Iibhaktheriya zihlelwa njani ngokodonga lweeseli zazo.

Kwihlabathi elinomdla le-microorganisms, iibhaktheriya zithatha indawo evelele. Ezi microorganisms zineseli enye ziye zaqhelaniswa ngokuphawulekayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji. Uphawu olwahlukileyo lweebhaktheriya zezo udonga lweseli, isakhiwo sangaphandle esinika ukhuseleko kunye nenkxaso. Nangona kunjalo, iibhaktheriya azinalo udonga lweeseli ezifanayo, kodwa kunokuba zihlelwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kunye neempawu zesi sakhiwo. Kweli nqaku, siya kuphonononga ngobuchwephesha nangokungathathi hlangothi ulwahlulo lweebhaktheriya ezisekwe eludongeni lweeseli zabo, ukubonelela ngengqiqo enzulu kolu phawu lubalulekileyo lwe-microbial.

Intshayelelo

Eli licandelo lokuqala layo nayiphi na iprojekthi okanye uxwebhu lobugcisa apho injongo kunye nomxholo weprojekthi zichazwe ngokufutshane nangokucacileyo. Eli candelo linika isishwankathelo sento umfundi anokulindela ukuyifumana kuwo wonke umxholo. Kubalulekile ukubamba ingqalelo yomfundi kwaye unike ulwazi lokuqala lwesihloko esiza kufunda kuso.

Kweli candelo, umgaqo-sikhokelo wethiyori kunye nengqiqo eya kusebenza njengesiseko sophuhliso olulandelayo lomxholo unokusekwa. Ukongeza, imithombo echaphazelekayo kunye neereferensi zingacatshulwa ezixhasa ulwazi olunikezelwe kwiprojekthi I-The ingabandakanya isishwankathelo esifutshane sezahluko okanye amacandelo aya kulungiswa, ngaloo ndlela inikezela ngesakhiwo esicacileyo nesilungelelanisiweyo soxwebhu.

Injongo yayo ephambili kukuseka umxholo kunye nokufaneleka kweprojekthi, inikezela ngeekhonsepthi eziphambili eziza kuqwalaselwa kamva. Ukongeza ekunikezeni isishwankathelo, ungasebenzisa eli candelo ukudwelisa iinjongo ezithile zeprojekthi kunye neengxaki ekujoliswe kuzo. Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokucacileyo amagama obugcisa aya kusetyenziswa kulo lonke uxwebhu, ukuqinisekisa ukuqonda okuchanekileyo ngumfundi.

Isakhiwo sodonga lwebhaktheriya

Kubalulekile ukubonelela ngobungqongqo kunye nokhuseleko kwiibhaktheriya. Iqulunqwe ngamaleya amaninzi kunye namacandelo asebenza kunye ukugcina ingqibelelo yeseli.

Okokuqala, udonga lweseli yebhaktiriya yenziwe ngumaleko ongaphandle obizwa ngokuba yinwebu yangaphandle. Le membrane⁢ iqulunqwe ikakhulu lipopolysaccharides kunye neeprotheni. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukusebenza njengesithintelo sokukhusela kwizinto ezinobuthi kunye ne-pathogens.

Ngaphantsi nje kwenwebu yangaphandle kukho umaleko wepeptidoglycan, olona phawu lwahlukileyo yodonga iseli yebhaktiriya. I-Peptidoglycan yipolymer yecarbohydrate eyakhiwe ngamatyathanga atshintshanayo eglucose kunye ne-N-acetylmuramic acid. La matyathanga adityaniswe ziibhulorho zepeptide, zenza ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo noluxhathisayo.

Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zodonga lweseli yebhaktheriya

La pared celular Ibhaktheriya sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo esijikelezayo kwaye sikhusela ibhaktheriya, ibanika ukuqina kunye nokuchasana. Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali kuyahluka phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya, kodwa ngokubanzi yenziwe:

