Ngokungathandabuzekiyo iiathom zizinto ezisisiseko kuphando lwenzululwazi. Ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisana kunika izazinzulu ngamathuba amaninzi okuphonononga nokuqonda izinto ezahlukeneyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ngobuchule obukhethekileyo kunye neendlela, ubume be-athomu bequantum busetyenziselwa ukuzilawula kunye nokufunda indlela abaziphatha ngayo kumanqanaba aphantse angalindelekanga. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iiathom kuphando lwezenzululwazi, siqaqambisa ezona ndlela ziphambili zobuchule kunye nokusetyenziswa okuye kwavumela inkqubela ebonakalayo kwimimandla efana nefiziksi, ikhemistri, kunye nebhayoloji.
1. Ukubaluleka kweeathom kuphando lwezenzululwazi
Ii-athom ziiyunithi ezingundoqo ze-matter kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphando lwezenzululwazi. Uphononongo lwayo lusivumela ukuba siqonde iipropati kunye nokuziphatha kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zekhemikhali, ezithi ziqhubele phambili phambili kwiindawo ezifana nekhemistri, i-physics kunye nebhayoloji.
ilele ekukwazini kwayo ukwenza iimolekyuli kunye neekhompawundi zemichiza, ezisivumela ukuba siqonde kwaye silawule izinto kwinqanaba lemolekyuli. Ndiyabulela kule nto, izifundo ezicacileyo zinokuqhutywa malunga neekhemikhali kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto, eziyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni amayeza amatsha, izixhobo kunye nobuchwepheshe.
Ngaphaya koko, ulwazi lolwakhiwo lweatom lubalulekile kwiinkalo ezifana nefiziksi ye-quantum, apho isenzeko kwizikali ezincinci kakhulu zifundwa. Ukuqonda indlela ii-electron ezijikeleza ngayo i-nucleus ye-atom kunye nendlela ezidibana ngayo enye kwenye kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinto ezinje ngokusebenza kombane, imagnethi kunye ne-radioactivity.
2. Ukusetyenziswa kweeathom njengezixhobo zokufunda kwisayensi
itshintshe indlela esiliqonda ngayo ihlabathi elisingqongileyo. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba iiathom ziyiyunithi esisiseko yenkqunto kwaye zinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokuphanda nokuqonda iziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngobuchule obahlukeneyo kunye novavanyo, abaphandi bakwazile ukukhohlisa kunye nokujonga iiathom ukuze bafumane ulwazi oluxabisekileyo.
Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa iiathom njengezixhobo zokufunda kungobuchule be-atomic force microscopy (AFM). Le ndlela ivumela umphezulu wemathiriyeli ukuba uhlalutywe ngesisombululo esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili, nokufikelela kwinqanaba le-athomu. I-AFM isebenzisa uphononongo oluhle kakhulu, olunencam equlathe iiathom, ukuskena umphezulu wemathiriyeli. Incam iziswe kufutshane ngokwaneleyo kumphezulu ukuba unxibelelwano lwenzeka phakathi kweeathom zencam kunye neeathom zesampulu, ukuvelisa umqondiso onokutolikwa ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nesakhiwo kunye neempawu zezinto.
Enye indlela esetyenzisiweyo Ukuthetha ngokubanzi, yi-spectroscopy yee-athomu ezizimeleyo, ezivumela ukuba sifunde ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-athomu kunye nokukhanya. Ngokuvuyisa iathomu enokukhanya kobude obahlukeneyo, kuyenzeka ukufumana ulwazi malunga namanqanaba amandla kunye nokuziphatha. Obu buchule buluncedo ngakumbi ekuphandeni ubume be-quantum states, kwaye bube luncedo ekuphuhliseni i-quantum computing kunye nezinye iindawo zophando oluphambili.
3. Iindlela kunye nobuchule bokusebenzisa iiathomu kuphando lwezenzululwazi
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-athom kuphando lwezenzululwazi kufuna iindlela ezichanekileyo kunye nobuchule bokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithembekileyo nezinokuthi ziphinde zenziwe kwakhona. Kukho izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo ezivumela ukubonwa kunye nokuguqulwa kwee-athomu kwinqanaba le-nanometric. Apha ngezantsi kukho iindlela ezintathu ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo kulo mmandla wokufunda.
