Kwenziwa kanjani I-Biodiesel
I-Biodiesel iye yaba yinto ezinzileyo kwaye enobuhlobo kakhulu kwindawo engqongileyo. okusingqongileyo xa kuthelekiswa nezibaso zefosili. Olu hlobo lwamandla ahlaziyekayo lukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweoli yemifuno okanye i-fat fat oil ukuvelisa i-fuel ecocekileyo enefuthe eliphantsi lokusingqongileyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlola indlela yokwenza biodiesel ngendlela yobugcisa, ukulandela amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuguqula ioyile esetyenzisiweyo ibe sisibaso esicocekileyo nesizinzileyo.
Yintoni i-biodiesel kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?
I-Biodiesel sisibaso esivuselelekayo efunyenwe kwimithombo yendalo, efana namafutha emifuno kunye namafutha ezilwanyana. Ngokungafaniyo namafutha e-fossil, afana ne-diesel yendabuko, i-biodiesel ivelisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi encinci ye-greenhouse, i-biodegradable, kwaye inokuveliswa ekhaya. Oku kwenza kube lukhetho olunomtsalane kakhulu ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwethu kumafutha angahlaziyekiyo kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo embi abanayo kokusingqongileyo.
Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-biodiesel
Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-biodiesel Ibandakanya uluhlu lwezigaba zobugcisa ezivumela ioli esetyenzisiweyo ukuba iguqulwe ibe yi-fuel-performance fuel. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuqokelela ioli okanye amafutha esifuna ukuwasebenzisa njengento ekrwada. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ioli ihlambulukile kwaye ayinayo ukungcola ukuphepha iingxaki kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Ioyile ke iye idibane nekhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yitransesterification, apho ithi ixutywe nemethanol kunye necatalyst. Le mpendulo ivelisa ibiodiesel kunye neglycerol njenge byproduct.
Ukhuseleko kunye neengqwalasela ezongezelelweyo
Kubalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo amanyathelo okhuseleko xa yenza i-biodiesel, ekubeni inkqubo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezinokutsha kunye nezisebenzayo. Kubalulekile ukusebenza kwindawo engenamoya kwaye usebenzise izixhobo zokuzikhusela, ezinjengeeglavu kunye neendondo zokhuseleko. Ukongeza, kucetyiswa ukuba wazi umthetho wengingqi kwaye ufumane iimvume eziyimfuneko phambi kokuba uqalise imveliso enkulu.
Ukuqukumbela, yenza i-biodiesel Yinkqubo zobugcisa obubonelela ngolondolozo kunye nenye indlela evumelana nokusingqongileyo indlela eyiyo kumafutha efosili. Ngokulandela amanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye nokuqwalasela amanyathelo okhuseleko, kunokwenzeka ukuvelisa i-biodiesel yethu usebenzisa i-oyile yemifuno esetyenzisiweyo okanye amafutha ezilwanyana. Ukwamkela le ifomu yamandla ahlaziyekayo yindlela yokuba buqu igalelo ekucutheni izinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokukhuthaza inguqu ukuya kwikamva elizinzileyo.
– Intshayelelo kwiBiodiesel: Enye indlela ezinzileyo yamandla
I-Biodiesel iye yaba yindlela ethandwa kakhulu yamandla. Isisibaso esivuselelekayo nesizinzileyo esifumaneka kwimithombo yendalo efana neoyile yemifuno kunye namafutha ezilwanyana. Ukuveliswa kwe-Biodiesel akuncedi kuphela ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil, kodwa kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kunye negalelo kulondolozo lwendalo.
Ukuvelisa i-biodiesel, kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba inkqubo ye-transesterification. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuxuba ioyile ephilayo (efana neembotyi zesoya, ujongilanga, okanye ioli yesundu) kunye nemethanol kunye ne-catalyst, efana ne-caustic soda okanye i-potassium hydroxide. Umxube ufudunyezwa kwaye ushukunyiswe ixesha elithile, de kube ukuphendulwa kweekhemikhali kwenzeka okuguqula i-triglycerides kwi-oyile ibe yi-methyl esters, ezona zixhobo eziphambili ze-biodiesel. Emva koko, inkqubo yokwahlula iqhutyelwa ukufumana i-biodiesel ecocekileyo kwaye isuse i-byproducts kunye nenkunkuma.