• Peptidoglycan: Le nxalenye ephambili yodonga lweseli yebhakteria kwaye inika isimo sayo. I-Peptidoglycan yenziwe ngamatyathanga adityanisiweyo eswekile, abizwa ngokuba zii-glycans, kunye namatyathanga ⁤ amino acid abizwa ngokuba ziipeptides. La matyathanga enza ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo olunemigangatho emithathu enika amandla eludongeni lweseli.
• Proteínas: ⁢Ukongeza kwi-peptidoglycan, udonga lweseli yebhaktiriya luqulethe iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeprotheyini ⁢ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.⁣ Ezinye iiproteni zinceda ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kumphezulu, ⁢ngelixa ezinye zisebenza njengejelo lothutho lwezondlo⁢ okanye njengezamkeli⁤ zeemolekyuli zangaphandle.
• Lípidos: I-Lipids nayo ikhona ekuqulunqweni yodonga lweseli yebhaktiriya, nangona⁤ kumlinganiselo omncinci ⁤ kune-peptidoglycan. Ezi lipids, ngokukodwa i-phospholipids kunye ne-lipoprotein, zinegalelo ekungeneni kunye nokunyaniseka kwesakhiwo sodonga lweseli.

Isishwankathelo, ‍ ilawulwa yi-peptidoglycan, i-polymer eyinkimbinkimbi yeswekile kunye ne-amino acids.⁤ Nangona kunjalo, iqulethe iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo ukuze kuphile kunye nokusebenza kwebhaktheriya. Le ndibaniselwano yamacandelo ekhemikhali inika udonga lweseli yebhaktiriya ukuxhathisa kunye namandla okukhusela, okuvumela iibhaktheriya ukuba ziphile kwaye ziqhelane nendawo yazo.

Ukuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zazo

Iibhaktheriya zihlelwa ngokokwakheka kodonga lweeseli zazo, ezilumaleko okhuselayo ojikeleze kwaye umise imizimba yazo. Olu donga lweseli luyimfuneko ekusindeni kweebhaktheriya, njengoko lubonelela ngokhuseleko kwiimeko ezimbi kwaye lunegalelo ekuqineni nasekuchaseni. Apha ngezantsi luhlelo oluphambili lweebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zazo:

Ngokwakheka kweekhemikhali:

• Iibhaktheriya ezinegram-positive: Ezi bhaktheriya zinodonga olungqindilili lweseli oluqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-peptidoglycan, into ebanika ukuxhathisa okukhulu kwaye ibenze bagcine idayi yeGram. Banochuku kumayeza athile okubulala iintsholongwane anjengepenicillin.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: Ngokungafaniyo neebhaktheriya ze-Gram-positive, ezi bhaktheriya zinodonga oluncinci lweseli oluqulethe ixabiso elincinci le-peptidoglycan. Ukongeza, bane-membrane yangaphandle⁤ eyenziwe ngama-lipopolysaccharides. Ziyakwazi ukuxhathisa kwii-antibiotics ezithile kwaye zivame ukuba yi-pathogenic.

Ngokwendlela yokwahlulahlula:

• Iintsholongwane zeDiplococcus: Ziibhaktiriya ezidityaniswe ngazibini kwaye zihlala zinemilo engqukuva. Imizekelo yezi zinto ziphilayo yiNeisseria meningitidis kunye neStreptococcus pneumoniae.
• Iintsholongwane zeStaphylococcus: Ezi bhaktiriya ziqokelelana ndawonye ngokumila kwamaqela okanye izipha zediliya. Umzekelo wolu hlobo ⁤ibhaktheriya yi-Staphylococcus aureus, ebangela izifo ezahlukeneyo zolusu.

Ngokukwazi ukugcina idayi:

• Iibhaktheriya ezine-Acid-fast: ⁤ Ezi bhaktiriya zinamandla okugcina idayi nasemva kokwenziwa mhlophe kweasidi. Imizekelo eyaziwayo yiMycobacterium tuberculosis, ebangela isifo sephepha, kunye neMycobacterium leprae, ebangela iqhenqa.
• Iibhaktheriya ezingena-asidi ngokukhawuleza: Ngokungafaniyo neebhaktheriya ezikhawulezayo ze-asidi, ezi bhaktheriya aziyigcini idayi emva kokuphuma kwe-asidi. Umzekelo omeleyo weli qela ngu-Escherichia coli, ibhaktheriya eqhelekileyo kwisisu sezilwanyana ezincelisayo.

