Njengoko Misa iLava: Iindlela zobuGcisa zokuNqanda ukuSasaza koLava yeVolcanic
Ukusasazeka kodaka lwentaba-mlilo kunokubeka isoyikiso kubomi babantu, iziseko ezingundoqo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Njengoko iintaba-mlilo zigqabhuka, kubalulekile ukuba nazo amaqhinga asebenzayo ngenxa misa okanye ujike ukuhamba kwelava kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo obangelwayo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ezahlukeneyo iindlela zobugcisa eziye zasetyenziselwa ukulwa nokusasazeka kwe-lava, ukusuka ekwakhiweni kwezithintelo zomzimba ekusebenziseni imichiza ekhethekileyo. Ukuqonda obu buchule kusenza sikwazi ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezisebenza ngakumbi ukujongana nalo mngeni wendalo ngamandla amakhulu kunye nokhuseleko.
1. Imiqobo yaseMzimbeni: Ukuphumeza imiqobo ebonakalayo, efana neendonga ezigcinayo, kungqineke kulelona nyathelo lisebenzayo lokunqanda udaka lwentaba-mlilo. Ezi endonga zinokwakhiwa ngemathiriyeli eyohlukeneyo, njengentsimbi okanye ilitye lentaba-mlilo, kwaye kufuneka ziyilelwe ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluveliswa ludaka. elementos críticos ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo. Ukongeza kwiindonga, imijelo ingasetyenziselwa ukwalathisa ukuqukuqela kwelava ukuya kwiindawo ezinabantu abancinci okanye abasesichengeni.
2. Isitshizi saManzi: Ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukupholisa udaka kukutshiza amanzi kumphezulu wawo. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwamanzi oxinzelelo oluphezulu kunokuncedisa ukuqinisa i-lava kunye nokunciphisa ukusasazeka kwayo, nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba obu buchule busebenza kuphela kwiimeko apho ukuhamba kwe-lava kungekho kakhulu okanye ngokukhawuleza. Ukwengeza, ukusetyenziswa komthamo omkhulu wamanzi kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zokunqongophala kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, ngoko ke. nto leyo iyimfuneko ukufumana ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokunciphisa ubungozi kunye nolondolozo lwemithombo yamanzi.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kweMichiza: Esinye isicwangciso esisebenzayo sokulawula ukusasazeka kwelava kukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezikhethekileyo zekhemikhali, ezifana ne-retardants okanye lava inhibitors. Ezi zinto zinokuphoswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-lava okanye zifakwe kuyo, kwaye zenza ngokunciphisa i-viscosity ye-lava, ukuyipholisa okanye ukwenza i-crusts yokukhusela. Nangona obu buchule bunokusebenza, bubalulekile ukwenza uphando olubanzi malunga nokhuseleko kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo kwezi zinto phambi kokuphunyezwa kwazo okukhulu.
Ukuqukumbela, ukuqonda ubuchule bokumisa okanye ukulawula ukusasazeka kodaka lwentaba-mlilo kubalulekile ukunciphisa impembelelo yalo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Indlela nganye yobugcisa ekhankanyiweyo inomsebenzi wayo iingenelo kunye nokungalungi, kunye nokusebenza kwalo kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile yentaba-mlilo egqabhukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengokuba uphando luqhubela phambili nolwazi olungcono lwezi nkqubo zendalo lufunyenwe, sinethuba lokuphuhlisa izisombululo ezintsha nezikhuselekileyo ukujongana nala mandla anyanzelisayo endalo.
– Ukuqonda ubunjani bomlilo wentaba-mlilo
Umlilo wentaba-mlilo kukumpompoza kwelitye elinyibilikisiweyo eliphuma kwintaba-mlilo egqabhukileyo. Ubume nokuziphatha kwazo zintsonkothile, kwaye ukuziqonda kubalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukulawula okanye ukumisa inkqubela yazo. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoku yeka udaka, nangona kungekho namnye kubo ongenakusilela ngokupheleleyo. Kweli nqaku siza kuphonononga ezinye zezi ndlela kwaye sixoxe ngokusebenza kwazo.
Enye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukumisa udaka es ukwakha imiqobo iimeko zomzimba ezithintela ukuhamba kwayo. Ezi zithintelo zikholisa ukwakhiwa ngemathiriyeli ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, njengekhonkrithi okanye iliwa lentaba-mlilo eliqinisiweyo. Noko ke, ukusebenza kobu buchule kuxhomekeke kwizinto eziliqela, ezifana nesantya kunye nokubonakala kodaka lwentaba-mlilo, kwakunye nobungakanani bamandla akhutshwa yintaba-mlilo.
