzinzi, izityebi kunye nezifakeli-emmulisi kushishino lokutya. Umzekelo, iiprotein colloids zisetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa amagwebu kunye ne-emulsions, ngelixa isitashi colloids sisetyenziswa njengezinto ezityebileyo kwiisosi kunye neemveliso zobisi. Ezi zongezelelo ziphucula ukuthungwa, ukuzinza kunye nomgangatho wokutya, okunegalelo ekuthandeni kwabo okubonakalayo kunye neemvakalelo.

12. Ukubaluleka kwee-colloids kwintsimi yeyeza kunye nebhayoloji

I-Colloids zizinto eziqulethe amasuntswana amancinci axhonywe phakathi, okwenza i-colloidal dispersion. Ukubaluleka kwayo kwicandelo lamayeza kunye nebhayoloji ilele kubuchule bayo bokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emzimbeni.

Okokuqala, iicolloids zisetyenziswa njengezithuthi zokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi. Ngombulelo kubukhulu babo kunye nepropati engabonakaliyo, banokuthutha amayeza kwaye baqinisekise ukusabalalisa kwabo ngokufanayo emzimbeni. Olu phawu luluncedo ngakumbi kunyango olufuna ukukhutshwa ixesha elide lezithako ezisebenzayo, ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwa imfuno yolawulo rhoqo.

Ukongezelela, ii-colloids zikwasetyenziselwa kwintsimi yeyeza lokuvuselela. Ngale ndlela, zisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-scaffolds yebhayoloji esebenza njengenkxaso yokukhula kwezicubu kunye namalungu. Ezi zixhobo ze-colloidal zibonelela ngendawo efanelekileyo yokuba iiseli zibambelele kwaye ziphuhlise, zikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu ezonakalisiweyo.

Ekugqibeleni, ii-colloids zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuhlalutyo lweklinikhi kunye nelabhoratri. Zisetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwezisombululo kunye ne-reagents, ukuququzelela ukusebenza kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya kunye neemvavanyo zokuxilonga. Ngapha koko, ukukwazi ukwenza iifilimu ezibhityileyo nezizinzileyo zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubuchule obunje ngechromatography kunye ne-electrophoresis, esetyenziselwa ukwahlula kunye nokuhlalutya amacandelo ahlukeneyo esampuli.

Ukuqukumbela, ii-colloids zizinto eziyimfuneko kwicandelo lamayeza kunye nebhayoloji ngenxa yokukwazi ukuthutha iziyobisi, ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu kunye nokuququzelela uhlalutyo lweklinikhi kunye nelebhu. Ezi zakhiwo zibenza izixhobo eziphambili kuphuhliso lwezonyango kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi kule mimandla. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo, ii-colloids ziye zaba yindawo yokufunda kunye nophuhliso kwindaleko eqhubekayo..

13. Iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwee-colloids kwiinkqubo ze-colloidal

IiColloids ziinkqubo ezisasaziweyo ezifumaneka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye zineempawu ezizodwa kunye nokuziphatha okuzahlula kwezinye izinto. Kwisayensi ye-colloid, kubalulekile ukuqonda iimpawu ze-colloids kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo kwiinkqubo ze-colloidal. Ezi mpawu kunye nokuziphatha kunokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Okokuqala, i-colloids inobungakanani bamasuntswana ahluka phakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-1000 nanometers, ebanika iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokusabalalisa ukukhanya kunye nokuzinza okuphezulu ngokuchasene ne-sedimentation. IiColloids zinokubonisa iipropathi zekinetic, ezibhekiselele kumandla azo okutshintsha nokutshintsha phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zomzimba okanye iikhemikhali. Ezi mpawu zekinetic zibaluleke kakhulu ekuveliseni iimveliso ezifana neepeyinti, izinto zokuncamathelisa kunye namayeza.

