Ungabubungqina njani kwikhompyuter yakho kwikamva: Yintoni uKhuseleko lweQuantum?

Ngokufika kwe ubungakanani beekhompyuter, siphambi kwethu omnye weyona mingeni inkulu kukhuseleko lolwazi kuyo yonke imbali. Ukuba ngaphambi kokuba kwakwanele ukusebenzisa i-algorithms engenakwenzeka ukucacisa usebenzisa i-computing yendabuko, ngoku imeko itshintshe kakhulu. ukhuseleko lomyinge Ivela njengekhaka elitsha elikwaziyo ukukhusela idatha yethu, ukuthengiselana, kunye nonxibelelwano ngokuchasene ne-quantum supercomputers ezinokunika iinkqubo zakudala ezingenamsebenzi.

Kweli nqaku, uya kufumanisa ukuba yintoni ukhuseleko lwequantum, kutheni kubalulekile ukuyiqonda namhlanje, kwaye iyakuchaphazela njani indlela ulwazi olugcinwa lukhuselekile kubantu, amashishini kunye nemibutho yoluntu ngokufanayo.

Yintoni ukhuseleko lwe-quantum kwaye kutheni lubalulekile?

La ukhuseleko lomyinge, ekwaziwa njengokhuseleko lwe-quantum, ibandakanya isethi yetekhnoloji kunye nezicwangciso ezijolise kuzo. Gcina ubumfihlo, imfezeko, kunye nokufumaneka kolwazi kwihlabathi apho kukho iikhomputha zequantum.

Kufuneka kucaciswe ukuba ingozi ayisiyongqikelelo: i-quantum computing iqhubela phambili ngesantya esidizzy kwaye, xa ifikelela ekuvuthweni kwezorhwebo, iya kuba nayo. umthamo omkhulu wekhompyutha kangangokuba iya kuba nako yaphula i-cryptographic algorithms engundoqo ukuba namhlanje zisebenzisa i-Intanethi, iinkampani, States kunye ne-DNI ye-elektroniki.

Oku kuthetha ukuba iindlela zemveli zofihlo, nokuba zinamandla kangakanani na, ziya kuba sesichengeni. Yiyo loo nto i ukhuseleko lomyinge Iziseka njengebhentshi entsha, isebenzisa imigaqo ye-quantum physics ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwedatha kunye nokuphuhlisa i-algorithms echasene nokuhlaselwa kwee-quantum supercomputers.

Izitshixo zokukhuselwa kwe-quantum azikho kuphela kuhlobo lwe-algorithms oluyisebenzisayo, kodwa nakwindlela izitshixo zokubethela kunye nokuchithwa kolwazi zihanjiswa kwaye zilawulwa.Ezona ndlela zihamba phambili zidibanisa i-quantum cryptography (esekelwe kwi-quantum physics ngokwayo) kunye ne-post-quantum cryptography (i-algorithms eyenzelwe ukujamelana neekhompyutha ze-quantum ezinamandla kakhulu).

Zeziphi izoyikiso ezenziwa yi-quantum computing kukhuseleko lwedijithali?

Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni sithetha kakhulu malunga nokhuseleko lwe-quantum, kufuneka uqale uqonde Indlela i-quantum computing isongela ngayo ukhuseleko njengoko siyayazi. Iikhompyuter ze-quantum, ngokungafaniyo nezemveli, azisebenzi ngamasuntswana anokuba ngu-0 okanye u-1 kuphela, kodwa ikubit enokuthi ibe kuwo omabini la mazwe ngaxeshanye (enkosi kwi-quantum superposition).

Eli nqaku lenza imisebenzi ethile yemathematika, ebikade ingenzeki ngaphambili okanye ibifuna amakhulu eminyaka ngeekhompyuter zakudala, eyenzeka ngemizuzu okanye iiyure. Umzekelo obambekayo ngu I-algorithm kaShor, enokuvumela ikhompyuter yequantum ukubola amanani amakhulu kakhulu kwizinto eziphambili ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke yenza ukhuseleko lweenkqubo ezifana RSA o ECC (i-elliptic curve cryptography).

Iziphumo zale nkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji mikhulu kakhulu:

• Umngcipheko kwizitshixo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezabucala: Iinkqubo zangoku zokufihla, ezifana nezo zikhusela iibhanki kunye ne-imeyile, ziya kuba sengozini.
• Ukulahlekelwa yimfihlelo: Idatha ekhuselweyo namhlanje inokuvezwa ngomso ukuba umntu uyayigcina elindele ukuba namandla aneleyo okuyiqhekeza ("gcina ngoku, susa ikhowudi kamva") uhlaselo).
• Uhlaselo lwe-cyber oluphucukileyo ngakumbi: Izigebenga ze-cyber kunye namazwe ziya kuba nezixhobo ezitsha zokuhlasela iziseko ezingundoqo.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Inkxalabo iyonke: I-Bitcoin ifumana uhlaselo lokuqala lwe-quantum kwimbali