Iibhaktheriya zegram-positive: iimpawu kunye nokuhlelwa

Iibhaktheriya ezinegram-positive liqela lebhaktiriya ezibonakala ngokuba nodonga olungqindilili lweseli oluqulunqwe ngomaleko⁢ peptidoglycan. Olu maleko lubanika ukuxhathisa okuphezulu kwaye lubenza baxhathise ukuguquguquka kwemibala ngendlela yeGram. Emva koko, ezinye iimpawu kunye nokuhlelwa kwezi bhaktheriya ziya kuboniswa.

Iimpawu zentsholongwane yegram-positive:

• Imilo eSpherical okanye ye-bacillary.
• Udonga lweseli olunongqimba olungqindilili lwepeptidoglycan olubanika ukuxhathisa.
• Abanayo inwebu yangaphandle.
• Bangabonisa i-spores (iindlela zokuchasana ezivumela ukuba ziphile kwiimeko ezingathandekiyo zokusingqongileyo).
• Ezinye iintlobo zivelisa ityhefu eyingozi ebantwini.
• Ziyi-heterotrophic, oko kukuthi, zifumana ukutya kwazo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ukuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya zegram-positive:

• IiFirmicutes: Iquka iibhaktheriya ezifana ne-staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci kunye ne-clostridia.
• Actinobacteria: ibandakanya ibhaktiriya yohlobo lweCorynebacterium, Mycobacterium kunye neNocardia.
• Tenericutes: Iquka iibhaktheriya ezifana ne-mycoplasmas, ezingenalo udonga lweseli.

Ukuqukumbela, iibhaktheriya ze-Gram-positive ziphawulwa ngodonga lwazo olungqingqwa kunye nokuchasana nokuguqulwa kombala ngendlela yeGram. Ziza ngokwemilo eyahlukahlukeneyo kwaye zinokuba neempawu ezifana nokukwazi ukwenza iimbewu okanye ukuvelisa ityhefu. Ngapha koko, zihlelwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo, njengeFirmicutes, Actinobacteria, kunye neTenericutes, ezibandakanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zebhaktiriya.

Iibhaktheriya zegram-negative: iimpawu⁤ kunye nokuhlelwa

Iibhaktheriya zegram-negative zenza iqela elikhulu le-microorganisms ezineempawu ezizodwa ezizahlula kwiibhaktheriya zegram-positive. Enye yeempawu eziphambili zeebhaktheriya ze-Gram-negative yisakhiwo sodonga lweseli, oluqulunqwe yinwebu yangaphandle kunye ne-peptidoglycan encinci. Esi sakhiwo sibanika ukuxhathisa kwii-antibiotics ezithile, ezinokwenza unyango lwabo lube nzima.

Ukongeza kudonga lwazo lweeseli olwahlukileyo, iibhaktheriya ze-Gram-negative zihlelwa ngokusekelwe kwi-morphology yazo kunye nokuziphatha kwe-metabolic. Amanye awona maqela axhaphakileyo entsholongwane yegram-negative aquka:

• Enterobacteriaceae: Le ntsapho yebhaktiriya e-gram-negative iquka izinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-Escherichia coli, i-Salmonella, kunye ne-Klebsiella. Zii-bacillary cells ezihlala ikakhulu kumendo wokwetyisa kwabantu nezilwanyana.
• I-Pseudomonas: Olu hlobo lwebhaktheriya yegram-negative yaziwa ngokuxhathisa kwii-antibiotics ezininzi kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukwenza ikoloni kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka nezibhedlele. Ezinye iintlobo zePseudomonas zinokubangela usulelo oluyingozi kwizigulana ezigogekileyo.
• I-Neisseria: Iintsholongwane zohlobo lwe-Neisseria zii-diplococci ezi-gram-negative ezibandakanya iintsholongwane ezibalulekileyo zabantu ezifana ne-Neisseria gonorrhoeae (ebangela i-gonorrhea) kunye ne-Neisseria meningitidis (ebangela i-meningitis).

Isishwankathelo, iibhaktheriya zegram-negative zineempawu ezikhethekileyo kwindonga yeeseli zabo kwaye zihlelwe ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo ngokwe-morphology kunye ne-metabolism. Ezi microorganisms zinokuba luncedo kwaye zibe yingozi ebantwini, kwaye ukufunda kwabo kubalulekile ukuqonda indima yabo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nophuhliso lwezicwangciso zonyango ezisebenzayo.

