Ukugxila kwezisombululo: Iintlobo kunye nokuzivocavoca

Ugxininiso lwezisombululo yingcamango esisiseko kwikhemistri kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda ngokufanelekileyo le nto, kubalulekile ukuba uqhelane neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokugxila kwaye ulawule imithambo ehambelanayo. Kweli phepha elimhlophe, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa ukugxininiswa kwesisombululo kunye nokubonelela ngemizekelo ebonakalayo ukuququzelela ukufundwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi ngongoma ziphambili. Lungiselela ukuntywila kwihlabathi elinomdla lokugxininiswa kwesisombululo kwaye ufumane izakhono eziyimfuneko ukuze ube nokuqonda okuqinileyo kunye nokusebenzayo kweli candelo lekhemistri.

1. Intshayelelo yogxininiso lwesisombululo: iikhonsepthi eziphambili kunye nemigaqo

2. Iindidi zogxininiso lwesisombululo: isishwankathelo seendlela ezahlukeneyo

Ukugxininiswa kwezisombululo ngumbono osisiseko kwikhemistri kwaye unezicelo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neyeza, ezolimo kunye neshishini. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumisela ukugxininiswa kwesisombululo, nganye kuzo ifaneleka ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile zeengxaki. Kweli candelo, siza kubonisa amagqabantshintshi eendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxinanisa isisombululo.

Indlela yokuqala esiya kuyiphonononga kugxininiso lwepesenti. Oku kubonakaliswa njengepesenti ngomthamo okanye ubunzima besolute kwisisombululo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba sine-2% yesisombululo se-sodium chloride ngobunzima, oku kuthetha ukuba i-2 grams ye-sodium chloride yachithwa kwi-100 grams yesisombululo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le milinganiselo inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezithile zengxaki nganye.

Enye indlela esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yimolarity. Oku kuchazwa njengenani lee-moles ze-solute ezikhoyo kwilitha enye yesisombululo. I-Molarity ichazwa yileta uM kwaye ibalwa ngokuhlula inani le-moles ye-solute ngomthamo kwiilitha zesisombululo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba sinesisombululo se-hydrochloric acid kunye ne-molarity ye-1 M, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho i-mole ye-hydrochloric acid echithwe kwi-1 ilitha yesisombululo. I-Molarity isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizibalo zokusabela kweekhemikhali kunye nokuzimisela kobungakanani.

Ekugqibeleni, siya kukhankanya ugxininiso kwiindawo ngesigidi (ppm). Le ndlela yokusebenza isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ugxininiso oluncinci kakhulu, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezifana ne-toxicology yokusingqongileyo kunye nobunjineli bemichiza. Ukugxininiswa kwi-ppm kubonisa inani lamalungu e-solute kwisigidi seengxenye zesisombululo. Umzekelo, ukuba a amanzi osela Ine-lead concentration ye-10 ppm, oku kuthetha ukuba kukho iinxalenye ezili-10 zelothe kwisigidi seengxenye zamanzi. Le ndlela yokusebenza iluncedo kakhulu xa ugxininiso oluphantsi kakhulu lwezinto kufuneka lulinganiswe.

3. Ugxininiso lwe-Molar: izibalo kunye nokuzivocavoca okusebenzayo

Ukwenza izibalo kunye nokuzivocavoca okusebenzayo okuhambelana nokugxilwa kwe-molar, kubalulekile ukuqonda ingcamango esisiseko yeli gama. Uxinzelelo lwe-Molar lubonisa inani le-solute ekhoyo kwisisombululo ngokumalunga nomthamo opheleleyo wesisombululo. Ibonakaliswa kwiimoles ilitha nganye (M), oko kuthetha ukuba Inani le-moles ye-solute kunye nomthamo wesisombululo zithathelwa ingqalelo.