Imigaqo kunye neziseko ze-quantum cryptography

Embindini wokhuseleko lwe-quantum yi i-quantum cryptography, engasekelwanga ekucingeni ukuba ingxaki yemathematika inzima, kodwa ekusebenziseni ngokuthe ngqo imithetho ye-quantum mechanics. Kukho imigaqo emininzi esisiseko edlalwayo, enika ukhuseleko olungenakwaphulwa ngokwethiyori:

• Ukugqitha: Amacandelo afana neefotoni anokuba kwiindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye (0 kunye ne-1 ngexesha elinye).
• Ukungena kwi-Quantum: Amasuntswana amabini abambeneyo anokutshintsha kwangoko imeko yawo xa elinye lilinganisiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba umgama phakathi kwabo.
• Umgaqo wokungaqiniseki weHeisenbergAkunakwenzeka ukulinganisa inkqubo ye-quantum ngaphandle kokuphazamisa; naluphi na umzamo wokuphulaphula isitshixo se-quantum ushiya umkhondo kwaye unokubhaqwa.

Le migaqo ebonakalayo ivumela ukwakhiwa kwezikimu zothumelo eziphambili apho naluphi na uthintelo lubonakala ngokukhawuleza. Esona sicelo sisasazeke kakhulu Unikezelo lwesitshixo se-quantum (QKD), eyintsika enkulu ye-cryptography ye-quantum yangoku.

Ingaba isebenza njani i-quantum key distribution (QKD)?

La QKD Yindlela yenguqu yokudala kunye nokwabelana ngesitshixo esiyimfihlo phakathi kwamaqela amabini (umzekelo, uAlice noBob) besebenzisa iifotoni ezipholileyoIsitshixo sinokufundwa ngokuchanekileyo kuphela ngummkeli, kuba nayiphi na inzame yokuthintela iguqula i-quantum states of photons, ityhila ukungena.

Eyokuqala evunyiweyo ngokubanzi ye-QKD protocol yi BB84, eyaveliswa ngowe-1984 nguCharles Bennett noGilles Brassard. Isebenza ngolu hlobo:

1. U-Alice uthumela i-polarized photons (nganye inokumela i-0 okanye i-1, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-orientation yayo) ku-Bob ngokusebenzisa i-channel optical ekhuselekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-fiber optics.
2. UBob ulinganisa iifotoni ngezihluzi ezingakhethiyo, kwaye bobabini bathelekise (ngetshaneli yoluntu) uqhelaniso olusetyenzisiweyo.
3. Bagcina kuphela amasuntswana (amaxabiso) ahambelana neemeko apho bobabini basebenzise uqhelaniso olufanayo; lo ngundoqo weqhosha eliyimfihlo ekwabelwana ngalo.

Olunye ulutsha olubalulekileyo Iprothokholi E91, ngu-Artur Ekert, esekelwe kwi-quantum entanglement ukuqinisa ngakumbi ukhuseleko ngokuchasene naluphi na uhlobo lobuntlola.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kokhuseleko lwe-quantum ngokuchasene ne-classical cryptography

La i-quantum cryptography Ibonelela ngothotho lweenzuzo ezahlukileyo kwiindlela zesintu:

• Ukhuseleko olungenamiqathango: isekwe kwimithetho yefiziksi, hayi kwiingqikelelo zemathematika.
• Ukufunyanwa kongenelelo: Naliphi na ilinge lobuntlola liyabonakala ngokungenakuthintelwa ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwee-qubits.
• Ukuchasana ne-quantum computing: Iindlela zangoku ze-quantum azinakwaphulwa ngeekhompyuter ze-quantum, ngokungafaniyo ne-classical cryptography.

Ukusilela kwayo kubandakanya:

• Imigama elinganiselwe: Iifoto zonakaliswa kwiintambo zokukhanya ezikude, nangona iisathelayithi kunye neziphindaphinda zihamba phambili ngokukhawuleza.
• Ixabiso eliphezulu: Ukuphumeza iinkqubo ze-QKD kufuna utyalo-mali kwizixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nesiseko esisaphuhliswayo.
• imingeni ebonakalayo: Ukhuseleko lwethiyori lunokuba nobuthathaka kwizixhobo zokwenyani kunye noqwalaselo.

Iintlobo kunye neeprothokholi ngaphakathi kokhuseleko lwe-quantum

Intsimi ibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo, nganye igxile kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano kunye nokugcinwa:

• Ukusasazwa kweSitshixo seQuantum (QKD): ukutshintshiselana ngokukhuselekileyo izitshixo eziyimfihlo.
• Iingqekembe zequantum: ubuchule bokulinga ukuvumelana kunye nokuqinisekiswa phakathi kwamaqela angathenjwa.
• Imisayino yedijithali yeQuantum: ukuqinisekisa ubunyani bemiyalezo kunye nentengiselwano.
• Iiprothokholi ezongezelelweyo: Ukudluliselwa kwe-Quantum Oblivious, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwindawo kunye nezinye iimvavanyo eziphambili kwi-cryptology.

