Ukulinganisa isantya seprosesa Yinkalo esisiseko kwinkalo yeteknoloji yolwazi. Xa sijonge ukuthenga isixhobo esitsha, nokuba yikhompyuter yedesktop, ilaptop okanye i-smartphone, enye yeempawu esizivavanya ngononophelo sisantya seprosesa. Kodwa esi santya silinganiswa njani? Kweli nqaku siza kuphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukubala kunye nokuthelekisa isantya somqhubekekisi, sikunika inkcazo ebanzi yobugcisa bale nkqubo ibalulekileyo kushishino. yezixhobo izixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Isantya seprosesa lixabiso elibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Imisela ukuba iprosesa inokukhawuleza kangakanani ukwenza imiyalelo kunye nemisebenzi, kunye nendlela enokuyenza ngayo ngokufanelekileyo imisebenzi enzima. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zomsebenzisi ngamnye, isantya esiphezulu seprosesa sinokubaluleka ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi efuna umgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza. Ngesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba esi santya silinganiswa njani kwaye zeziphi izinto ezisichaphazelayo.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa isantya seprosesa. Enye yezona zinto zisetyenziswayo kumlinganiselo kwiHertz, ebonisa inani lemijikelo yokucubungula egqitywe yiprosesa ngomzuzwana omnye. Ngamanye amazwi, inani eliphezulu leHertz, isantya esiphezulu seprosesa. Nangona kunjalo, inombolo yeHertz iyodwa ayinikezeli umfanekiso opheleleyo wesantya seprosesa, njengoko ingathatheli ngqalelo izinto ezinje ngoyilo lweprosesa okanye ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Ke ngoko, abavelisi kunye neengcali zetekhnoloji ziye zavelisa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa isantya seprosesa.
Enye yeendlela ezidumileyo kukulinganisa kwi-MIPS (Izigidi zemiyalelo ngomzuzwana).. Lo mlinganiselo usekelwe kwinani lemiyalelo iprosesa enokuyenza ngomzuzwana omnye. Okukhona inani lemiyalelo iprosesa enokuyenza ngomzuzwana omnye, kokukhona sikhulu isantya ngokweMIPS. Nangona kunjalo, njengokulinganisa kwiHertz, le ndlela ayithatheli ngqalelo ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinokuphembelela ukusebenza kokwenyani kweprosesa.
Ukuqukumbela, isantya somprosesa yinto emiselweyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo zombane. Qonda indlela esi santya silinganiswa ngayo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza oko Kubalulekile ukuvavanya nokuthelekisa ukusebenza kweeprosesa ezahlukeneyo. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siye saphonononga iikhonsepthi ezinje ngomlinganiselo kwi-Hertz kunye ne-MIPS, sibonelela ngembono yobugcisa eneenkcukacha kwinkqubo yokulinganisa isantya seprosesa. Kwicandelo elilandelayo, siya kungena nzulu ngakumbi kweminye imiba ephambili ekufuneka siyiqwalasele xa sihlalutya isantya seprosesa.
1) Intshayelelo: Yintoni isantya seprosesa kwaye ilinganiswa njani?
Isantya seprosesa Yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo xa kuvavanywa ukusebenza yekhompyutha. Ibhekisa kubuchule bomqhubekekisi ukwenza imiyalelo kunye nokwenza izibalo kwixesha elithile. Isantya silinganiswa kwiHertz (Hz), emele inani lemijikelo yewotshi iprosesa enokugqiba ngomzuzwana. Isantya esiphezulu, kokukhona iprosesa esebenzayo.
Ukulinganisa isantya seprosesa Kuqhutyelwa ngeemvavanyo ezithile ezifana nokulinganisa, okubandakanya iindidi zemisebenzi kunye nokubala ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweprosesa kwiimeko zangempela. Olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa isoftware eyenzelwe ngokukodwa, elinganisa kwaye ithelekise isantya seprosesa kunye nezinye iimodeli ezikhoyo kunye neempawu. kwimarike. Iimetriki ezisekwe kwiwotshi yangaphakathi yomqhubekekisi nazo zingasetyenziswa ukubala isantya sayo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba Isantya seprosesa asikuphela kwento egqibayo yokusebenza kwekhompyuter. Amanye amacandelo afana Imemori ye-RAM, yena ihadi drayivu kunye nekhadi lemizobo likwaphembelela ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwenkqubo. Iprosesa ekhawulezayo inokuqhuba imiyalelo emininzi ngexesha elincinci, kodwa ukuba amanye amacandelo angasebenzi kakuhle, isantya seprosesa asiyi kuguqulela kwi ukusebenza okuphuculweyo. Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukuvavanya onke amacandelo kunye ukuze ufumane umfanekiso opheleleyo wokusebenza kwekhompyuter.