I. Ukuskena i-microscopy yeprobe: Obu buchule busekelwe kusetyenziso lwencam ebukhali ngokugqithisileyo ehamba phezu komphezulu wesampulu. Umahluko ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwencam kunye neeathom zesampulu ivumela imifanekiso echanekileyo ukuba ifunyenwe kwimilinganiselo emithathu. Ukongeza, inokusetyenziselwa ukukhohlisa iiathom zomntu ngamnye, nokuba ngokubonelela ngezinto ezinomtsalane okanye ezothusayo ngotshintsho kuxinzelelo lomphezulu.
II. I-tweezers ye-Optical: obu bubuchule obusebenzisa amandla okukhanya ukubambisa kunye nokukhohlisa ii-athomu okanye amasuntswana kwisikali se-micro kunye ne-nano. Ngokusebenzisa imiqadi ye-laser egxininisiweyo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza imigibe ye-optical egcina iiathom zixhonywe emoyeni okanye kulwelo. Ezi tweezers zingasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amasuntswana kwicala elithile, imixube eyahlukileyo, kunye nokufunda ukusebenzisana kweemolekyuli.
III. I-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR): obu buchule busekelwe kumthetho-siseko wokuvakala kwemagnethi kwaye buvumela ukufumana ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nokwakheka kunye nokwakheka kweekhompawundi kwinqanaba leathom. Ngokusebenzisa i-magnetic field yangaphandle kunye ne-radiofrequency pulses, ii-athomu ezikhoyo kwisampulu zifunxa amandla kwaye zikhuphe izibonakaliso ezibonakalayo. I-NMR isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphando lweekhemikhali kunye ne-biochemical ukuhlalutya ulwelo kunye neesampuli eziqinileyo.
Ezi zezinye zeendlela ezisetyenziswayo ekuguquleni iiathom kuphando lwenzululwazi. Nganye kuzo ineengenelo kunye nemida yayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezi ndlela kubalulekile ukufezekisa inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yokufunda, efana ne-nanotechnology, i-physics yezixhobo kunye nebhayoloji yemolekyuli. [ISIPHELO
4. Ukusetyenziswa kweeathom zokuvelisa amandla kuphando lwezenzululwazi
ibingumxholo onomdla kwizazinzulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Njengoko ukuxhomekeka kwethu kwimithombo yamandla eqhelekileyo kusanda, imfuno yokufuna ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo iya ingxamiseka ngakumbi. Iiathomu, njengamacandelo asisiseko ezinto, ziye zaba ngumxholo wokufunda kule ndawo.
Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zenza uphando olubanzi ukuqonda indlela iiathom ezithile ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo ukuvelisa amandla. Iiathomu, xa zisetyenziswa kwaye zilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, zinokukhupha isixa esikhulu samandla. Oku kuphunyezwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya kunye nokudityaniswa kwenyukliya.
Omnye weyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo yokusetyenziswa kweeathom zokuvelisa amandla ngamandla enyukliya. Kwi-fission yenyukliya, iiathom ziyahlukana kwaye zikhuphe isixa esikhulu samandla kwinkqubo. Oku kusetyenziswa kwiziko lamandla enyukliya ukuvelisa umbane ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kokuvelisa izixa ezikhulu zeegesi zegreenhouse.
5. Igalelo le-athom ekuqondweni kwezinto kuphando lwezenzululwazi
Ukuqondwa kwezinto kuphando lwenzululwazi kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yegalelo elixabisekileyo leathom. La masuntswana amancinci enza iibhloko ezisisiseko zematter kwaye uphononongo lwabo luye lwasivumela ukuba singene kwiimfihlo zendalo kwinqanaba le-microscopic.
Iiathom zincinane kangangokuba azinakujongwa ngeliso lenyama, ngoko ke ufundisiso lwazo lufuna iindlela ezikhethekileyo nobuchule. Iingcali zenzululwazi zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-atomic force microscope (AFM) kunye ne-field emission microscope (FEM), ukuphanda nokuqonda isakhiwo kunye nokuziphatha kwee-athomu.
