Intshayelelo:
Ulwimi lwesiSpanish, kunye nokwahluka okubanzi kwesigama kunye nemithetho yegrama, inokuba ngumceli mngeni. kubafundi yawo onke amanqanaba. Phakathi kwezona nkalo zinzima kakhulu ngumahluko phakathi kwamagama athi "njenge" kunye "njani." Ukuqala nje kokujonga, la magama mabini anokubonakala efana, kodwa eneneni aneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kunye neentsingiselo ekufuneka izithethi zaseSpanish ziqonde ngokuchanekileyo. Kweli nqaku lobugcisa, siya kuphonononga ngokucokisekileyo umahluko phakathi kwe "njani" kunye "njani," kwaye sinike imizekelo kunye nobuchule bokusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo.
Umahluko osisiseko:
Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kuka "njenge" kunye "njani" ilele kumsebenzi wayo wegrama kunye nentsingiselo yayo. Nangona omabini la magama enokuba nesihlomelo okanye isihlomelo, “njengoko” lisetyenziswa njengesihlomelo sendlela okanye uthelekiso, ngelixa elithi “njani” lisetyenziswa njengesihlomelo esibuza imibuzo okanye njengesihlomelo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba "njengoko" ligama eliguquguqukayo ngakumbi, njengoko linokudlala iindima ezininzi zegrama, ngelixa "njani" igcinelwe iimeko ezithile zombuzo okanye ugxininiso. Okulandelayo, siza kuhlolisisa ngononophelo ukusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo ngamnye.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe "as":
Olona setyenziso luxhaphakileyo elithi "njengoko" sisihlomelo sendlela, ukubonisa indlela isenzo esenziwa ngayo. Umzekelo, kwisivakalisi esithi "uElena uyanxiba" njengaye "inkosazana", "njenge" iseka indlela u-Elena anxiba ngayo, efana nenkosazana Ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza uthelekiso, njengoko "Indlu yam inkulu. njengaye "Mntakwethu." Kule meko, "njengoko" kuseka ukufana phakathi kwezindlu ezimbini. Ukongezelela, "njengoko" kunokusebenza njengesihlanganisi, ukudibanisa amagatya azimeleyo okanye angaphantsi kubudlelwane bothelekiso okanye ukulingana.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe "njani":
Kwelinye icala, igama elithi "njani" lisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengesihlomelo sokubuza malunga nendlela isenzo esenziwa ngayo. Imizekelo efana ne "Njani baphi?" nokuba"Njani "Ngaba le recipe ilungisiwe?" bonisa umsebenzi wayo wokugocagoca. Ngaphaya koko, igama elithi "njani" linokusetyenziswa njengesihlomelo, ukubonisa ukumangaliswa okanye ukuncoma. Umzekelo, kwibinzana elithi "Njani laa nkwenkwezi iyakhazimla!", "njani" ibalaselisa ubunzulu okanye ukumangaliswa kukuqaqamba kwenkwenkwezi.
Ngamafutshane, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwe "njenge" kunye "njani" kubalulekile ekuqondeni ulwimi lwesiSpanish. Ngelixa "njenge" ineendima ezahlukeneyo zegrama ezinxulumene nemo okanye uthelekiso, "njani" kuthintelwe kwimisebenzi yokubuza okanye yesikhuzo. Ukuziqhelanisa nokuwasebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo la magama kunye nokuqhelana neemeko ezahlukeneyo asetyenziswe kuzo kuya kunceda abafundi beSpanishi banxibelelane ngokuchanekileyo nangokucacileyo kuzo zonke iimeko.
-Ukusetyenziswa kunye nomahluko phakathi "Njani" kunye "Njani"
NgeSpanish, amagama athi "njenge" kunye "njani" ahlala ebangela ukudideka ngenxa yokufana kwawo ngokubhaliweyo kodwa ukungafani kwawo ekubizeni kunye nentsingiselo. "Intoni" sisihlanganisi kwaye sinokuthetha "njenge" okanye "ngendlela enye ne." Kwelinye icala, "njenga" Sisihlomelo esibuza imibuzo kwaye sisetyenziselwa ukubuza imibuzo okanye ukubonisa ukothuka. Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwala magama mabini ukunqanda ukwenza iimpazamo zegrama.