Ukwenza izibalo zoxinzelelo lwe-molar, kufuneka siqale sazi ubunzima be-solute kunye nomthamo wesisombululo. Emva koko, i-molar concentration formula isetyenziswa, ethi:

C = n/V

Apho "C" imele i-molar concentration kwii-moles ilitha nganye, "n" inani le-moles ye-solute kwaye "V" ngumthamo wesisombululo kwiilitha. Ukulandela le nkqubo, singakwazi ukusombulula imithambo osebenzayo kwaye umisele ukugxininiswa kwe-molar yesisombululo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba iiyunithi kufuneka ziguqulwe ngokuchanekileyo (i-mol kunye ne-L) ukufumana umphumo ochanekileyo.

4. Uxinzelelo lwepesenti yobuninzi: izicelo kunye nemizekelo esonjululweyo

Ukugxininiswa kwepesenti yobuninzi sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwikhemistri ukubonisa ubungakanani be-solute ekhoyo kwisisombululo. Ichazwa njengepesenti yobunzima be-solute ngokumalunga nobunzima bubonke besisombululo. Lo mlinganiso uluncedo ngakumbi ekulungiseleleni izisombululo kunye nokubalwa kweekhemikhali.

Ukubala i-mass percent concentration, kufuneka ukwazi ubunzima be-solute kunye nobuninzi besisombululo. Nje ukuba unayo le datha, ingasetyenziswa le fomyula ilandelayo:

Uxinzelelo lwepesenti yobunzima = (Ubunzima be-solute / Ubuninzi besisombululo esipheleleyo) * 100%

Umzekelo, masithi unesisombululo sesodium chloride (NaCl) enobunzima be-200 grams. Ukuba i-50 grams ye-sodium chloride yongezwa kwesi sisombululo, i-mass percent concentration ingabalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Bala ubunzima obupheleleyo besisombululo: 200 grams (ubunzima bokuqala) + 50 grams (ubunzima be-solute) = 250 grams.
2. Faka i-mass percent concentration formula: (50 grams / 250 grams) * 100% = 20%.

Ngoko ke, ipesenti enkulu yoxinaniso lwesisombululo se-sodium chloride yi-20%. Le ndlela yokubala isisiseko kwiinkalo ezininzi zekhemistri, ezifana nokulungiselela izisombululo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufundwa kweekhemikhali.

5. Ugxininiso kwiindawo ngesigidi (ppm): izibalo zodilution kunye neengxaki eziqhelekileyo

Ukubala ugxininiso kwiindawo ngesigidi (ppm) kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ingcamango yokuhlanjululwa. I-Dilution yinkqubo yokunciphisa ukuxinana kwento ngokudibanisa isinyibilikisi. Ugxininiso lokugqibela lwesisombululo esihlanjululweyo lubonakaliswe kwi-ppm, oku kuthetha iinxalenye ngesigidi.

Ukusombulula iingxaki ye dilution kwaye ufumane ugxininiso kwi ppm, uthotho lwamanyathelo kufuneka lulandelwe. Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukugqiba inani le inyibiliki kunye ne-solvent isetyenziswe ekuxutyweni. Ukugxininiswa kwi-ppm ke kubalwa ngokwahlula inani le-solute ngexabiso elipheleleyo lesisombululo (i-solute + i-solvent) kwaye iphinda-phinda ngesigidi esinye.

Umzekelo, masithi sinesisombululo esine-10 grams ye-solute kwi-100 ml ye-solvent. Ukubala i-concentration kwi-ppm, sahlula inani le-solute (10 grams) ngexabiso elipheleleyo lesisombululo (10 grams + 100 ml) kwaye siphindaphinde ngesigidi esinye. Isiphumo kukuxinana kweenxalenye kwisigidi ngasinye, esisixelela ubungakanani be-solute ekhoyo kwisigidi seenxalenye zesisombululo.

6. I-serial dilutions: ubuchule kunye neenkqubo zokufumana ukugxilwa okuhlukeneyo

I-serial dilutions bubuchule belabhoratri obusetyenziselwa ukufumana ugxininiso olwahlukileyo lwesisombululo kwisampulu yokuqala. Ezi dilution zenziwa ngokongeza ngokuqhubekayo i-diluent kwisampulu, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni okucothayo koxinaniso lokuqala.