Ngombulelo kolu phando lwezenzululwazi, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iiathom zilungelelaniswe ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo, zenza iikhompawundi kunye neemolekyuli. Olu lungelelwaniso, lumisela iimpawu kunye neempawu zezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, indlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo iiathom kwimolekyuli yamanzi ichaza amandla ayo okunyibilikisa ezinye izinto kunye neqondo lokubila kwayo.
6. Ukusetyenziswa kweeathomu kuphando lwezenzululwazi: ukusuka kwiyeza ukuya kwi-nanotechnology
Ukusetyenziswa kweeathom kuphando lwezenzululwazi kugubungela uluhlu olubanzi lweenkalo, ukusuka kwezamayeza ukuya kwi-nanotechnology. La malungu mancinci ezinto adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni nasekuphuculeni imiba emininzi yehlabathi lethu. Ngezantsi ezinye zezicelo eziphambili apho iiathom zidlala indima ephambili.
Kwiyeza, iiathomu zisetyenziselwa uphando kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi. Umzekelo, kwezonyango Inyukliya, ii-isotopi zeathom ezisebenza ngemitha zisetyenziselwa ukuxilonga nokunyanga izifo, ezinjengomhlaza. Ngaphezu koko, i-nanomedicine iphonononga ukusetyenziswa kwee-athomu kunye neeathomu ekukhuseleni, ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo kwinqanaba le-molecular.
Kwintsimi ye-nanotechnology, ii-athomu ziyimfuneko ekwakheni nasekuphatheni ama-nanomaterials. Iingcali zenzululwazi zinokusebenzisa ii-athomu zomntu ngamnye ukudibanisa ngokuchanekileyo i-nanostructures, eyenza ukuveliswa kwezinto kunye nezixhobo ezineempawu ezizodwa. I-Nanotechnology inezicelo kumacandelo amaninzi ahlukeneyo, afana ne-electronics, izinto eziphambili, amandla kunye namayeza, kwaye ii-athomu zibalulekile kuphuhliso lwayo.
7. Iiathomu kunye nendima yazo kuphando lwezenzululwazi ngezinto ezintsha
Uphando lwezenzululwazi kwizixhobo ezitsha licandelo elibalulekileyo lokufunda kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Ngale ngqiqo, ukuqonda indima yeeathom kubalulekile, kuba zizinto ezisisiseko sezinto.
Okokuqala, iiathom zizinto ezisisiseko ezenza imathiriyeli. La masuntswana amancinci anoxanduva lweempawu kunye neempawu zawo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuziphatha kwayo kunye nombutho kwisakhiwo se-crystalline sinquma iimpawu ze-macroscopic zezinto.
Uphando lwezeNzululwazi kwizinto ezitsha lusekwe kuphononongo lweeathom kunye nokuziphatha kwazo kwinqanaba le-microscopic. Ngobuchule obuphambili obufana nokuskena itonela kunye ne-microscopy yokusasazwa I-X-reyi, ukwakheka kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwee-athomu kwizinto eziphathekayo kunokuhlalutywa. Oku kusivumela ukuba siqonde indlela abanxibelelana ngayo kunye nendlela abaphembelela ngayo iipropati zayo emzimbeni kunye neekhemikhali.
8. I-Atomic spectroscopy njengendlela yokuhlalutya kuphando lwezenzululwazi
I-atomic spectroscopy yindlela yohlalutyo esetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lwezenzululwazi. Obu buchule busekwe kuphononongo lokusebenzisana phakathi kwemitha ye-electromagnetic kunye ne-matter, esivumela ukuba sazi zombini ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zezinto ezihlalutyiweyo. Ngokusebenzisa i-atomic spectroscopy, izazinzulu zinokufumana ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nezinto ezikhoyo kwisampulu, kunye nokumisela ukugxila kwazo.