Iibhaktheriya ezine-Acid-fast: iimpawu kunye nokuhlelwa

I-Acid-fast bacteria liqela le-microorganisms elinamandla okumelana neemeko ze-acidic ngokugqithiseleyo ezithintela ukukhula kunye nokuphila kwezinye iibhaktheriya ezininzi. Ukuxhathisa kwabo kubangelwa uthotho lweendlela zokuziqhelanisa kunye neendlela zokuphila ezibavumela ukuba benze ikholoni kwiindawo ezine-acidic ezifana nesisu somntu okanye imihlaba ethile ecebileyo kwii-asidi. Ezi bhaktheriya zibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lokutya, amayeza kunye ne-microbiology.

Ngokubanzi, iibhaktheriya ezikhawulezayo ze-asidi zihlelwa ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe ekunyamezelweni kwazo kwii-acids kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuhlala kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-pH. Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo yeebhaktheriya ezikhawulezayo ze-asidi ziquka:

• I-Corynebacterium: uhlobo lwebhaktiriya yegram-positive efumaneka emhlabeni kwaye imelana ne-acidic pH.
• I-Helicobacter ⁤pylori: uhlobo lwe-microaerophilic efumaneka kwisisu somntu kwaye ihambelana nezifo zesisu ezifana ne-peptic ulcer.
• Lactobacillus: uhlobo lwebhaktiriya esetyenziswa kwimveliso yokutya okuvundisiweyo, okufana neyogathi, ekwaziyo ukuphila kwindawo eneasidi ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvelisa i-lactic acid.

Ukumelana ne-asidi kwezi bhaktheriya kubandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kwinqanaba le-membrane yeseli, njengobukho be-lipids ezikhethekileyo ezinciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokukhusela i-membrane yeseli. isakhiwo seseli ngokuchasene ne-asidi. Ukongezelela, ezininzi zezi bhaktheriya zivelisa i-enzymes ethile evumela ukuba i-neutralize okanye i-metabolize acids, ebanika inzuzo yokukhuphisana kwiindawo ezimbi ze-acidic.

Iintsholongwane ezingenaludonga lweseli:⁤ iimpawu kunye nokuhlelwa

Ibhaktheriya ngaphandle kodonga lweseli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mycoplasmas okanye iibhaktheriya ngaphandle kodonga lweseli, ziyi-microorganisms ezineseli enye ebonakaliswe ngokungabikho kwesakhiwo esiqinileyo esibonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhusela. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iibhaktheriya, inwebu yabo yeplasma inxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo nemekobume yangaphandle, nto leyo ebenza babe sesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemekobume.

Ezi bhaktiriya zinoluhlu lweempawu ezizodwa ezizohlula kwamanye amaqela e-taxonomic. Ezinye zazo zezi:

• Tamaño reducido: Iintsholongwane ezingenaludonga lweeseli zincinci kakhulu, zincinci kunebhaktheriya ezininzi.
• Ifomu eguquguqukayo: ngokungafaniyo neebhaktheriya ngodonga lweseli, ezi bhaktheriya azinayo imilo echaziweyo, ebanika ukuguquguquka okuphezulu kwe-morphological.
• Ukuxhomekeka kweminye imibutho: Ngenxa yokunqongophala kodonga lweseli, iibhaktheriya ezingenaludonga zibophelelekile kwi-intracellular parasites, okuthetha ukuba zidinga imikhosi ukuze ziphile kwaye zivelise kwakhona.

Ukusuka kwimbono ye-taxonomic, i-mycoplasmas ihlelwa ngaphakathi kwi-Bacteria yobukumkani, i-phylum Tenericutes kunye neklasi ye-Mollicutes. Ngaphakathi kweli klasi, i-genera eyahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zebhaktheriya ngaphandle kweendonga zeseli ziyahlukaniswa, nganye ineempawu zayo kunye ne-pathogenicity. Ezinye iintlobo ze-mycoplasmas ziyaziwa ngokuba zi-causative agents of breath, genitourinary kunye nezifo ezidibeneyo kubantu kunye nezilwanyana.

Iinkqubo zokuxhathisa ibhaktiriya ⁢enxulumene nodonga lweseli

Ukunganyangeki kwebhaktheriya yingxaki ebaluleke kakhulu kwezonyango mihla. Iindlela zokuxhathisa ezinxulumene nodonga lweseli yenye yeendlela eziphambili apho iibhaktheriya zifumana khona ukukwazi ukumelana ne-antibiotics. Ezi ndlela zisekwe kutshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza yodonga lweseli eyenza amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane angasebenzi kakuhle.