Enye indlela yokuwahlula kukuqwalasela indlela asebenza ngayo umgaqo-ntetho kwisivakalisi. "Intoni" Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa njengesihlanganisi ukwazisa uthelekiso okanye isiphumo. Umzekelo, kwisivakalisi esithi "Uyathetha njengaye Ukuba bendiyingcali" okanye "ndidiniwe, njengaye "rhoqo." Kwelinye icala, "njenga" Isetyenziswa kwimibuzo ethe ngqo okanye engathanga ngqo. Umzekelo, "Njani ingama lakho?" okanye "Ndingathanda ukwazi Njani? yenziwe." Ukujonga umxholo kunye nomsebenzi wegrama wegama kunokunceda ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi echanekileyo kwimeko nganye.
Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwala magama mabini kukubizwa. "Intoni" Libizwa ngesikhamiso esivaliweyo /o/ kunye "njenga" Libizwa ngesikhamiso esivulekileyo /ɔ/. Lo mahluko kwindlela yokubiza amagama ukwanceda ukwahlula xa uthetha endaweni yokubhala. Ngokuwabiza ngokuchanekileyo la magama, ukubhideka kuyaphetshwa kwaye unxibelelwano ngeSpanish luyaphuculwa.
– Intsingiselo kunye nomsebenzi we «Njenge»
Enye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo ngolwimi lwesiSpanish ngumahluko phakathi kwe "njenge" kunye "njani." La magama mabini anokubonakala efana, kodwa eneneni aneentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi. Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokufanelekileyo, kubalulekile ukwazi intsingiselo yazo kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Igama elithi "njengoko" linokusebenza njengesihlanganisi okanye isihlomelo sothelekiso. Njengesihlanganisi, sisetyenziselwa ukuseka ukufana okanye uthelekiso phakathi kwezinto ezimbini. Umzekelo, "Mde kakhulu." njengaye umzalwana wakhe". Kule meko, "njenge" ibonisa ukuba ubude bakhe bufana nobomninawa wakhe. Ngaphaya koko, "njenge" inokusebenza njengesihlomelo sokuthelekisa kwizivakalisi ezinje "ndiyabaleka." njengaye "umbane", apho uthelekiso lusekwe phakathi kwesantya umntu kunye nesantya sombane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "njani" isetyenziselwa ukubuza okanye ukubuza malunga nendlela okanye uhlobo eyenzeka ngayo into ethile. Ngumbuzo othe ngqo ofuna impendulo eneenkcukacha. Umzekelo, "Njani igama lakho?" nokuba"Njani "Ngaba le recipe yenziwe?" Kwezi meko, “njani” isetyenziswa ukufumana ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga negama yomntu okanye amanyathelo okulungiselela iresiphi. Isenokusetyenziswa kwakhona ukucela ingcaciso okanye iingcaciso ezithe ngqo kwisihloko esinikiweyo.
Ngamafutshane, “njengoko” kusetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa phakathi kwezinto kunye “nendlela” yokubuza imibuzo okanye ukubuza ngendlela okwenzeka ngayo okuthile. Omabini amagama abalulekile ulwakhiwo kunye nokuqonda izivakalisi kwiSpanish. Ngokuqonda intsingiselo kunye nomsebenzi wento nganye, siya kukwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye siphephe ukubhideka kwegrama. Hlala ukhumbula ukuhoya ukubhala kwakho kunye nogxininiso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uzisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.
-Intsingiselo kunye nomsebenzi ka "Njani"
Igama elithi "njani" lelinye lawona mbuzo usetyenziswayo kulwimi lwesiSpanish. Nangona kusenokubonakala kufana negama elithi “njenga” ngaphandle kwesivakalisi, intsingiselo yalo kunye nomsebenzi walo zahluke ngokupheleleyo. Okokuqala, "njenga" Isetyenziselwa ukubuza imibuzo efuna ukufumana ulwazi malunga nendlela, indlela okanye inkqubo yokwenza into. Umzekelo, "Njani "Ngaba uyayenza i-omelet yeitapile?" nokuba"Njani "Ngaba uyafika kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya?"