I-Biodiesel ingasetyenziswa njengamafutha kwiinjini zedizili, kuba iyahambelana nenaliti kunye neenkqubo zokutsha zolu hlobo lwenjini. Ukongezelela, ihambelana kakhulu nokusingqongileyo, kuba ayikhuphi i-sulfur dioxide okanye amasuntswana angcolisayo ngexesha lokutsha kwayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukwanegalelo ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili, kuba inokuveliswa kwimithombo ehlaziyekayo nezinzileyo. Ukongeza, imveliso ye-biodiesel ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-oyile yemifuno ehlaziyiweyo okanye imveliso yemveliso yokutya, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa inkunkuma kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuqukumbela, i-biodiesel yindlela ezinzileyo nehlaziyekayo yamandla. Ukuveliswa kwayo ibandakanya inkqubo ye-transesterification eguqula i-oyile yemifuno kunye namafutha ezilwanyana kwi-biodiesel ngokusebenzisa iikhemikhali reactions. Le fuel iyahambelana neenjini zedizili kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunegalelo ekunciphiseni ukuxhomekeka kumafutha efosili, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza kunye nokuphucula umgangatho womoya. I-Biodiesel yindlela esebenzayo ekhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwendalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo ehlaziyiweyo kunye nezinzileyo. Ukuba unomdla wokufunda indlela yokwenza i-biodiesel, qhubeka ufunda amanqaku ethu alandelayo apho siya kuchaza inkqubo Inyathelo nenyathelo.
– Iimathiriyeli ekrwada ye-biodiesel: Ukhetho kunye nolungiselelo olufanelekileyo
Izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuvelisa i-biodiesel
Ukhetho lwe iimpahla ezingekasilwa Ukuveliswa kwe-biodiesel ngumba obalulekileyo kwinkqubo. Ukuze ufumane i-biofuel esemgangathweni, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto ezihlangabezana neempawu ezithile kunye nemigangatho Ngokuqhelekileyo, ioli yemifuno esetyenzisiweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu, njengeoli ye-soya, ioli ye-rapeseed, ioli ye-sunflower kunye neoli. Ezi oyile zikhethwa ngenxa yomxholo we-asidi ephezulu, enceda ukuvelisa inani elikhulu le-methyl esters kwinkqubo ye-transesterification. Nangona kunjalo, amafutha ezilwanyana, afana ne-tallow okanye i-oyile yentlanzi, anokusetyenziswa, nangona ezi zifuna ukusetyenzwa okongeziweyo kokusetyenziswa kwazo. Enye inketho kukusebenzisa i-oyile yemifuno enyulu, kodwa ixabiso labo eliphezulu libenza bangabi nomtsalane kwimveliso ye-biodiesel enkulu.
Ukubaluleka kwamalungiselelo afanelekileyo ezinto eziphathekayo
Nje ukuba kukhethwe imathiriyeli ekrwada efanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukuba kwenziwe a amalungiselelo aneleyo zabo phambi ukuzithobela inkqubo yokuvelisa i-biodiesel. Oku kubandakanya ukuhluza ioyile okanye amafutha ukususa ukungcola okunje ngamasuntswana aqinileyo okanye amanzi. Ngaphaya koko, kuyimfuneko ukususa nayiphi na intsalela eneasidi okanye yealkaline ekhoyo kwii-oyile zemifuno, ukuyithintela ekuchaphazeleni kakubi ukusabela kwe-transesterification. Ukufezekisa oku, inkqubo yokungathathi hlangothi ingasetyenziselwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesisombululo se-alkaline, ilandelwa ngokuhlamba ngamanzi ukuze kususwe i-residus kwisisombululo Kwakhona kuyacetyiswa ukuba kushushu kwangaphambili izinto eziluhlaza ukuze kuphuculwe i-fluidity yabo ukusabela kweekhemikhali. Ulungiselelo olululo lwemathiriyeli ekrwada luqinisekisa inkqubo yemveliso esebenza ngakumbi kunye nomgangatho ophezulu we-biodiesel efunyenweyo.