Enye yeendlela zokuchasana ezinxulumene nodonga lweseli kukuguqulwa kwamacandelo esi sakhiwo. Iibhaktheriya zinokuvelisa i-enzymes eziguqula iiprotheni kunye ne-carbohydrates kudonga lweseli, ukuthintela i-antibiotics ukuba ibophe kwaye ibathintele. Ukongeza, iibhaktheriya zinokuvelisa iimpompo ze-efflux ezisebenza njengabathuthi kwaye zikhuphe i-antibiotics ngaphakathi kwiseli ngaphambi kokuba zisebenzise isenzo sazo.

Enye indlela yokuxhathisa enxulumene nodonga lweseli kukubunjwa kwe-biofilms. I-Biofilm ziibhaktheriya zoluntu olubambelela kwindawo kwaye zisongelwe kwi-matrix engaphandle. Le matrix ibonelela ngomqobo womzimba owenza kube nzima ukuba i-antibiotics ingene kwiiseli zebhaktheriya. Ngapha koko, ii-biofilms zivumela utshintshiselwano lwemathiriyeli yemfuza phakathi kwebhaktheriya, eququzelela ukuhanjiswa kofuzo lokumelana kunye negalelo ekusasazeni kwebhaktheriya exhathisayo.

Ukubaluleka kweklinikhi yokuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zabo

Iintlobo zebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zabo kunye nokubaluleka kwazo kweklinikhi

Ukuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zabo kubaluleke kakhulu kwimeko yeklinikhi, kuba kusivumela ukuba sichonge kwaye siphathe ngokufanelekileyo izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ubume bodonga lweseli luphawu olwahlukileyo lwamaqela eebhaktheriya ahlukeneyo kwaye lunokuchaphazela ukuxhathisa kwabo kwii-antibiotics kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukubangela izifo.

Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeebhaktheriya ezisekelwe kudonga lweeseli zazo:

• Iibhaktheriya ezinegram-positive: Ezi bhaktheriya zinodonga olungqindilili lweseli oluqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-peptidoglycan Zinovelwano kwii-antibiotics ezisebenza ngokudityaniswa kwesi sakhiwo kwaye zinokubangela izifo ezifana nenyumoniya kunye nosulelo lwesikhumba.
• Bacterias gramnegativas: Ezi bhaktheriya zinodonga oluncinci lweseli oluqulethe i-lipopolysaccharides, enokuba yityhefu kumzimba womntu. Ziyakwazi ukumelana namayeza amaninzi okubulala iintsholongwane kwaye zinokubangela izifo ezinzulu ezifana ne-meningitis kunye ne-septicemia.
• I-Mycobacteria: Eli qela lebhaktheriya linodonga olulodwa lweeseli oluqulethe i-lipids ephezulu. Kunzima ukunyanga ngenxa yokunganyangeki kwabo kwii-antibiotics eziqhelekileyo kwaye kunokubangela izifo ezifana nesifo sephepha.

Ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kweebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zabo kusivumela ukuba sikhethe unyango olufanelekileyo, ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa okungadingekile kwe-antibiotics kunye nokuphucula iziphumo zeklinikhi. Ukongeza, olu luhlu lukwasinika ulwazi malunga ne-pathogenicity yeentlobo zebhaktheriya kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukubangela izifo ezinzulu. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kweklinikhi yokuhlelwa kodonga lweeseli kubalulekile ekuxilongweni nasekuthinteleni izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane.

Ukuqwalaselwa kokuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo zebhaktheriya

Ukuxilongwa kosulelo lwebhaktiriya:

Ukufikelela kuxilongo oluchanekileyo losulelo lwebhaktheriya, kubalulekile ukwenza uvavanyo lweklinikhi ngokucokisekileyo kwaye usebenzise iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zelabhoratri. Ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxilonga ziquka:

• Uhlalutyo lweesampulu zegazi: Olu vavanyo luvumela ukuba sibone ubukho beebhaktheriya egazini, ezinokubonisa ukusuleleka kwenkqubo.
• Inkcubeko kunye ne-antibiogram: Ngokuthatha iisampulu kwindawo eyosulelekileyo kwaye emva koko ziyikhulise kumajelo osasazo enkcubeko ethile, iibhaktheriya zinokuchongwa kwaye ukuba sesichengeni kwazo kwii-antibiotics ezahlukeneyo kumiselwe.
• Uvavanyo lovakalelo oluKhawulezayo: ⁢ Ikwaziwa ngokuba ziimvavanyo zokuxilonga imolekyuli, ezi mvavanyo zisebenzisa ubuchule be-nucleic acid yokukhulisa ukufumanisa kunye nokubonakalisa ubukho bebhaktheriya kwiisampulu zeklinikhi.