Ukongeza ekusebenziseni kwimibuzo, igama elithi "njani" linokusebenza njengesihlomelo semibuzo kumagatya angaphantsi. Umzekelo, kwisivakalisi esithi "Andazi Njani? uyenzile", igama elithi "njani" litshayelela igatya elayanyayo elibonisa uhlobo okanye indlela eyenziwe ngayo into. Ngapha koko, xa isetyenziswa kulo mxholo, "njenga" Inokususwa ngamabinzana afana nelithi "ngeyiphi indlela" okanye "ngayiphi indlela."
Kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba i-accent kwigama elithi "njani" iyimfuneko ukuhlula kwisihlanganisi "njenge." Ngelixa elithi "njani" lisetyenziselwa ukubuza okanye ukwazisa igatya eliphantsi, "njenge" ngaphandle kwesigxivizo sisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengesihlanganisi esithelekisayo okanye esibangelayo, umzekelo, "Ndiyathanda ukudanisa. njengaye Ndiyonwabela kakhulu" okanye "Kufuneka ufunde, njengaye "Ufuna ukuphumelela iimviwo." Kula mabinzana, "njengoko" kuseka ubudlelwane bokuthelekisa okanye unobangela kunye nesiphumo.
-Imithetho yegrama yokusetyenziswa kwe "Njenge"
Igama elithi “njenge” nelithi “njani” anokubabhida abantu abaninzi, njengoko evakala ngokufanayo kodwa esetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukuphepha ukwenza iimpazamo kwigrama, kubalulekile ukuqonda imigaqo elawula ukusetyenziswa kwayo nganye.
1. Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "njenge" njengesihlanganisi: Ngokweyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo, elithi "njenge" lisetyenziswa njengesihlanganisi sokuthelekisa ukuseka ukufana okanye uthelekiso phakathi kwezinto ezimbini. Umzekelo, "Uyacula njengaye ingelosi" okanye "Funda njengaye ukuba bekungekho ngomso. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukubonisa umsebenzi okanye indima yomntu okanye into, njengakwibinzana elithi "Act." njengaye umkhokheli weqela. Kwezi meko, elithi "njengoko" alinasigxininisi kwaye lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
2. Ukusebenzisa "njani" njengesihlomelo okanye isimelabizo: Kwelinye icala, “njani” lisetyenziswa njengesihlomelo esibuza imibuzo okanye esisikhuzo, okanye njengesimelabizo esizalanayo. Njengesihlomelo sokubuza okanye sokukhuza, sisetyenziselwa ukubuza okanye ukukhwaza ngendlela isenzo esenziwa ngayo. Umzekelo, "Njani "Ngaba uziva namhlanje?" Njani? "Uphumelele uviwo!" Njengesimelabizo esihambelanayo, "njani" yazisa igatya elayamileyo elisebenza njengokuhambelana nesenzi okanye isichazi. Umzekelo unokuba "Andiqondi Njani? wakwenza oko".
3. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye neengcebiso:Ukunqanda ukubhideka, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba "njenge" ngaphandle kwesivakalisi kusebenza njengesihlanganisi esithelekisayo, ngelixa "njani" isivakalisi sisetyenziselwa ukubuza imibuzo, ukukhwaza, okanye ukwazisa igatya elingaphantsi. Impazamo eqhelekileyo kukubhidanisa u-“like” no-“njani” xa ubuza imibuzo okanye ubonisa umothuko. Umzekelo, akulunganga ukuthi "Como Inokwenzeka! kunokuba "Njani inokwenzeka!" Elinye icebiso eliluncedo kukunikela ingqalelo kumxholo kunye nentsingiselo yebinzana ku iyasetyenziswa "njenge" okanye "njani", kuba oku kunokusinceda siqonde ukuba leliphi igama elifanelekileyo esimele silisebenzise.
-Imithetho yegrama yokusetyenziswa kwe "Njani"
Imigaqo yegrama yokusetyenziswa kwe "Njani"
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwegama elithi "como" kunokubhidanisa izithethi ezininzi zesiSpanishi, ngakumbi xa zizama ukuhlukanisa igama elithi "njani." Kubalulekile ukuqonda i Imigaqo yegrama ezilawula ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwegama ngalinye kula ukuphepha ukwenza iimpazamo ekubhaleni nasekuchazeni ngomlomo.