Inkqubo yokwenza i-serial dilution iqala ngokulungiswa kwesisombululo se-stock of concentration eyaziwayo. Ukusuka kwesi sisombululo, isixa esincinci sithathwa kwaye songezwa kumthamo owaziwayo we-diluent ukufumana i-dilution yokuqala. Le dilution ixutywe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ixabiso elincinci lithathwa kwakhona ukuphinda inkqubo, ukufumana i-dilution yesibini. Le nkqubo Iphindaphindwa ngokulandelelanayo de kufumaneke ugxininiso olufunwayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulandela ngokucophelela imiyalelo kwaye usebenzise izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-pipettes kunye neesilinda ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo isampuli kunye nomthamo odibeneyo. Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukuleyibhelisha ngokuchanekileyo idilution nganye efunyenweyo kwaye ugcine irekhodi eneenkcukacha zokugxila ukuphepha iimpazamo kwizibalo ezilandelayo.

7. I-Molarity kunye nokuqhelekileyo: ukungafani kunye nezicelo ekugxininiseni izisombululo

I-Molarity kunye nesiqhelo ziiyunithi ezimbini zoxinaniso ezisetyenziswa kwi-chemistry ukulinganisa inani le-solute ekhoyo kwisisombululo. Nangona zombini iiyunithi zinxulumene nokugxila, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo.

I-Molarity ichazwa njengenani lee-moles ze-solute kwilitha yesisombululo. Ibonakaliswa kwii-moles ilitha nganye (mol / L) kwaye ibalwa ngokuhlula inani le-moles ye-solute ngomthamo wesisombululo kwiilitha. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-molarity ithatha ingqalelo kuphela inani le-moles ye-solute kwaye ayiqwalasele nayiphi na enye impawu yeekhemikhali.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqheleka kuchazwa njengobungakanani begram-elingana ne-solute kwilitha yesisombululo. Ichazwe kwigram-elinganayo ilitha nganye (eq / g / L) kwaye ibalwa ngokuhlula inani legram-elingana ne-solute ngomthamo wesisombululo kwiilitha. Isiqhelo sithathela ingqalelo i-reactivity ye-solute, ekubeni i-gram-equivalents inxulumene neekhemikhali.

8. Ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo ekugxininiseni izisombululo: isisombululo samanyathelo ngamanyathelo

Kweli candelo, siya kukubonelela ngesikhokelo esineenkcukacha malunga nendlela yokusombulula izisombululo zovavanyo olusebenzayo. Ukuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda iingcamango ezisisiseko ngaphambi kokujongana neengxaki. Uxinaniso lwezisombululo lubhekisa kwisixa sesolute esikhoyo kwisixa esinikiweyo sesinyibilikisi. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuxuba izisombululo kunye nokubala ukumisela ukugxininiswa okubangelwayo.

Ukusombulula olu hlobo lwemithambo, kubalulekile ukwazi iiyunithi zoxinaniso eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nemolarity, ipesenti yobunzima kunye namalungu kwisigidi (ppm). Nje ukuba uziqonde ezi ngqikelelo zisisiseko, unokulandela la manyathelo angezantsi ukusombulula iingxaki zoxinzelelo:

• 1. Chonga idatha enikezelweyo kwingxelo yengxaki.
• 2. Misela iiyunithi zoxinaniso ezifunekayo kwisisombululo.
• 3. Sebenzisa iifomyula ezifanelekileyo ukubala ugxininiso olufunwayo.
• 4. Faka endaweni amaxabiso aziwayo kwiifomyula kwaye wenze izibalo eziyimfuneko.
• 5. Jonga iziphumo zakho kwaye uqinisekise ukuba iiyunithi ziyahambelana.