2) Umlinganiselo wexesha lekloko: isiseko sokumisela isantya seprosesa
Umlinganiselo wexesha lekloko: isiseko sokumisela isantya seprosesa
Kwilizwe elikhulayo ledijithali, isantya seprosesa yinto ephambili yokusebenza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe nasiphi na isixhobo iteknoloji. Isantya sewotshi, esilinganiswa nge-hertz (Hz), simisela isantya apho imiyalelo yeprosesa iphunyezwa. Kubalulekile ukuba sibe nokuqonda okuqinileyo kwendlela isantya somqhubekekisi esilinganiswa ngayo ukuze sikhethe isixhobo esifanelekileyo kwiimfuno zethu okanye siphucule ukusebenza kweso sikhoyo.
Umlinganiselo we-clock frequency usekelwe kwi-crystal oscillator, icandelo elibalulekileyo nakwesiphi na isixhobo i-elektroniki yanamhlanje. I-crystal oscillator ivelisa iipulse zombane eziqhelekileyo ezihamba ngesantya seprosesa. Le mibhobho ilinganiswa ngemijikelo ngomzuzwana, okanye i-hertz. Okukhona iphezulu i-frequency yewotshi, kokukhona imiyalelo ngakumbi iprosesa inokuyenza ngexesha elithile, nto leyo eguqulela kwisantya sokusebenza esikhawulezayo. I-frequency yewotshi ephezulu ivumela iiprosesa ukuba zenze izibalo ezininzi okanye imisebenzi ngaxeshanye, iphucula kakhulu ukuphendula kunye namava omsebenzisi ngokubanzi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba amaxesha ewotshi ayisiyiyo kuphela into emisela isantya seprosesa. Ezinye izinto ezifana ne-microprocessor architecture, inani le-cores, i-cache kunye i-ram Zikwaphembelela ukusebenza ngokubanzi kweprosesa. Nangona kunjalo, i-frequency yewotshi iyaqhubeka isesinye sezona zalathisi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ukuqikelela isantya seprosesa kunye nokuthelekisa iimodeli ezahlukeneyo. Ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, iiprosesa zanamhlanje zifikelele kwizantya ezithe kratya, nto leyo evumela ukonyuka okukhulu kumthamo wokusetyenzwa kwezixhobo zombane.
3) Uvandlakanyo lokusebenza: imilinganiselo yokulinganisa amandla okusebenza
Amandla okucubungula yinto esisiseko xa uvavanya ukusebenza kweprosesa. Kubalulekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo uluhlu lweekhrayitheriya zokulinganisa ngempumelelo isantya seprosesa. Enye yeekhrayitheriya eziphambili yi-frequency yewotshi, emisela isantya apho iprosesa iqhuba imiyalelo. Okukhona iphezulu i-frequency yewotshi, kokukhona amandla okulungisa iprosesa. Enye ikhrayitheriya efanelekileyo bubukhulu kunye nobuninzi bememori ye-cache, ekubeni le ngcaciso iqondisa ukufikelela kwidatha kwaye ikhawuleza ukuqhutyelwa kolwazi.
Omnye umba obalulekileyo xa ulinganisa amandla okusebenza eprosesa luyilo, oluchaza indlela iprosesa ehlelwe ngayo ngaphakathi. Uyilo lwezakhiwo luchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kwamandla, kuba imisela inani lemisebenzi iprosesa enokuyenza ngaxeshanye kunye nesantya enokuthi iphume ngayo. Uyilo oluqhubela phambili kunye nolusebenzayo luya kuvumela iprosesa ukuba enze imisebenzi ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo.
Inani lee-cores kunye neentambo zomqhubekisi kwakhona luphawu olubalulekileyo ekufuneka luthathelwe ingqalelo.. I-cores ziiyunithi ezizimeleyo zokucwangcisa ezinokuthi zenze imiyalelo ngaxeshanye kwaye ngokuhambelana. Okukhona iprosesa inazo iicores, kokukhona sikhulu isakhono sayo sokusetyenzwa. Kwelinye icala, imisonto ivumela iprosesa ukuba iphathe imisebenzi emininzi ngokufanelekileyo ngokwabelana ngezixhobo. Ke ngoko, iprosesa enesibalo esiphezulu sentambo iya kwenza ngcono ngokwamandla okusebenza.