1. Ukusetyenziswa ko “njenge”: Eli gama lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukwenza uthelekiso okanye ukubonisa indlela into eyenziwa ngayo. Umzekelo, "Uyacula njengaye ingelosi" okanye "ndenza umsebenzi wam njengaye "Bandixelele." Kwezi meko, "njenge" isebenza njenge isimaphambili eseka ubudlelwane bokufana okanye indlela. Inokusetyenziswa kwakhona njengesihlanganisi ukudibanisa izivakalisi, njengokuba "Ndifunda kwithala leencwadi." njengaye "Undicebise ngayo."
2. Ukusetyenziswa kwe "njani": Eli gama ngokuyintloko lisetyenziselwa ukubuza imibuzo okanye ukubonisa ukumangaliswa, ukuncoma, okanye umnqweno wokwazi into ethile. Umzekelo, "Njani baphi?" okanye "Andikholelwa Njani? wenze". Kwezi meko, "njani" isebenza njenge isimelabizo sokubuza okanye sokukhuza efuna ukufumana ulwazi okanye ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo. Ikwasetyenziswa kulwakhiwo olungathanga ngqo, njengaku «Wandibuza Njani? Igama lam ndingu".
3. Umahluko obonakalayo: Umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwe "njenge" kunye "njani" ilele kwi ukwandiswa. "Njani" inesinyanzeliso ku-"ó" ukuyohlula ku-"njenge". Ukongeza, igama elithi "njengoko" linokuba nezinye iindlela zokusetyenziswa kulwimi, njengokubonisa ukufana okanye ubungakanani, ngelixa elithi "njani" lilinganiselwe ngokuyintloko kwimibuzo kunye nokubonakalisa ukumangaliswa. Ukuze uphephe ukubhideka, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo kuxinezeleko nomongo elisetyenziswe kuwo igama ngalinye kula.
-Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo xa ubhidanisa "Njani" kunye "Njani"
Kwimihla ngemihla yokubhala kunye nentetho, kuqhelekile ukwenza iimpazamo ngokubhidanisa amagama athi "njenge" kunye "njani." Nangona zibizwa ngokufanayo, zineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ezi yantlukwano ukuphepha ukubhideka kunye nokunxibelelana ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa ngendlela engafanelekanga kwe "like": Maxesha amaninzi Igama elithi "njengoko" lisetyenziswe ngokungachanekanga, xa "njani" kufuneka lisetyenziswe. Umzekelo, kumbuzo othi “Ungandicacisela yenziwa njani oku?" Kuyimpazamo ukusebenzisa igama elithi "njenge" endaweni yokuthi "njani." Kule meko, "njani" kufuneka ibe nesivakalisi kwaye isetyenziselwa ukubuza okanye ukucela ingcaciso malunga nendlela yokwenza into ethile.
Ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwegama elithi “njenge”: Igama elithi "njenge", ngaphandle kwesivakalisi, lisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengesihlanganisi esithelekisayo okanye ukuvakalisa indlela okanye indlela. Umzekelo, kwibinzana elithi "Walk as if floating," "like" lisetyenziswa ukubonisa indlela umntu ahamba ngayo. Ikwasetyenziswa xa kuthelekiswa, njengoko kwibinzana elithi "Umde njengodade wabo." Kuzo zombini ezi meko, elithi "njengoko" alinayo i-accent.
Ezinye iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo: Ukongeza kubhideko phakathi kuka "njenge" kunye"njani", kuqhelekile ukwenza iimpazamo xa udibanisa la magama nomanye. Umzekelo, kufuneka ukuphephe ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi "as well as", kuba into echanekileyo onokuyenza kukusebenzisa "as well as" (kunye tilde ku "njani"). Ngokukwanjalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba “njengoko” kufuneka kwandule ibinzana okanye igatya, ngelixa elithi “njani” lisetyenziswa kwimibuzo okanye kwizicelo zengcaciso. Umzekelo, akulunganga ukuthi "Ndixelele indlela yokwenza, wenze njani", into echanekileyo iya kuba "Ndixelele indlela yokwenza, wenze njani".