Inyathelo lokuqala kuhlalutyo lwe-atomic spectroscopy lulungiselelo lwesampulu. Oku kunokuba lulwelo, okuqinileyo okanye igesi, kwaye kufuneka ibe kwifomu ye-atom ukuze kuhlalutywe. I-Atomization inokufezekiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-atomization yomlilo, i-electro-thermal atomization okanye i-atomization ye-plasma edibeneyo.
Nje ukuba isampuli i-atomized, uchulumanco kunye ne-ionization yee-athomu ezikhoyo ziyaqhubeka. Eli nqanaba liqhutyelwa ngemitha ye-electromagnetic, enokuthi ivele kumthombo wangaphandle okanye iveliswe yinkqubo ye-ionization ngokwayo kwimeko ye-mass spectrometry. Isiganeko sokusasazeka kwemitha sibangela ukuguquka kwee-elektroni kwii-athom ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla, kuvelisa imbonakalo yeempawu ezivumela iielementi ezikhoyo ukuba zichongwe. Ezi mboniso zinokurekhodwa ngokusebenzisa ii-detectors ezifana ne-photomultipliers okanye i-diode arrays, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlalutya zisetyenziselwa ukutolika kunye nobungakanani beempawu ezifunyenweyo.
I-atomic spectroscopy iye yaba sisixhobo esisisiseko kuphando lwezenzululwazi, njengoko ivumela uhlalutyo lweesampulu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto. Uvakalelo lwayo oluphezulu kunye nokukhetha kuyenza ilungele ukufundwa kwezinto zomkhondo kwiisampulu zokusingqongileyo, ukutya, iziyobisi, phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphaya koko, ukuguquguquka kwayo kunye nobungakanani bayo buyenza ibe yindlela ebaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lekhemistri yohlalutyo. Ngokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji, i-atomic spectroscopy kulindeleke ukuba iqhubeke nokuvela kwaye ibonelele ngamathuba amatsha ophando lwesayensi.
9. Ukusetyenziswa kweeathom kuphando lwezenzululwazi lweekhemikhali kunye neentshukumo zomzimba
Uphando lwezenzululwazi malunga neekhemikhali kunye neentshukumo zomzimba luzuze kakhulu ekusebenziseni iiathom njengezixhobo kunye nezinto zokufunda. Ii-atom, eziziyunithi ezisisiseko ze-matter, zibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga neempawu kunye nokuziphatha kwezinto. Ukwenza olu hlobo lophando, iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zisetyenziswa ezivumela ukuguqulwa kunye nokuqwalaselwa kweeathomu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zeendlela eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kule ndawo yokufunda ziya kuchazwa ngezantsi.
Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa iiathom kuphando lwezenzululwazi malunga neekhemikhali kunye neempendulo zenyama kukusebenzisa ubuchule be-spectroscopy. Obu buchule buvumela ukuba sihlalutye intsebenziswano phakathi kwemitha kunye ne-matter, ukubola ukukhanya kwesiganeko kwii-wavelengths ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufunda ukukhutshwa okanye ukufunxa kwe-athomu okanye imolekyuli, kunokwenzeka ukufumanisa ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokwakheka kunye neempawu zayo. I-Spectroscopy ingasetyenziselwa zombini ukuchonga izinto zekhemikhali ezikhoyo kwisampulu kunye nokubonakalisa ukuphendula kweekhemikhali okwenzekayo.
Enye indlela ebalulekileyo kuphando lwenzululwazi yeekhemikhali kunye neentshukumo zomzimba kukuguqulwa ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwe-athomu nganye. Ukusebenzisa ubuchule obufana ne-atomic force microscopy kunye ne-tunneling microscopy, kuyenzeka ukuba ube nombono kunye nokulawula iiathomu nganye nganye. Obu buchule bokubona kwisikali se-athomu sinika ukuqonda okuneenkcukacha ngakumbi kwiikhemikhali kunye neenkqubo zomzimba. Ukongeza, iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo zinokwenziwa ukuphanda ukuba iiathom zidibana njani enye kunye nendlela eziphembelela ngayo ukusabela kweekhemikhali kunye notshintsho lomzimba.