Izinto ezongezelelweyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
Ukongeza ekukhethweni okufanelekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ezinye iinkalo zokuveliswa kwe-biodiesel ngendlela esebenzayo kunye nezinzileyo. Ezinye iingqwalasela ezongezelelweyo zibandakanya ukukhetha i-catalyst efanelekileyo ye-transesterification reaction, ukulawula i-pH kunye nobushushu ngexesha lenkqubo, kunye nokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokulahlwa kwezinto eziveliswayo, ezifana ne-glycerin. Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukuthobela imigangatho yangoku kunye nemimiselo yokuveliswa kwe-biodiesel, zombini ngokomgangatho wefuthe lokugqibela kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Ukhetho oluchanekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza ngomnye wemiba ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-biodiesel, kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo sisiqalo esisisiseko sokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nemveliso yokugqibela ezinzileyo ukusuka ekuqaleni .
– Inkqubo yeTransesterification: Amanyathelo abalulekileyo okufumana i-biodiesel
Inkqubo ye-transesterification linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokufumana i-biodiesel kwi-oyile yemifuno okanye i-fat fats Ibandakanya ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwezi zinto kunye notywala, ngokubanzi i-methanol, phambi kwe-catalyst. Olu tshintsho lusivumela ukuba sifumane isibaso esihlaziyekayo nesicocekileyo kunamafutha efosili eqhelekileyo.
I amanyathelo abalulekileyo kwinkqubo yetransesterification zezi zilandelayo:
- Ukulungiswa kwezinto: Inyathelo lokuqala kukuqinisekisa ukuba i-oyile yemifuno okanye amafutha ezilwanyana acocekile kwaye akanakungcola. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ukucoca imathiriyeli ukususa nayiphi intsalela eqinileyo.
- Umxube wotywala: Kwisitya esifanelekileyo, i-methanol ixutywe kunye ne-catalyst, ngokuqhelekileyo i-sodium okanye i-potassium hydroxide. I-catalyst ibalulekile ukukhawulezisa ukusabela kwekhemikhali kunye nokufumana isivuno esikhulu se-biodiesel.
- Impendulo yekhemikhali: Ioli yemifuno okanye amafutha ezilwanyana zongezwa kumxube wotywala kunye ne-catalyst. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kwenzeka xa utywala buphendula nge-fatty acids yezinto eziphathekayo, zenza i-methyl esters, oko kukuthi, i-biodiesel, kunye ne-glycerin njenge-byproduct.
Emva kokuba impendulo igqityiwe, i-biodiesel kufuneka ihlulwe kwi-glycerin kwaye ihlanjwe ukuze isuse nayiphi na i-alcohol okanye i-catalyst residus. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuba inkqubo ye-transesterification ifuna ukhathalelo kunye nokuchaneka kwimilinganiselo yezithako, kunye nobushushu kunye nexesha lokuphendula. Ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokucoceka kwe-biodiesel efunyenweyo. Nge-biodiesel esele ihlulwe kwaye ihlanjululwe, ilungele ukusetyenziswa njengamafutha ahlaziywayo kwiinjini ze-diesel, inika enye indlela ezinzileyo kunye neyokusingqongileyo.
-Impendulo yekhemikhali kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo: Izinto eziphambili zokuguqulwa okusebenzayo
Emva kokuba siqokelele kwaye sicubungule i-oyile yemifuno esetyenzisiweyo, isinyathelo esilandelayo kukuqhuba ukusabela kweekhemikhali ukuguqula kwi-biodiesel. I-reaction yetransesterification yeyona ixhaphakileyo isetyenziselwa le njongo. Kule mpendulo, i-triglycerides ekhoyo kwioli yemifuno isabela ngotywala phambi kwe-catalyst, ngokuqhelekileyo i-sodium hydroxide okanye i-potassium hydroxide. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokufumana ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo.
Enye yezinto eziphambili zokuguqulwa okusebenzayo ngumlinganiselo wotywala kwioli. Umlinganiselo osetyenziswa kakhulu kwimolar umalunga ne-6:1. Oko kukuthi, ii-moles ezi-6 zotywala zisetyenziselwa i-mole nganye yeoli. Lo mlinganiselo unceda ukuqinisekisa ukusabela okupheleleyo, njengoko utywala obuninzi bunceda ukuguqula ibhalansi ekubunjweni kwe-biodiesel. Ukwengeza, uhlobo lotywala olusetyenzisiweyokunokuphembelela ukusebenza kwempendulo. I-Methanol sesona tywala sisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokusebenza kwakhona okuphezulu.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngubushushu bokusabela. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukusabela kwe-transesterification kuqhutyelwa kumaqondo obushushu phakathi kwe-50-70 °C. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokukhawulezisa ukusabela, kodwa asenokuthanda ukusekwa kweemveliso ezingafunwayo. Kwelinye icala, ubushushu obuphantsi bunokucothisa ukusabela. Ukongezelela, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusabela kuqhutyelwa kwindawo engenamanzi, njengoko ubukho bamanzi bunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuphendula. Ezi meko zifanelekileyo zibalulekile ukufumana ukusebenza okwaneleyo kwe-biodiesel.