Obunye ubuchule obusetyenzisiweyo ukumisa i-lava bu inaliti yamanzi endleleni yabo. Amanzi anokuyipholisa i-lava kwaye enze uhlobo lwe-crust eqinile ethintela ukuqhubeka kwayo. Nangona kunjalo, obu buchule bukwanika imiceli mngeni, njengoko ubungakanani bamanzi afunekayo ukupholisa udaka kakhulu lunokuba lukhulu. Ukongezelela, impendulo yelava xa idibana namanzi inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimichiza kunye nobushushu.
-Izinto ezichaphazela ukuhamba kwelava
Ukuqukuqela kweLava yinto yendalo enokuba yingozi kakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela yokumisa i-lava, kubalulekile ukwazi izinto ezichaphazela ukuhamba kwayo. Enye yezinto eziphambili yi-viscosity ye-lava. I-Viscosity ibhekisela ekuxhathiseni kolwelo ukuhamba kwaye, kwimeko ye-lava, inqunywe ngukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nobushushu. Ilava enomxholo we-silica ephezulu ithande ukuba ne-viscous kwaye ke iqukuqela kancinci, ngelixa i-basaltic lava inolwelo oluninzi kwaye inokuhamba ngokukhawuleza.
Enye into ebalulekileyo yile ukuthambeka kwelizwe. Ilava ithanda ukuqukuqela ngokukhawuleza kwithambeka elimnqantsa ngenxa yomxhuzulane. Ukuba ithambeka lithambile, i-lava iya kuhamba kancinci. Ukongeza, umphezulu womhlaba unokuphembelela indlela elandelwa yilava, njengoko Kulindeleke ukuba iqukuqele kwiintlambo okanye amawa anika ukuxhathisa okuncinci.
Ekugqibeleni, isixa seegesi kwilava Ikwachaphazela nokuhamba kwakho. Iigesi zentaba-mlilo, ezifana nekharbon diokside kunye nomphunga wamanzi, ziphuma ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo kwaye zisenokuvaleleka kudaka lwentaba-mlilo. Ezi gesi zonyusa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwe-lava, luyenza iqhume ngakumbi kwaye ikhawulezise ukuhamba kwayo. Ukuba i-lava iqulethe i-concentration ephezulu yeegesi, kunokwenzeka ukuba isasazeke ngokukhawuleza.
-Amaqhinga okuthintela kunye nokunciphisa i-lava
Amaqhinga okuthintela kunye nokunciphisa ngokuchasene ne-lava
I-Lava yinto yendalo yamandla amakhulu atshabalalisayo anokuchaphazela kakhulu iindawo ezihlala abantu. Yiyo loo nto kubalulekile ukuba ube amacebo okuthintela kunye nokunciphisa esebenzayo ekucutheni imingcipheko enxulumene nobukho be-lava Ngezantsi kukho imilinganiselo kunye nobuchule obunokuphunyezwa ukukhusela uluntu oluvezwe kule ngozi yendalo.
1. Izithintelo ngokwasemzimbeni: Enye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokuthintela ukuvela kwe-lava kukwakha imiqobo eqinileyo yomzimba. Ezi zithintelo zinokuba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neendonga zokugcina, i-moats egrunjiweyo okanye imibhobho ezaliswe ngamanzi abandayo. Eyona njongo yayo iphambili kukuthintela ukuqukuqela kodaka lwelava kwaye luphinde lulubhekise kwiindawo ezinabantu abambalwa okanye kwiindawo zendalo, luthintele ukuba lufikelele kwiindawo ezihlala abantu.
2. Ukukhuselwa kweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo: Esinye isicwangciso-qhinga esiphambili sokunciphisa impembelelo yodaka kukuqinisa nokukhusela iziseko zophuhliso ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezihlala abantu. Oku kuquka ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokumelana nobushushu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesilumkiso esisebenzayo kwangethuba kunye neenkqubo zokufuduka. Ukongeza, izicwangciso zengozi kunye noqeqesho lwamaxesha athile kufuneka lusekwe kubemi, ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukusabela okwaneleyo kugqabhuko-mlilo.