Khumbula ukuba ngexesha lenkqubo yokusombulula le mizobo, kubalulekile ukubeka ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha kwaye ulandele inyathelo ngalinye ngononophelo. Ukusebenzisa ikhaltyhuleyitha yenzululwazi kunokwenza ukubala kube lula kwaye kuqinisekise ukuchaneka okukhulu. Ukukunceda, siza kukunika imizekelo esebenzayo ebonisa indlela asebenza ngayo la manyathelo. Qhubeka uziqhelanisa kwaye kungekudala uya kuba yingcali yokusombulula iingxaki zoxinzelelo!

9. Ukubalwa kobunzima obufunekayo ukulungiselela isisombululo esinikiweyo: imizekelo kunye nengcaciso ecacileyo

Ekubaleni ubunzima obuyimfuneko ukulungiselela isisombululo esinikiweyo, kubalulekile ukulandela inkqubo Inyathelo nenyathelo ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Apha ngezantsi kukho ingcaciso enzulu yendlela yokwenziwa kolu balo.

1. Ukugqiba ugxininiso olufunwayo lwesisombululo: Ngaphambi kokubala ubunzima obufunekayo, kuyimfuneko ukuseka ukugxininiswa okufunekayo kwesisombululo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukulungisa isisombululo se-sodium chloride ye-2%, le ngqwalasela kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ekubaleni okulandelayo.

2. Fumana i-chemical formula kunye ne-molar mass ye-solute: I-chemical formula ye-solute ifumaneka kwi-periodic table. Nje ukuba unayo ifomyula, ungabala ubunzima be-molar ye-solute ngokudibanisa ubunzima be-athomu yezinto ezizibumbayo. Oku kunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo ze-intanethi okanye ngokubonisana neetafile zobunzima beatom.

3. Bala ubunzima obuyimfuneko: Ekugqibeleni, unako ukubala ubunzima obuyimfuneko ukulungiselela isisombululo esifunekayo. Kule nto, ifomula isetyenziswa:

[Umbhalo{Ubunzima obuyimfuneko} = umbhalo{Umthamo wesisombululo} amaxesha ombhalo{Ugxininiso olufunekayo}]

Apho umthamo wesisombululo kufuneka ubonakaliswe ngeelitha kwaye ugxininiso olufunekayo lubonakaliswe njengepesenti. Kubalulekile ukuguqula iiyunithi ngokuchanekileyo phambi kokuba wenze izibalo. Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukulungisa i-500 mL yesisombululo se-2%, ubunzima obufunekayo bubalwa ngokuphindaphinda i-0.5 L (500 mL kwiilitha) ngo-0.02 (2% kwidesimali).

Ngokulandela la manyathelo, kunokwenzeka ukubala ngokuchanekileyo ubunzima obuyimfuneko ukulungiselela isisombululo kunye noxinzelelo olunikiweyo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba le nkqubo inokuhluka ngokuxhomekeka kwiimpawu ezithile zesisombululo ngasinye, ngoko kuyacetyiswa ukuba udibane nemithombo eyongezelelweyo kwaye usebenzise izixhobo zokubala ezifanelekileyo.

10. Ukumiselwa koxinzelelo lwezisombululo ngeendlela zezixhobo

Bubuchule obusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwikhemistri yohlalutyo. Ezi ndlela zinikeza ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokuchaneka kwi-quantification yeekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo kwisisombululo. Eli candelo liza kuchaza amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukwenza oku kuzimisela. ngempumelelo.

Ukuqala, kubalulekile ukukhetha eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yesixhobo yokumisela ukuxinana kwesisombululo kumbuzo. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo, ezifana ne-spectrophotometry, i-chromatography okanye i-electrophoresis, phakathi kwezinye. Indlela nganye ineengenelo zayo kunye nemida, ngoko nto leyo iyimfuneko Vavanya ngokucokisekileyo ukuba yeyiphi eyona ifanelekileyo kuhlalutyo oluchaphazelekayo.

Emva kokuba indlela ikhethiwe, isampuli kufuneka ilungiswe ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukuchithwa kwesampuli kwi-solvent efanelekileyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukunyibilika kunye nokuzinza kwe-compound of interest. Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukucoca isampuli ukuphelisa naziphi na iincinci eziqinileyo okanye ukungcola okunokuphazamisa ukuzimisela. Ukugxininiswa kwesisombululo kufuneka kulungiswe xa kuyimfuneko, ngokuhlanjululwa okanye ukugxininisa isampuli yasekuqaleni.