10. Uphando lwezenzululwazi olusekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwee-athomu kunye neencinci ze-subatomic
Benza icandelo elisisiseko lokufunda kwifiziksi yanamhlanje. Olu phando lujolise ekuqondeni iinkqubo kunye neziganeko ezenzeka kwinqanaba le-subatomic, kunye nokusebenzisa olu lwazi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-electronics kunye ne-nanotechnology ukuya kwiyeza kunye namandla. Iindlela ezintathu eziphambili kolu phando ziya kuchazwa ngezantsi.
1. I-Spintronics: Enye yezona ndawo zithembisayo yi-spintronics, egxile kuphononongo kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-electron spin. I-spin yipropathi yangaphakathi yamasuntswana e-subatomic, anokuba neemeko ezimbini ezinokwenzeka: phezulu okanye phantsi. Le propati isetyenziswa kwizixhobo zombane eziphambili, ezifana ii-hard drive Umthamo ophezulu kunye neenzwa zomfanekiso. Izazinzulu ziphanda indlela yokulawula kunye nokuzinzisa ukujikeleza kwee-electron, ezinokuvula iimbono ezintsha kwicandelo le-quantum computing.
2. Ukudityaniswa kweNyukliya: Omnye umgca obalulekileyo wophando yinyukliya fusion, efuna ukuvelisa kwakhona eMhlabeni inkqubo efanayo eyenzekayo kumbindi weenkwenkwezi. Umdibaniso weNyukliya unokuba ngumthombo wamandla ococekileyo nongenasiphelo, ngaphandle kweengozi ezinxulumene nokuqhekeka kwenyukliya. Izazinzulu zisebenzela ekuphuhliseni iiathom zehydrogen ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla. Oku kuphumelela kuya kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwamasuntswana e-subatomic, kunye nokudalwa kwemimandla yemagnethi egqithisileyo ukugcina iplasma ye-fusion izinzile.
3. Iyeza lonyango kunye nonyango: Ukusebenzisana kwee-athomu kunye neengqungquthela ze-subatomic nazo zinezicelo kwintsimi yeyeza. Abaphandi bafunda indlela yokusebenzisa amasuntswana ahlawuliweyo, anje ngeeproton okanye iiyoni ezinzima, ukunyanga umhlaza ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo. Olu nyango lwamasuntswana luvumela i-tumor ukuba i-irradiated ngokukodwa, ukunciphisa umonakalo kwiithishu eziphilileyo ezijikelezileyo. Ukongezelela, iindlela ezintsha zokucinga zonyango ezisekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwee-subatomic particles ziphandwa, ezifana ne-positron emission tomography (PET), evumela ukubonwa kwe-tissue metabolism. ngexesha langempela.
Ezi zihlala zivela kwaye zinika iimbono ezintsha kwinkalo yenzululwazi kunye neteknoloji. Ukusuka kwi-spintronics ukuya kwi-nyukliya fusion kunye neyeza, uphononongo lolu nxibelelwano lubonisa isithembiso sophuhliso lobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nezisombululo kwimingeni yangoku. Ukuqonda kwayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo kuya kufuna ubuchule bobuchule obukhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo, kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweengcali zenzululwazi ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
11. Ukufunyanwa kwe-athomu kunye nobuchule bokulinganisa kuphando lwezenzululwazi
Kuphando lwezenzululwazi, ukufunyaniswa okuchanekileyo kunye nomlinganiselo weeathom kubalulekile ekuqondeni iipropathi kunye nokuziphatha kwento kwinqanaba le-microscopic. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswayo kulo mmandla ovumela ukubonwa kunye nobungakanani be-athomu ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu.
Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo kukuskena i-microscopy ye-tunnel (STM), esebenzisa incam ebukhali ukuskena umphezulu wesampulu kwaye ibone ukuguquguquka kombane oveliswa lunxibelelwano phakathi kwencam kunye neeathom. Obu buchule buluncedo ngakumbi ekuboneni iiathom zomntu ngamnye kunye nokuchonga indawo ezikuyo kanye.
Obunye ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngokubanzi yiX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), evumela ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zesampulu ukuba kuhlalutywe kumgangatho weathom. Kule ndlela, isampuli ibhobhozwa nge-X-rays yamandla aphezulu, ebangela ukukhutshwa kwee-electron zamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla. Ngokulinganisa amandla kunye nobukhulu bezi electron zikhutshwayo, kunokwenzeka ukumisela izinto ezikhoyo kwisampuli kunye nemeko yazo ye-oxidation.