Unyango losulelo lwebhaktiriya:

Ukunyangwa kwezifo zebhaktheriya kusekelwe ngokukodwa ekusebenziseni ngokufanelekileyo i-antibiotics. Kubalulekile ukukhetha isibulala-zintsholongwane esifanelekileyo esekwe kwibhaktheriya enoxanduva kunye nokuba sengozini kwayo kumayeza akhoyo. Ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule ziquka:

• Intshukumo: Ii-antibiotics zihlelwa njenge-spectrum ebanzi (esebenzayo ngokuchasene neendidi ezininzi zebhaktheriya) okanye i-spectrum emxinwa (isebenza ngokuchasene neqela elithile lebhaktheriya). Ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwe-antibiotic luya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo losulelo kunye novakalelo lwebhaktheriya.
• Vía de administración: Ukhetho lubandakanya ukulawulwa ngomlomo, nge-intramuscular, okanye nge-intravenous. Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokulawula kuya kuxhomekeka kubunzima bosulelo kunye nokukwazi kwesigulane ukuthatha amayeza ngomlomo.
• Ubude bexesha lonyango: Ubude bexesha lonyango lwe-antibiotics lunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nobunzima bosulelo. Kubalulekile ukulandela imiyalelo kagqirha kwaye ugqibe yonke inkqubo yonyango ukuze ugweme ukubonakala kokuchasana kwebhaktheriya.

Ngoxilongo olululo kunye nonyango olusexesheni nolusebenzayo⁢, unyango losulelo oluninzi lwebhaktiriya lunokufezekiswa. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba imeko nganye inokwahluka kwaye ifuna indlela yomntu ngamnye. Kuhlala kucetyiswa ukuba udibane nochwepheshe wezempilo ukuze ufumane ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ufumane unyango olufanelekileyo.

Impembelelo yokuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya kuphuhliso lwe-antibiotics kunye nogonyo

Ukuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kunye nezitofu zokugonya, kuba kusivumela ukuba siqonde isakhiwo sabo kunye neempawu ezithile. Olu lwahlulo lusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokumila kweebhaktheriya, ukusabela kwayo kwiidayi ezahlukeneyo, ukukwazi ukwenza i-spores, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

Ukuhlela iibhaktheriya ngokwamaqela ahlukeneyo kusivumela ukuba sichonge iipateni zazo zokuxhathisa amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lonyango olutsha. Ukongeza, isinceda siqonde indlela iintsholongwane ezisasazeka ngayo kunye nendlela ezibachaphazela ngayo abantu, okusivumela ukuba siyile izitofu ezisebenzayo ngakumbi.

Ngombulelo kuluhlu lweebhaktheriya, izazinzulu zinokuchonga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinokubangela izifo kunye nokuphuhlisa izitofu ezithile zokulwa nazo. ⁤Olu lwahlulo lukwavumela ukuba siqonde ukuba i-antibiotics isebenzisana njani namaqela ahlukeneyo ebhaktheriya kunye nendlela enokuphuculwa ngayo ukuze isebenze ngakumbi. Isishwankathelo, ukuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya kubalulekile kwintsimi yophando kunye nophuhliso lwe-antibiotics kunye nezitofu zokugonya, ukuvumela ukuqhubela phambili okubonakalayo ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo.

Izigqibo kunye⁢ nezindululo

Imibuzo neempendulo

Q: Yintoni ⁢ukuhlelwa kweebhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zazo?
A: Iintsholongwane zihlelwa ngokwamaqela amakhulu amabini ngokodonga lweeseli zazo: ibhaktiriya ye-Gram positive kunye ne-Gram negative bacteria.