11. Ugxininiso kwizisombululo zegesi: iindlela zokubala kunye nokuzivocavoca kwesicelo

Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iindlela zokubala ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuxinana kwizisombululo zegesi. Siza kufunda indlela yokusombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nokugxilwa kwerhasi kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa obu buchule ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa.

Ukubala ugxininiso kwizisombululo zegesi, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili: indlela yoxinaniso lwe-molar kunye nendlela ye-mole fraction. Indlela yoxinaniso ye-molar isetyenziselwa ukumisela ubungakanani begesi echithwe kwisisombululo njengomsebenzi womthamo wayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indlela yeqhekeza le-mole isetyenziselwa ukumisela umlinganiselo wegesi ethile kumxube wegesi.

Ukubala i-molar concentration yesisombululo segesi, ifomyula isetyenziswa: Uxinzelelo lwe-molar (M) = i-moles yegesi / umthamo wesisombululo (L). Kwimeko yendlela yeqhezu le-mole, ifomula esetyenzisiweyo yile: iqhezu le-mole (X) = i-moles yegesi / i-moles iyonke yomxube. Ngemizekelo eneenkcukacha kunye nokuzivocavoca okusebenzayo, siya kufunda ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela zokubala ukusombulula iingxaki zoxinzelelo kwizisombululo zegesi.

12. Iingxaki zokuhlanjululwa kunye nogxininiso lwezisombululo: iikhonsepthi eziphambili kunye nesisombululo semisebenzi enzima

Kweli candelo, siza kugocagoca kwiingxaki zokuhlanjululwa kunye noxinzelelo lwezisombululo, sijongane neekhonsepthi eziphambili kunye nokusombulula imithambo enzima. Ukuqonda ngcono ezi ngqikelelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda iziseko ze-dilution kunye noxinzelelo lwezisombululo.

Njengoko siqhubela phambili kwisifundo sesi sihloko, sidibana neengxaki ezifuna indlela eneenkcukacha kunye nobuchule. Ukusombulula le mizobo enzima, ukuqonda okucacileyo kweendlela ezisebenzayo kunye nobuchule buyimfuneko.

Kweli candelo, siya kunika inyathelo ngenyathelo tutorials kunye nemizekelo eya kukunceda uqonde kwaye usombulule ezi ngxaki. ngempumelelo. Siza kwabelana ngeengcebiso eziluncedo kunye nezixhobo eziza kwenza ukubala kwakho kube lula kwaye zikuvumele ukuba ufumane iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ukuziqhelanisa rhoqo kubalulekile ukuphucula izakhono zakho ekusombululeni le mithambo inzima. Siza kuphonononga iimeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye sikubonelele ngazo zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze ukwazi ukuziqonda ngokupheleleyo iingxaki zokuhlanjululwa kunye noxinzelelo lwezisombululo!

13. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ekugxininiseni izisombululo: ukuchongwa kunye nokulungiswa

Ukugxininisa izisombululo ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo kwilabhoratri, kodwa iimpazamo ziyenziwa ezinokuthi zibeke esichengeni iziphumo zovavanyo. Eli candelo liza kuphonononga ezona mpazamo zixhaphakileyo ekugxininiseni izisombululo, kunye nezicwangciso zokuzichonga ngokuchanekileyo nokuzilungisa.

Enye yeempazamo eziqhelekileyo kukulinganiswa okungalunganga kwemithamo ye-solutes kunye ne-solvents. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo, ezinjengeepipettes ezilungelelanisiweyo okanye ii-burettes, kwaye ulandele iindlela ezilungileyo zokubeka imibhobho. Ukongezelela, kubalulekile ukuthatha iqondo lokushisa kunye noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric xa ulinganisa umthamo, njengoko banokuchaphazela ukugxininiswa kokugqibela kwesisombululo.