– Ukucocwa kunye nokupheliswa kokungcola: Ukuphucula umgangatho webiodiesel
I-Biodiesel iye yaba yindlela ethandwa kakhulu njengomthombo wamandla avuselelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokusebenza kwayo, kuyimfuneko ukuyiqhuba ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokususwa kokungcola. La manyathelo abalulekile ukuze uphucule umgangatho we-biodiesel kwaye uqinisekise ukuba iyafikelela kwimigangatho efunekayo.
Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokucoca i-biodiesel yile ukuhluza. Le nkqubo Kubandakanya ukugqithiswa kwamafutha kwisihluzi esisusa amasuntswana angafunekiyo kunye nentlenga. Ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe iphepha eliphezulu okanye izihlungi zelaphu, ezikwazi ukugcina ukungcola okuncinci Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izihlungi zicocekile kwaye ikwimeko entle ukuphepha ukuvaleka okanye ukuvuza.
Enye inkqubo ebalulekileyo ukususwa kwamanzi kunye nokufuma yebiodiesel. Ubukho bamanzi bunokuchaphazela kakubi umgangatho wamafutha njengoko kunokubangela ukubola kunye neengxaki ze-emulsification. Ukuyiphelisa, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziswa, ezifana ne-decantation okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezahluli zamanzi. Ezi nkqubo zivumela amanzi ukuba ohlulwe kwi-biodiesel kwaye aqinisekise ukuba amafutha omile kwaye alungele ukusetyenziswa.
-Uvavanyo lomgangatho kunye nokuthotyelwa nemigangatho: Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-biodiesel
Kwimveliso ye-biodiesel, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wayo kunye nokuthobela imigangatho emiselweyo. Ukufezekisa oku, ngqongqo iimvavanyo zomgangatho ezivumela iipropati kunye nokusebenza kwamafutha afunyenweyo ukuba ahlolwe. Olu vavanyo lubandakanya umlinganiselo weempawu zekhemikhali ezifana nendawo yelifu, i-viscosity kunye nomxholo wamanzi. Ukongezelela, uhlalutyo lokubunjwa kwe-fatty acids kunye nokuzimisela kwesalathisi se-cetane kuyenziwa, izinto ezisisiseko zokuqinisekisa i-biodiesel ephezulu.
La isiqinisekiso sokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho Ngomnye umba ophambili kwimveliso ye-biodiesel. Oku kubandakanya ukubeka amafutha kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyahambelana nemigaqo esekwe yimibutho enobuchule. Ezinye zezi vavanyo ziquka ukuzimisela kwe-concentration ye-methanol eseleyo, ubukho be-methyl kunye ne-ethyl esters, kunye nokulinganisa kwexabiso le-calorific kunye nobuninzi ukhuseleko, ukubonelela ngentembeko kubasebenzisi bokuphela kunye nokukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwayo njengenye indlela ezinzileyo nesebenzayo.
I uvavanyo lomgangatho kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho zibalulekile ukuqinisekisa i-biodiesel ukwenza okuphezulu. Olu vavanyo lusivumela ukuba sibone ukungcola okunokwenzeka, sivavanye ukuzinza kunye namandla okuthambisa amafutha, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwayo neenjini ezikhoyo. Ukongeza, baqinisekisa ukuba i-biodiesel ihlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho kunye nokusingqongileyo, ukukhuthaza imveliso enoxanduva kunye nezinzileyo. Isishwankathelo, ezi mvavanyo zibalulekile ukubonelela nge-biodiesel yomgangatho ophezulu, ethembekileyo kwaye ifanele ukusetyenziswa kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino kunye nezothutho.
-Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-biodiesel: Izibonelelo kunye nokuqwalaselwa okuphambili
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-biodiesel: Izibonelelo eziphambili kunye nokuqwalaselwa
I-Biodiesel yenye into yokubasa esetyenzisiweyo endaweni yedizili eqhelekileyo kumacandelo awohlukeneyo imveliso iyagcineka kwaye isekwe kwinguqu ye-oyile yemifuno okanye amafutha ezilwanyana ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-transesterification. Le nkqubo yeekhemikhali iguqula i-triglycerides ibe yi-methyl okanye i-ethyl esters, eyona nxalenye iphambili ye-biodiesel.
Enye yezona ziphambili izicelo ye-biodiesel ikwicandelo lezothutho, zombini kwizithuthi zabucala nakwizithuthi zorhwebo. Ngokusebenzisa i-biodiesel, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kuyancipha kwaye ukuxhomekeka kumafutha e-fossil kuyancipha. Ukongeza, i-biodiesel inokuxutywa kunye ne-diesel eqhelekileyo ngokwemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukuba kulungiswe kwiinjini ezahlukeneyo kunye noomatshini.
I-Biodiesel nayo ingasetyenziswa kwi izicelo zoshishino, njengakwisizukulwana samandla ashushu. Ngokusebenzisa i-biodiesel kwiibhoyili okanye ezinye iinkqubo zokufudumeza, ufumana i-fuel ecocekileyo, enokuhlaziywa ngakumbi. Ukongeza, i-biodiesel iyakwazi ukubola kwaye ayinazo iziphumo eziyityhefu kokusingqongileyo, nto leyo eyenza ibe yindlela ezinzileyo kunye ne-ecosystem-friendly. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-biodiesel inoxinano lwamandla angaphantsi kunedizili eqhelekileyo, ngoko ke umthamo omkhulu uyafuneka ukuze ufumane amandla afanayo.
- Ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa okufanelekileyo: Ukwandisa ubomi obuncedo be-biodiesel
Ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa: Ukwandisa ubomi obuncedo be-biodiesel
I-Biodiesel yindlela ezinzileyo kwaye ecocekileyo njengenye i-fuel, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kunye nomgangatho wokuhlala kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha, kubalulekile ukwenza ukugcinwa nokugcinwa okwaneleyo. Nazi ezinye iingcebiso eziphambili zokwandisa ubomi obuluncedo be-biodiesel yakho:
1. Ukuhluza rhoqo: I-Biodiesel yenziwe ngama-athomu abuthathaka anokunciphisa ixesha kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo, kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhluzwa rhoqo kwe-biodiesel ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa. Oku kuya kunceda ukususa ukungcola, okufana neengqungquthela eziqinileyo kunye namanzi, ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwamafutha. Sebenzisa izihluzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye uqiniseke ukuba uzifake endaweni yazo ngokweenkcukacha zomenzi ukugcina elona nqanaba lilungileyo lokuhluza.
2. Indawo yokugcina efanelekileyo: I-Biodiesel kufuneka igcinwe phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo ukuthintela ukuthotywa kwayo kwangaphambi kwexesha. Okokuqala, qiniseka ukusebenzisa izitya zokugcina ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nensimbi engenasici okanye iitanki ze-polyethylene eziphezulu, ezingayi kusabela ngokwekhemikhali kunye ne-biodiesel. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukugcina i-biodiesel kude nelanga elithe ngqo kunye nemithombo yobushushu, njengoko ukuvezwa ixesha elide kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunokukhawulezisa ukubola kwayo. Ekugqibeleni, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izongezo ze-antioxidant ukukhusela i-biodiesel ngexesha lokugcinwa ixesha elide.
3. Ukujikeleziswa kwempahla: I-Biodiesel inobomi obuncedo obulinganiselweyo, ngoko kubalulekile ukuba ungaqokeleli inani elikhulu lamafutha ngokungeyomfuneko. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujikelezise isitokhwe kwaye usebenzise eyona biodiesel indala kuqala, ukuze ugweme ukuthotywa kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, i-biodiesel egcinwe ixesha elide ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa inokugcina ukungcola kwaye iqhube utshintsho lweekhemikhali ezichaphazela umgangatho wayo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-biodiesel ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye ugweme ukuyigcina ixesha elide.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.