Umbuzo: Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili ze-Gram-positive bacteria?
A: Iibhaktheriya ezinegram-positive zinodonga olungqindilili lweseli oludityaniswe ikakhulu ngumaleko wepeptidoglycan. Lo maleko ujikelezwe yi-cytoplasmic membrane. Ezi bhaktheriya zigcina idayi e-violet-blue ukusuka kwindlela ye-Gram stain, ebanika igama labo.

Umbuzo: Zeziphi ezona mpawu⁤ eziphambili zebhaktheriya yeGram negative?
A: Iibhaktheriya zegram-negative zinodonga oluncinci lweseli oluqulunqwe ngumaleko we-peptidoglycan kunye ne-membrane yangaphandle eyongezelelweyo eyenziwe yi-lipopolysaccharides. Phakathi kwezi maleko zimbini kukho indawo yeperiplasmic. Ezi bhaktiriya aziyigcini idayi e-violet-bhlowu⁢ yendlela ye-Gram stain, ngoko zibonakala zipinki xa zinebala.

Umbuzo: Zahluke njani iibhaktheriya ze-Gram-positive kunye ne-Gram negative?
A: Ukongeza kumahluko kubunzima bodonga lweseli, iibhaktheriya ze-Gram-negative nazo zine-membrane yangaphandle engekhoyo kwi-Gram-positive bacteria. Le inwebu eyongezelelweyo kwiibhaktheriya ze-Gram-negative ibanika iipropati ezithile, ezifana nokuxhathisa kwiintsholongwane ezithile.

Umbuzo: Zihlelwa njani iibhaktheriya zeGram-positive?
A: Iibhaktheriya ze-Gram-positive zihlelwa ngokwamaqela ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezifana ne-morphology yeselula, ukukwazi ukwenza i-spores okanye hayi, i-physiology yabo, kunye nokuphendula kwabo kwiidayi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemibala.

Umbuzo: Zihlelwa njani iintsholongwane zeGram⁢ ezingalunganga?
A: Njenge bhaktiriya e-Gram-positive⁢, iibhaktiriya ze-Gram-negative zihlelwa ngokwamaqela ngokusekwe kwiimpawu ezifana ne-morphology yeselula, ukukwazi ukwenza i-spores okanye hayi, i-physiology yazo, kunye nempendulo yazo kwiidayi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemibala.

Umbuzo: Kutheni kubalulekile ukwahlula iibhaktheriya ngokusekelwe kudonga lweeseli zabo?
A: Ukuhlela iibhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zabo kubalulekile kuba ukungafani kwesakhiwo sodonga lweeseli kuneempembelelo ekuphenduleni kwazo kwii-antibiotics ezahlukeneyo, ubugwenxa babo, kunye nokusebenzisana kwabo. kunye nenkqubo amajoni omzimba. Ukongeza, olu luhlu⁢ luluncedo ekuchongeni nasekunyangeni usulelo lwebhaktiriya. ngempumelelo.

Ukuququmbela

Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lokuhlela iibhaktheriya ngokodonga lweeseli zabo lubaluleke kakhulu kwinkalo ye-microbiology. Ngale nkqubo, izazinzulu zinokuchonga kwaye zahlule phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhaktheriya, eziyimfuneko ekuqondeni i-pathogenicity yazo, ukunganyangeki kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nendima yazo kwi-ecosystems. Ngokwazi iimpawu zodonga lweseli, ukwakheka kunye nokubunjwa kwezi bhaktheriya kunokumiselwa, okubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo lokuhlelwa kwe-taxonomic kunye nokufunda ekugqibeleni. Ngenxa yoko, ulwazi lokuhlelwa kwebhaktheriya ngokodonga lwayo lweeseli luyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuxilonga kunye nezonyango, ngaloo ndlela kusivumela ukuba sijongane ngokufanelekileyo nezifo ezibangelwa zezi microorganisms. Njengoko⁤ uphando kulo mmandla luqhubeleka lusanda, ukuqonda kwethu iyantlukwano yebhaktiriya kunye neziphumo⁢ zesakhiwo sabo seselula kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yesayensi kunye nempilo yoluntu iyaqhubeka ukwanda. Ngenxa yoko, uphononongo lolwahlulo lwebhaktheriya luhlala luthembisa kwaye luhlala luvela kwintsimi⁤, esinika umbono ocacileyo⁢ kunye nombono ochanekileyo wobomi be-microbial.