Enye impazamo eqhelekileyo kukudideka phakathi koxinzelelo lwe-molar kunye nobunzima / ukugxila kwevolumu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini kwaye usebenzise ifomula echanekileyo xa usenza izibalo. Ukunqanda le mpazamo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uphonononge iikhonsepthi ezisisiseko zokugxila kwizisombululo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nazo imizekelo kunye nokuzilolonga.

14. Ukusetyenziswa okusebenzayo koxinzelelo lwezisombululo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye nezobugcisa

Ukugxininiswa kwesisombululo bubuchule obusisiseko kunye nezicelo ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye nezobugcisa. Apha ngezantsi kuya kuboniswa ezinye yezicelo uninzi lweendlela ezifanelekileyo ezixhamla kobu buchule.

Kwinkalo yekhemistri, ukuxinwa kwezisombululo kubalulekile ukugqiba inani elichanekileyo le-solute echithwe kwi-solvent. Oku kuvumela imilinganiselo echanekileyo yeepropati zeekhemikhali, ezifana nobuninzi, i-viscosity kunye ne-pH. Ukongeza, ugxininiso lwezisombululo lusetyenziswa ekulungiseleleni ii-reagents, ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, kunye nophando lwezenzululwazi. Ukwenza le misebenzi, kubalulekile ukwazi iiyunithi zoxinaniso ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nemolarity, normality, and mass percentage.

Kwishishini lamachiza, ukugxilwa kwesisombululo kubalulekile kwimveliso yamachiza. Oosokhemesti kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba idosi echanekileyo yesithako esisebenzayo ikhona kwisisombululo. Ukongeza, amaqela ezonyango asebenzisa izisombululo ezigxininisiweyo zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kwizixhobo zonyango. Kubalulekile ukulandela i-dilution efanelekileyo kunye neeprothokholi zoxinaniso ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko lwezi mveliso. Ngaloo ngqiqo, iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo zingasetyenziselwa ukubala kunye nokulungelelanisa ukugxininiswa kwezisombululo, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo echanekileyo kunye neepayipi ze-volumetric.

Ukuqukumbela, ugxininiso lwezisombululo luluvo olusisiseko kwikhemistri kwaye lunokubaluleka okukhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye netekhnoloji. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siye sahlalutya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoxinaniso lwezisombululo, ukusuka kwipesenti yoxinaniso ukuya kwimolarity kunye nokuqhelekileyo.

Siphinde sahlola iindlela kunye neefomyula ezisetyenziselwa ukubala kunye nokuvakalisa ukugxininiswa kwesisombululo, kunye nezinto ezichaphazelayo. Ukongeza, sinikezele ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa ukuqinisa ulwazi olufunyenweyo.

Ukukwazi ukuqonda kunye nokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ugxininiso lwezisombululo kubalulekile ukwenza imifuniselo, ukwenza izibalo ezichanekileyo, kunye nokufumana iziphumo ezithembekileyo kwicandelo lezenzululwazi. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuzazi iikhonsepthi ezichazwe kweli nqaku.

Siyathemba ukuba usifumene esi sikhokelo siluncedo kwaye sikunikeze ukuqonda okuqinileyo koxinzelelo lwesisombululo. Khumbula ukuziqhelanisa rhoqo nokuzivocavoca okucetywayo ukomeleza izakhono zakho kunye nokuphucula ubuchwephesha bakho kulo mba ubalulekileyo wekhemistri.

Njengoko uqhubeka uhlola ihlabathi elinomdla lekhemistri, sincoma ukuqhubeka nokwandisa ulwazi lwakho kwezinye izihloko ezinxulumeneyo, ezifana ne-dilution of solutions, i-osmolarity kunye ne-stoichiometry. Olu lwazi luncedisayo luya kukunceda ube yingcali ekusetyenzisweni nasekuhlalutyeni izisombululo zemichiza.

Qhubeka ufunda kunye nokuzama, kwaye uya kuba yinkosi yokwenyani yokugxila kwisisombululo!