Sebenzisa iimeko kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kokhuseleko lwe-quantum

Izicelo ze ukhuseleko lomyinge Sele ziyinyani kumacandelo amaninzi, kurhulumente nabucala:

• Oorhulumente kunye nokhuselo: ukukhuselwa kolwazi oluhleliweyo kunye neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo.
• Ezemali kunye neebhanki: ukuhanjiswa okukhuselekileyo kwedatha eyimfihlo kunye neentengiselwano ezinovakalelo.
• Iziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo: uthungelwano lombane, impilo kunye nonxibelelwano olungenakho ukuhlawula ukuvuza kolwazi.
• Unxibelelwano lweQuantum: Iiprojekthi ezifana nesathelayithi yaseTshayina iMicius kunye nothungelwano eYurophu naseMelika.
• Ukhuseleko lonyulo: Uvavanyo kunyulo loomasipala eSwitzerland ukuqinisekisa ukungafihli kunye nokuthembeka.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba I-Quantum cryptography sele iyinyani ekhulayo kwaye ayisosithembiso sekamva.Iinkampani kunye noorhulumente batyala imali kule teknoloji ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zedijithali.

Imingeni yobuchwephesha kunye nezithintelo ekukhuselweni kwe-quantum

Ukwamkeleka okuxhaphakileyo kujongene nemiqobo efana nale:

• Imiba yoMda: Iinkqubo ze-QKD zokugubungela nge-fiber optical zisanqongophele, nangona iisathelayithi kunye nabaphindayo bayayiphucula le meko.
• Ukungasebenzi: Ukudibanisa ubuchwephesha obutsha be-quantum kunye neenkqubo ezikhoyo kufuna utshintsho olunzima kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe.
• Iindleko eziphezulu: Izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zisamele utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwimibutho emininzi.
• Uphuhliso lwezixhobo zokusebenzaIzixhobo ze-quantum zifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokuzinza, kwaye zisekho kwisigaba sophuhliso.
• Imimiselo eqhubekayo: Imigangatho kunye neeprothokholi zisephantsi kophuhliso, kwaye ukulawulwa kwehlabathi akukacaciswa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukutshintshela kukhuseleko lwe-quantum: indlela yokulungiselela

La ukulungelelaniswa nokhuseleko lwe-quantum Sele iqalile kumacandelo abalulekileyo kunye neenkampani ezikhokelayo ezifana ne-IBM, Google, kunye ne-Apple. Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ulandele la manyathelo:

• Vavanya imingcipheko yesixa: Chonga ukuba yeyiphi idatha kunye neenkqubo ezifuna ukhuseleko lwexesha elide.
• Uluhlu lweziseko ze-cryptographic: Hlalutya ukuba zeziphi iiprothokholi zangoku ezifuna ukuhlaziya ukuxhathisa uhlaselo lwe-quantum.
• Ukuphumeza i-post-quantum algorithms: ngokuqhubekayo fudukela kwizisombululo ezixhathisayo kuhlaselo lwexesha elizayo.
• Uqeqesho kwitekhnoloji yequantum: qeqesha abasebenzi bobuchwephesha kunye nabasebenzi abanobuchule ukulungiselela inguqu esebenzayo.
• Lungiselela izisombululo zemixube: sebenzisa indibaniselwano ye-classical kunye ne-quantum cryptography ngexesha lotshintsho.

Kubalulekile ukuthatha amanyathelo kwangethuba, kuba xa iikhompyuter zequantum zenza isoyikiso sokwenyani, ukufuduka kuya kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye kubize kakhulu.

Uphuhliso oluphambili kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko lwe-quantum

Ikamva lilele ekudaleni imigangatho eqinileyo kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, namaziko afana ne NISTInkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo yenziwe, efana nale:

• Ukhetho kunye novavanyo lwe post-quantum algorithms enokuthi ibe sisinyanzelo ukukhusela ulwazi olubalulekileyo.
• Uphuhliso lwe Iziseko zorhwebo ze-QKD kuthungelwano lomfuniselo nakwiindawo zokwenyani.
• Amanyathelo afana ne IQuantum Safe Financial Forum (QSFF), ngokubambisana neebhanki kunye namaziko emali ukuphucula ukukhuselwa.
• Ukuzinikela kweenkampani zonxibelelwano, iinkonzo zelifu, kunye nothungelwano lweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo.

Ikamva lokhuseleko lwe-quantum kunye ne-cybersecurity

Inkqubela phambili kwi-quantum computing imele ithuba lokuchaza kwakhona ukhuseleko lwedijithali, kungekhona nje umngeni. Amanyathelo alandelayo, kunye nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kwiimvavanyo, imigangatho, kunye nokuthunyelwa, kusondeza ixesha apho i-cryptography iya kukhuseleka njengemithetho yendalo eyixhasayo.

La ukhuseleko lomyinge Ivela njengeyona nto iphambili ekukhuseleni idatha yethu, unxibelelwano, kunye nee-asethi zedijithali kwixesha apho ifiziksi nemathematika zisebenzisana ukuze kwakhiwe indawo ekhuselekileyo.

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