3. Ukubeka iliso rhoqo: Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kweentaba-mlilo kunye nokuziphatha kodaka lwentaba-mlilo kubalulekile kuthintelo olusebenzayo. Oku kubandakanya ukufakela izinzwa kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa kwiindawo ezikufutshane neentaba-mlilo eziqhumayo, kunye nokubeka iliso rhoqo utshintsho kwimisebenzi yentaba-mlilo. Ngokunjalo, iiprothokholi zamanyathelo kufuneka zisekwe kwimeko apho iimpawu zogqabhuko-dubulo oluseza kubonwa, ngenjongo yokuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela kwangethuba kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko kubemi.
- Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kwentshukumo yentaba-mlilo
Ukufunyanwa kwangoko kwentshukumo yentaba-mlilo
Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo yinto yendalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye inobunzima. Ukufunyaniswa kwayo kwangoko kubalulekile ukunqanda iintlekele ezinokubakho kunye nokukhusela abantu abakufutshane. Ukufezekisa oku, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubeka iliso kunye nezixhobo zisetyenziswa. Enye yazo kukusetyenziswa kweeseismographs, ezivumela iintshukumo zenyikima ezinxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ukuba zibonwe. Ezi zixhobo zirekhoda ubukhulu kunye nendawo yeenyikima, zibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo ukumisela ubume bentaba-mlilo.
Obunye ubuchule obusetyenziswayo kukuhlola iigesi zentaba-mlilo. Ezinye iintaba-mlilo zikhupha iigesi ezifana ne-sulphur dioxide kunye ne-carbon dioxide ngaphambi kokudubula. Ezi gesi zilinganiswa rhoqo ukuze zibone utshintsho oluphawulekayo ekubunjweni kwazo, ezinokubonisa ukwanda komsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Ukongezelela, iikhamera ze-infrared zisetyenziselwa ukujonga ubushushu bomphezulu wentaba-mlilo, ekubeni ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunokubonisa ubukho bemagma kufuphi nomphezulu.
Ukuhambela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zokubeka iliso ezikude, ezisebenzisa imifanekiso yesathelayithi ukubona utshintsho kwimilo kunye nobukhulu bentaba-mlilo. Le mifanekiso inokunika ulwazi oluphambili malunga nokukhula kwentaba-mlilo kunye nokusekwa kweentanda ezintsha. Idityaniswe nedatha evela kwiiseismographs kunye nokujongwa kwegesi yentaba-mlilo, iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ezikude zinokubonelela ngomfanekiso opheleleyo wentshukumo yentaba-mlilo.
-Izixhobo kunye nobuchwepheshe bokubeka esweni ukuhamba kwelava
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lunokuba sisiganeko esiyintlekele, apho udaka luqukuqela ngesantya esiphezulu kwaye lutshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni yalo. Ngesi sizathu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka iliso ngokusondeleyo ukushukuma kwe-lava ukuxela kwangaphambili umkhombandlela wayo kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo owenziweyo. Ngethamsanqa, kukho izixhobo kunye nobuchwepheshe obusivumelayo ukongamela nokulawula inkqubela yodaka ye ngempumelelo.
Esinye sezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ukujonga intshukumo yelava yi tecnología LIDAR (Ukufunyanwa kokukhanya kunye nokukhanya). Le teknoloji isebenzisa i-laser pulses ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo umgama phakathi kwento kunye nesixhobo. Kwimeko yokubeka iliso kwi-lava, i-LIDAR ixhonywe kwinqwelomoya okanye kwi-drone kwaye ngokuqhubekayo iskena umphezulu wenguqu ye-topographic. Oku kusinika idatha kwi Ixesha elilungile malunga nokuhamba phambili kwelava, ukusivumela ukuba sithathe amanyathelo okuthintela ukunqanda impembelelo yayo kwiindawo ezinabemi.
Esinye isixhobo esixabisekileyo sokubeka iliso kwintshukumo ye lava yile teledetección. Obu buchule busebenzisa imifanekiso yesathelayithi ukuhlalutya iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zomphezulu, njengobushushu kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali. Ngokudibanisa le datha kunye neemodeli zemathematika, isantya kunye nesalathiso sokuhamba kwe-lava sinokuqikelelwa. Uluvo olukude lusinika ukukwazi ukwenza qikelela ukuziphatha kwelava kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi ukukhusela uluntu oluchaphazelekayo.