Ngamafutshane, kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni umahluko phakathi kuka “njengoko” kunye “nonjani” ukuphepha ukubhala iimpazamo kunye nokunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo indlela esebenzayo. Khumbula ukuba "njenge" ngaphandle kwesivakalisi sisetyenziswa njengesihlanganisi sokuthelekisa okanye ukubonisa indlela, ngelixa "njani" ngesigxivizo sisetyenziswa kwimibuzo okanye kwizicelo zengcaciso. Ukuphepha “ukudibanisa ngokungafanelekanga” la magama nokuwasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo kuya kuphucula ukucaca nokuchaneka kulwimi lwethu olubhalwayo noluthethwayo.
-Iingcebiso zokuthintela ukubhideka phakathi kwe "Njani" kunye "Njani
»ngeSpanish
1. Umahluko phakathi ko “Njani” kunye “Njani”
Xa kufikwa ekwahluleni phakathi kwamagama "Como" kunye "Como" ngeSpanish, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwawo kunye nomsebenzi wawo. "Intoni" lisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengesihlomelo, isihlanganisi, okanye isalathandawo, kanti "Nje" isebenza njengesihlomelo okanye isimelabizo esibuza imibuzo.
Ukuze uphephe ukuwasebenzisa kakubi la magama anembonakalo efanayo, nikela ingqalelo kumongo asetyenziswe kuwo. Ukuba ujonge uku ukuchaza "Njenge" okanye "Ukuthanda," kuya kufuneka ukhethe "Intoni". Kwelinye icala, xa ubuza imibuzo okanye izikhuzo, "Nje" lukhetho olulungileyo.
2. Iingcebiso zokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo
Nanga amanye amacebiso ayimfuneko ukuze uwasebenzise ngokufanelekileyo "Intoni" kwaye "Nje" ngokubhala kwakho iSpanish kunye neencoko:
- Khumbula i-accent: Uphawu lwesivakalisi lubalulekile ekwahluleni phakathi ko "Njani" kunye "Njani." Ilizwi "Nje" isoloko iphethe isivakalisi kwilungu lesibini, igxininisa ubunjani bayo bokubuza imibuzo okanye ukukhuza.
- Yila imibuzo ecacileyo: Xa ubuza imibuzo, sebenzisa "Nje" ukubuza ngoluvo lomntu, iimvakalelo, ukhetho, okanye iindlela zokwenza into ethile. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ixesha lokusebenzisa amagama ancinayo ngokufanelekileyo.
- Guqulela ngokwentsingiselo: Ukunqanda ukubhideka, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uguqulele amagama ngokomxholo. Umzekelo, ukuba "njenge" okanye "thanda" ingena ngcono kwisivakalisi, sebenzisa "Intoni". Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba isivakalisi sifuna "njani" okanye sithetha umbuzo, khetha "Nje".
3. Ziqhelanise neMastery
Ukugqibelela ukusetyenziswa "Intoni" kunye "Nje" kufuna ukuziqhelanisa. Ukuzibandakanya kuqheliselo lolwimi olungaguqukiyo kuya kunceda ukubethelela ukusetyenziswa kwabo okuchanekileyo. Nanga amanye amacebiso asebenzayo:
- Funda kwaye umamele: Jonga uncwadi lweSpanish okanye umamele iincoko eziyinyani, ugxile enini kwaye njani "Intoni" kwaye "Nje" zisetyenziswa.
- Bhala imizekelo yezivakalisi: Yenza izivakalisi usebenzisa amagama omabini kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ukomeleza ukuqonda kwakho.
- Thatha inxaxheba kutshintshiselwano ngeelwimi: Zibandakanye kwiincoko nezithethi zomthonyama ezinokunika ingxelo yexesha lokwenyani ekusebenziseni kwakho "Intoni" kwaye "Nje".
Ngokunikezela ixesha kunye nomzamo wokubamba iinuances zala magama, kungekudala uya kuwenza kakuhle umahluko phakathi "Intoni" kwaye "Nje", iphucula ubuchule bakho bolwimi lwesiSpanish.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.