Ukongeza kwiipropati zomzimba, ii-colloids zikwabonisa iimpawu zekhemikhali ezahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yepesenteji ephezulu yendawo yomhlaba, i-colloids inomthamo omkhulu we-adsorption yezinto, ezivumela ukuba zidibanise nezinye iimolekyuli okanye iinqununu kwindawo yazo. Le propati isetyenziselwa iinkqubo zokucoca amanzi kunye nokubhengezwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo kwishishini lokusingqongileyo. Ngokufanayo, i-colloids inokukhathazeka kwiinguqu kwi-pH okanye kwi-concentration yetyuwa, enokuchaphazela ukuzinza nokuziphatha kwabo kwiinkqubo ze-colloidal.

14. Izigqibo kwi-colloids: ukuhlukahluka, ukusebenziseka kunye nokufaneleka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo [END

IiColloids zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezisasazwe kulwelo okanye kumbindi oqinileyo ezifumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kunye neshishini. Ukufaneleka kwayo kukukwazi ukwenza izisombululo ezizinzileyo kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngeli nqaku, siye sahlola iindidi zee-colloids ezikhoyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba i-colloids ikhona kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso kunye neenkqubo. Ezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni ukutya, amayeza, imathiriyeli yokwakha kunye neekhemikhali, phakathi kwezinye. Ngombulelo kumandla abo okusasaza amaqhekeza kwindawo ephakathi, i-colloids ivumela ukudalwa kweemveliso ezineempawu ezithile, ezifana nombala, i-viscosity, ukuzinza kunye nokuthungwa.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba luncedo kwee-colloids akupheleli kwishishini. Ezi zinto zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimimandla efana nesayensi yezinto, amayeza kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. okusingqongileyo. Kwizinto zesayensi, ii-colloids zisetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokuguqulwa kwee-nanoparticles ezinezicelo kwi-electronics, photonics, kunye ne-catalysis. Kwiyeza, i-colloids isetyenziselwa ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo ezilawulwayo zokukhutshwa kweziyobisi kunye nokuphuculwa komthamo wokuxilonga. Ukongezelela, ekukhuselweni kwendalo, i-colloids isetyenziselwa ukususa ukungcola kunye nokunyangwa kwamanzi amdaka.

Isishwankathelo, ii-colloids ziinkqubo apho amasuntswana angama-submicron-ubungakanani anqunyanyiswa kwindawo yokusabalalisa. I-Colloids ihlelwa ngokusekelwe kubukhulu beengqungquthela ezihlakaziweyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwabo kunye ne-dispersing medium.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-colloids, ezifana ne-sols, i-gel, i-foams, i-emulsions kunye ne-aerosols, nganye ineempawu ezizodwa ezizichazayo. Ii-sols zilulwelo lokusasazeka kwamasuntswana e-colloidal aqinileyo kwindawo yolwelo, ngelixa iijeli zifana ne-colloids yenethiwekhi apho ulwelo luvaleleke ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Amagwebu ziicolloids apho irhasi isasazwa kulwelo okanye okuqinileyo, okukhokelela kwisakhiwo esinemingxuma. Ii-emulsions zi-colloids apho ulwelo olunye luhlakazwa kolunye ulwelo olungagungqiyo, lwenza umxube ohlukileyo. Ii-aerosols ziicolloids apho amasuntswana aqinileyo okanye angamalwelo asasazwa kwirhasi.

Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo ye-colloids lubisi, igazi, isepha, imayonesi, kunye neepeyinti. Le mizekelo ibonisa iyantlukwano yee-colloids kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla kunye nendlela isifundo sabo esibaluleke ngayo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, afana nokutya, amayeza kunye nezithambiso.

Ngamafutshane, ukuqonda i-colloids kunye neentlobo zazo ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinto ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali ezenzeka kwindawo yethu. Ngaphaya koko, ukufunda kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kusivumela ukuba siphuhlise iimveliso ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe. Ke ngoko, ukuqhubeka nokuphanda kunye nokuphonononga le nkalo inomdla yesayensi kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuqhubela phambili ulwazi kunye nophuhliso loluntu.