- Ukhuseleko olusebenzayo kunye namanyathelo okufuduka
Kwimeko yokudubula kwentaba-mlilo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nayo ukhuseleko olusebenzayo kunye namanyathelo okufuduka ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabantu abakwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Apha ngezantsi kukho izindululo eziphambili zokunqanda ukuqhubela phambili kodaka kunye nokukhusela ubomi babemi.
1. Imiqobo ebonakalayo: Ukudala imiqobo yomzimba kubalulekile ukuze ucothise ukuhamba kwelava. Izinto ezifana nekhonkrithi, ilitye lentaba-mlilo, okanye isinyithi zingasetyenziselwa ukwakha iindonga ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ezi ndonga kufuneka ziphakame kwaye zibe banzi ngokwaneleyo ukuze ziqulathe udaka. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukudala iziteshi okanye imigodi yokuqondisa i-lava kwiindawo ezingenakulinganiswa okanye imizimba yamanzi, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwayo kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi.
2. Sistema de refrigeración: Enye indlela esebenzayo kukusebenzisa iinkqubo zokupholisa ezivumela ukuba udaka luphole. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwee-helicopter ezixhotyiswe ngamatanki amanzi, eziwisa amanzi kwi-lava ngokukhawuleza ukuyiqinisa. Izitshizi okanye iinkanunu zamanzi nazo zinokufakwa kwiindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukugcina i-lava iphantsi kolawulo kunye nokuthintela ukuqhubela phambili kwayo. Kubalulekile ukuba kubekho umthombo okufutshane nowaneleyo wamanzi ukugcina le nkqubo isebenza.
3. Ukucwangcisa ukufuduka: Kwimeko yogqabhuko-mlilo, isicwangciso esaneleyo sokufuduka sibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko lwabantu. Iindlela zokuphuma ezicacileyo nezinemiqondiso kufuneka zisekwe, zivumele ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza nocwangco ukusiwa kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukufundisa abemi malunga neempawu ezilumkisayo kunye nemigaqo yokufuduka, ukuze balungele ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwimeko kaxakeka. Inkqubo yokulumkisa kwangethuba nayo inokuphunyezwa ukuze ilumkise uluntu ngokwanda kwentshukumo yentaba-mlilo kunye nokuvumela ukufuduka ngokukhawuleza.
Phumeza ukhuseleko olusebenzayo kunye namanyathelo okufudusa Kubalulekile ukunciphisa impembelelo yogqabhuko-mlilo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba intaba-mlilo nganye yahlukile kwaye inokufuna iindlela ezithile. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba neengcaphephe kwivolcanology kunye nokhuseleko loluntu ukuvavanya imeko kwaye unike izisombululo ezingcono. Ukulungiselela kunye nenzululwazi ziintsika ezisisiseko zokujongana nezi ntlobo zeentlekele zendalo kunye nokukhusela ubomi babantu.
-Isiqulatho seLava kunye nezicwangciso zokupholisa
La isiqulatho kunye nokupholisa kwelava Ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu kodwa oyimfuneko ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwe kugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo. Kukho ezininzi amaqhinga eziye zasetyenziswa kule minyaka ukuzama ukuqulatha ngokukhuselekileyo kunye ne-lava epholileyo. Ngezantsi, ezinye zezona zicwangciso zisebenzayo nezisetyenziswayo ziya kuboniswa. okwangoku.
Enye ye amaqhinga Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo kunye nesebenzayo yokuqulatha i-lava yi ukwakhiwa kweendonga zokugcina. Ezi ndonga zakhiwe kusetyenziswa izinto ezichasene nobushushu kunye nokuhamba kwelava, njengekhonkrithi kunye nentsimbi. Iindonga zenzelwe ngendlela yokuba zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo kunye nokushisa okukhulu kwe-lava, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwiindawo ezihlala abantu okanye iziseko ezibalulekileyo.
Esinye isicwangciso esisetyenzisiweyo si kwicala le-lava usebenzisa imisele okanye imisele. Ezi zakhiwo zenzelwe ukuphambukisa udaka lwentlabathi luye kwiindawo ezingahlali bantu okanye ngaselwandle, apho luphola ngokukhawuleza. Nangona esi sicwangciso singenakukumisa ngokupheleleyo ukuhamba kwe-lava, kunokunceda redirigirlo kwaye ithintele ukuba ibangele umonakalo omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba esi sicwangciso sibandakanya imingcipheko kwaye kufuneka senziwe ziingcali kwi-volcanology kunye nolawulo olungxamisekileyo.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.