Isishwankathelo, Ukuphonononga amandla okusebenza eprosesa kubandakanya ukuthathela ingqalelo iindlela ezinje ngamaza ewotshi, ubungakanani becache kunye nobungakanani, uyilo, kunye nenani leecores kunye nemisonto.. Ezi zinto zimisela isantya kunye nomthamo wokusetyenzwa komqhubekekisi, kwaye zibalulekile kuphononongo oluchanekileyo lwentsebenzo yomqhubekekisi. Ngokuqonda ezi khrayitheriya kunye nokuzihlalutya kunye, siya kukwazi ukukhetha eyona processor ifanelekileyo ngokweemfuno kunye nezenzo zethu.
4) Iimpawu zokujonga: izixhobo zokuqikelela ukusebenza kweprosesa
Emhlabeni yetekhnoloji, ukulinganisa ukusebenza kweprosesa kubalulekile ukuvavanya umthamo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Izixhobo zokulinganisa zisivumela ukuba senze lo msebenzi ngokuchanekileyo nangokuthembeka. Umlinganiselo Inokuchazwa njengenkqubo yokuthelekisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo okanye inxalenye kumgangatho omiselweyo, kwaye yinto eqhelekileyo kwishishini leteknoloji ukulinganisa ukusebenza kweeprosesa.
Kukho ezininzi izixhobo zebenchmark ekhoyo kwimarike esinceda sivavanye isantya seprosesa. Ezi nkqubo ziqhuba uthotho lweemvavanyo eziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukulinganisa ukusebenza kweprosesa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezinje ngokubala kwemathematika, ukugqwethwa kwemizobo, ukugqithiselwa kwedatha, kunye nokukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngokunxuseneyo. Ezi mvavanyo zivelisa puntuaciones esivumela ukuba sithelekise ukusebenza kweprosesa kunye nezinye iimodeli kwimarike.
Esinye sezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zebenchmark si PassMark Benchmark. Le nkqubo yamkelwa ngokubanzi ngokuchaneka kwayo kunye nokuthembeka ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza kweprosesa. Olunye ukhetho oludumileyo yi Geekbench benchmark, ebonelela ngamanqaku asekelwe kwintsebenzo yeprosesa kwi-single-core kunye nemisebenzi emininzi. Ukongeza, kukho izixhobo ezithile zebenchmark ze iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukusebenza, okufana I-PCMark yeWindows okanye UnixBench kwiinkqubo ze-Unix.
Isishwankathelo, izixhobo zebenchmark zibalulekile ukumisela kunye nokuthelekisa ukusebenza kweeprosesa. Ezi mvavanyo zisivumela ukuba sivavanye ukusebenza kweprosesa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye sifumane amanqaku aququzelela ukuthelekisa nezinye iimodeli. Nokuba sithenga iprosesa entsha okanye sivavanya ukusebenza kwale ikhoyo, ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa kusinika umbono ocacileyo kunye nenjongo yokusebenza komqhubekekisi.
I-5) Uyilo lweprosesa: iingqwalasela eziphambili zokuvavanya isantya sayo
Uyilo lweprosesa: iingqwalasela eziphambili zokuvavanya isantya sayo
La uyilo lweprosesa Yenye yezinto ezisisiseko ezimisela isantya seprosesa. Olu lwakhiwo lubhekisa kwindlela amacandelo angaphakathi eprosesa alungelelaniswe ngayo kunye nendlela asebenzisana ngayo ukwenza imiyalelo. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe kukuhamba kwewotshi, nto leyo ebonisa isantya apho iprosesa inokuphumeza imiyalelo. Iprosesa enamaza ewotshi aphezulu iya kwenza imisebenzi ngokukhawuleza kunomnye onezandi zewotshi esezantsi.
Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yoyilo lweprosesa yi número de núcleos. Iprosesa eneecores ezininzi inamandla okwenza imiyalelo emininzi. ngaxeshanye, eyandisa kakhulu isantya sayo. Ngaphaya koko, iiprosesa ezine Iibhithi ezingama-64 Bayakwazi ukucubungula amanani amakhulu edatha kumjikelo wewotshi nganye, ephucula ngakumbi isantya sabo.
La imemori ye-cache Ikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisantya seprosesa. I-Cache iyakhawuleza, igcina ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza egcina eyona datha isetyenziswa rhoqo kunye nemiyalelo. Ukuba iprosesa inomlinganiselo omkhulu we-cache, iya kukwazi ukufikelela kwidatha kunye nemiyalelo ngokukhawuleza, eguqulela ekusebenzeni okwandisiweyo. Ngokufanayo, i ukubambezeleka kwenkumbulo Yinto ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, kuba incinci, ngokukhawuleza iprosesa inokufikelela kwimemori ephambili.