12. Indima yezixhobo zenyukliya kuphando lwenzululwazi ngeeathom
Izixhobo zenyukliya zidlala indima engundoqo kuphando lwezenzululwazi ngeeathom ngenxa yokukwazi ukuvelisa iiisotophu zeradioactive kunye nokuvelisa ukuguquguquka okungaguqukiyo kweeneutron. Ezi neutron zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi izicelo zenzululwazi, ezifana radiochemistry, izinto physics, amayeza enyukliya kunye astrophysics.
Kwi-radiochemistry, ii-reactors zenyukliya zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ii-isotopi ze-radioactive ezisetyenziswa kuphononongo lwe-radiolabeling yezinto zekhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kumayeza enyukliya. Ezi isotopu zeradioactive zisetyenziswa kuvavanyo lokuxilonga kunye nakunyango lwemitha ukunyanga umhlaza.
I-Materials physics ikwaxhamla kwi-reactors zenyukliya, kuba ii-neutron eziveliswa ngabo zivumela ulwakhiwo kunye neempawu zemagneti zemathiriyeli ukuba zifundwe. Ezi zifundo zibalulekile ekuqondeni iimpawu zemathiriyeli kunye nokuphuhlisa imathiriyeli emitsha yezicelo zetekhnoloji.
Ngokufutshane, izixhobo zenyukliya zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphando lwenzululwazi ngeeathom. Ukukwazi kwabo ukuvelisa ii-isotopi ze-radioactive kunye nokuvelisa ukuguquguquka okungaguqukiyo kwe-neutron kubenza babe zixhobo eziyimfuneko kwiindawo ezifana ne-radiochemistry kunye ne-physics yezixhobo. Ezi zicelo zenzululwazi zibalulekile kuphuhliso lolwazi kunye negalelo kuphuhliso lobuchwepheshe obutsha.
13. Iiathom kunye nokufaneleka kwazo kuphando lwezenzululwazi malunga nokwakheka kwezinto
Iiathom ziiyunithi ezisisiseko ezenza into. Kuphando lwezenzululwazi malunga nokwakheka kwezinto, iiathom zidlala indima ephambili kuba ukuqonda kwazo kusivumela ukuba siqonde indlela ezilungelelaniswa ngayo kwaye zidibanise ukwenza iimolekyuli kunye nemathiriyeli. Ngobuchule obuntsonkothileyo kunye novavanyo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukutyhila iimfihlo zeeathom kwaye ziye zafumanisa ukuba into nganye yemichiza ineempawu ezahlukileyo ngenxa yolungelelwaniso kunye neempawu zeathom zayo.
Uphando lwezenzululwazi ngeeathom lusekwe kuphononongo lwesakhiwo nokuziphatha kwazo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zisebenzisa ubuchule obufana ne-electron microscopy kunye ne-spectroscopy ukufumana imifanekiso kunye nedatha kwinqanaba le-athomu. Ezi zixhobo zisivumela ukuba sijonge iiathom kwaye sihlalutye ukubunjwa kwazo, ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwazo. Ukongeza, iimodeli zethiyori kunye nokulinganisa kwekhompyuter zisetyenziselwa ukuqonda ngcono indlela iiathom ezinxibelelana ngayo kunye nendlela oku kuchaphazela ngayo iipropati zezinto.
Ulwazi lweeathom kunye nokufaneleka kwazo kuphando lwezenzululwazi kukhokelele kwinkqubela phambili kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwishishini lezinto eziphathekayo, ukuqonda iimpawu zee-athomu kuye kwavumela ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha ezineempawu ezithile, ezifana nokuhamba kombane, ukuxhathisa komatshini okanye amandla okuphendula kweekhemikhali. Ngapha koko, uphando ngeeathom luye lwakhokelela ekubeni kufunyanwe izinto ezibalulekileyo kwimichiza nefiziksi, lwandisa ulwazi lwethu ngamandla asisiseko alawula indalo iphela. Ngokuqhubela phambili ngakunye kuphando lweeathom, amathuba amatsha avulelekayo ekudalweni kwezixhobo ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, izixhobo eziphucukileyo, kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kweziganeko zendalo.