Ukuvavanya isantya seprosesa, kuyimfuneko ukuthathela ingqalelo zonke ezi ngqalelo ziphambili zoyilo loyilo. Ukudityaniswa kwewashi ephezulu, inani eliphezulu lee-cores kunye nememori ye-cache enesisa iya kuba negalelo ekusebenzeni ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo. Ngokuqonda indlela iprosesa ehlelwe ngayo ngaphakathi kunye nendlela amacandelo ayo asebenzisana ngayo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi xa kuthengwa iprosesa entsha kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kwayo kwimisebenzi efunekayo.
I-6) Iteknoloji yokuvelisa: impembelelo ekusebenzeni kweprosesa
La tecnología de fabricación yeprosesa ine a impacto directo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Njenge inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, iiprosesa zikhawuleza kwaye zisebenze ngakumbi. Okwangoku, uninzi lweeprosesa zisebenzisa i-7 okanye i-10 iteknoloji yokuvelisa i-nanometer, evumela ukudalwa kwee-chips ezincinci ezinomthamo omkhulu wokucubungula. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokuvelisa ikwabonelela ngemingeni, njengokunyuka koxinzelelo lobushushu kunye nokunciphisa ubomi beprosesa.
Enye ye izinto eziphambili echaphazela ukusebenza kweprosesa yi isantya sewotshi. Isantya sewotshi sibhekisa kwi inani lemijikelo yewotshi ngesekhondi ukuba iprosesa inokugqiba. Okukhona isantya sewotshi siphezulu, kokukhona iprosesa ikhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, isantya sewotshi ayisiyiyo kuphela into emisela ukusebenza, njengoko ezinye izinto, njengenani lee-cores kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweprosesa, nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo.
Okunye inkalo ephambili ukuthatha ingqalelo xa ulinganisa isantya seprosesa yi uyilo lwezakhiwo esetyenzisiweyo. I-Architecture ibhekisa kuyilo lwangaphakathi lomqhubekekisi kwaye imisela indlela ukusetyenzwa kwedatha kwenziwa ngayo. Ezona zakhiwo ziqhelekileyo ziyi-RISC (iKhompyutha yoMyalelo oNcitshisiweyo) kunye neCISC (iComplex Instruction Set Computer). Uyilo lwe-RISC lusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lukhawuleza ngakumbi kuba lusebenzisa imiyalelo elula kwaye lunokuphunyezwa kwimijikelo yewotshi embalwa. Nangona kunjalo, ii-architectures zeCISC zibonelela ngezinto ezininzi eziguquguqukayo kwaye zinokuphatha imiyalelo enzima ngakumbi.
I-7) Uvavanyo lokuphumelela kwamandla: into ephambili yesantya esiphezulu seprosesa
Uvavanyo lwamandla okusebenza: eyona nto iphambili kwisantya esiphezulu seprosesa
Kukhangelo oluqhubekayo lokuphucula ukusebenza kweeprosesa, ukuvavanywa kokusebenza kwamandla kuye kwaba yinto ephambili ekunqumeni isantya esiphezulu sezi zixhobo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kubhekiselele kubudlelwane phakathi komthamo wamandla asetyenzisiweyo kunye nokusebenza okanye umsebenzi owenziwe yiprosesa. Ukulinganisa amandla okusebenza kweprosesa, iimetriki ezahlukeneyo kunye neemvavanyo zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zomthwalo.
Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya amandla ombane weprosesa yi-Power Use Effectiveness (PUE), ebala umlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla apheleleyo asetyenziswe yinkqubo kunye namandla asetyenziswe yiprosesa ngokwayo. I-PUE ephantsi ibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla amakhulu, oku kuthetha ukuba iprosesa isebenzisa amandla amancinci ukwenza umsebenzi wayo. Enye i-metric ebalulekileyo yi-Thermal Design Power (TDP), emele ubuninzi bamandla ukuba inkqubo yokupholisa yeprosesa kufuneka ikwazi ukutshabalalisa ukuyigcina isebenza kakuhle. I-TDP esezantsi ibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Ezi metrics zibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiprosesa zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ukusebenza kwazo.
Ukongeza kwezi metrics zikhankanywe ngasentla, kukwakho neemvavanyo ezithile ezivavanya ukusebenza kwamandla eprosesa. Ezi mvavanyo, njenge-SPECpower, zilinganisa umthwalo wokwenyani wokulinganisa ukusebenza kweprosesa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla eprosesa kuvumela abavelisi kunye nabasebenzisi ukuba benze izigqibo ezinolwazi malunga nokukhetha iprosesa efanelekileyo kwiimfuno zabo, ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza okufunekayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla. Ngaloo ndlela, isantya esiphezulu seprosesa asichazwanga kuphela ngomthamo wayo, kodwa kunye nomthamo wamandla owusebenzisayo ukufezekisa lo msebenzi.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.