14. Amathemba exesha elizayo okusetyenziswa kweeathom kuphando lwezenzululwazi
Zithembisa kakhulu. Njengoko siqhubela phambili kwintsimi ye-nanotechnology, kulindeleke ukuba siya kukwazi ukusebenzisa kunye nokulawula ii-athomu zomntu ngamnye ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zesizukulwana esilandelayo kunye nezixhobo.
A yezicelo eyona nto inika umdla kukuyilwa kwee-quantum supercomputers. Aba matshini baya kusebenzisa ii-qubits, eziziathom okanye amasuntswana angaphantsi, ukwenza izibalo ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili. Oku kunokuguqula indlela esiqhuba ngayo kunye nokugcina ulwazi, kuvula umnyango wenkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwimimandla efana ne-cryptography kunye kukubhadla okungeyonyani.
Enye imbono enomdla kukusetyenziswa kweeathom kwezamayeza. I-Nanomedicine iya isiba yintsimi ebaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ukukwazi ukulawula ii-athomu kuya kusivumela ukuba siphuhlise amayeza asebenzayo kunye neenkqubo ezichanekileyo zokuhambisa amayeza. Ukongeza, sinokuphonononga iindlela ezintsha zokuxilonga ezithatha ithuba leempawu ezizodwa zee-athomu zokubona izifo kwangoko nangokuchanekileyo.
Ngamafutshane, iiathom zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphando lwezenzululwazi. Ukukwazi kwayo ukusebenzisana kunye nokwenza imichiza yeekhemikhali ivumela ukuba sihlolisise uluhlu olubanzi lweziganeko kunye neempawu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.
I-Spectroscopy, ekuphononongwa ngayo ukusebenzisana kwezinto kunye nemitha ye-electromagnetic, ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuphando lweeathom. Ngombulelo kobu buchwephesha, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuhlalutya ubume kunye nokwakheka kwezinto, ukuchonga izinto ezikhoyo kwiisampulu kunye nokumisela imeko yazo ye-oxidation.
Ngokunjalo, itekhnoloji yeX-reyi ibalulekile kuphando lweathom. I-X-ray diffraction, umzekelo, ivumela ukuba sinqume ubume be-athom ezintathu-dimensional yeemolekyuli kunye neekristale, ukubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo ukuqonda ukuba ii-athomu zisebenzisana njani kwaye zilungelelanise ngokwazo kwizinto eziphathekayo.
Enye inkqubela ephawulekayo kuphando lwenzululwazi ibe kukusetyenziswa kwemikroskopu enemilinganiselo ephezulu, njengemakroskopu yamandla eathom. Esi sixhobo siyakwazi ukubonwa kunye nokulawula ii-athomu zomntu ngamnye, ukuvumela ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo kweziganeko kwisikali se-athomu kunye nokuphononongwa kweempawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali kwinqanaba le-nanometer.
Ngaphaya koko, itekhnoloji ye-isotopic yokumakisha iguqule iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophando. Ngokubeka iliso kunye nokufunda ukuhanjiswa kwee-isotopes kwinkqubo, izazinzulu zinokufumana ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nebhayoloji, i-geological kunye neenkqubo zemichiza, eziqhubele phambili phambili ekuqondeni kwesakhiwo sezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokuguquka kweenkqubo ezinzima.
Ngamafutshane, ukusetyenziswa kwe-athomu kunye nobuchule obusekelwe kuzo buvumele ukuqonda okunzulu kwezinto kunye nokuziphatha kwayo, ngaloo ndlela kuququzelela ukuqhubela phambili kwesayensi kunye nayo, ukuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi. Uphononongo kunye nokuguqulwa kwee-athomu kuya kuqhubeka ukuba yinkalo ephambili yophando kwixesha elizayo, ukuvula amathuba amatsha okufunyanwa kwenzululwazi kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha. [ISIPHELO
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.