Yayiyintoni ikhompyutha yokuqala?

Yayiyintoni ikhompyutha yokuqala?

Ihlabathi leteknoloji liqhubela phambili ngokuxhuma kunye nemida, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula imvelaphi yezixhobo esiyisebenzisa yonke imihla. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa kwimbali yeekhompyuter ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na ikhompyutha yokuqala idalwe emntwini. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo ukuya ekuveleni kweenkqubo zekhompyutha zale mihla, siza kuphonononga awona manyathelo abalulekileyo aphawule isiqalo sexesha lobuchwepheshe. Hlanganyela nathi kolu hambo lunika umdla kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuveza isiganeko esibalulekileyo esabeka isiseko sekhompuyutha yale mihla.

1. Imvelaphi yekhompyuter: ukusuka ekuqaleni kwekhompyuter ukuya kwikhompyuter yokuqala eyaziwayo

Uphuhliso lweekhompyuter zanamhlanje luyisiphumo sokuqhubela phambili rhoqo kwicandelo lekhompyuter. Ukusuka kwiinzame zokuqala zokuzenzekelayo iinkqubo zemathematika kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukuya ekuyilweni kwekhompyuter yokuqala kwinkulungwane yama-20, imbali yekhompyuter ibe yindlela yokufumanisa kunye nezixhobo ezintsha. Imfuneko yezixhobo zokubala ezikhawulezayo nezisebenza kakuhle ukwenza izibalo ezintsonkothileyo yabangela ukuba izazinzulu neengcali zezibalo zenze oomatshini abanokusetyenzwa ngolwazi ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iikhompyuter zokuqala ze-electromechanical kunye ne-elektroniki zaphuhliswa. Aba matshini basebenzisa amacandelo oomatshini kunye nombane ukwenza izibalo zemathematika kunye nokucwangcisa ulwazi. Umzekelo ophawulekayo yi-injini yohlalutyo ecetywayo nguCharles Babbage ngowe-1837, eyayithathwa njengenye yezandulela zekhompuyutha zanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunqongophala kobugcisa kunye nemali, injini yohlalutyo yeBabbage ayizange yakhiwe ngokupheleleyo.

Ikhompyuter yokuqala eyamkelwa ngolo hlobo yayiyi-ENIAC, eyaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yoo-1940. I-ENIAC, isifinyezo se-Electronic Numerical Integrator neComputer, yakhiwa zizazinzulu uJohn W. Mauchly noJ. Presper Eckert kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania. Lo matshini mkhulu wathatha isithuba seemitha ezininzi kwaye wasebenzisa iityhubhu zokufunxa ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo kunye nokugcina idatha. Nangona i-ENIAC yayiyinto entsha ngexesha layo, yayicotha ukusebenza kwaye yayifuna ixesha elide ukwenza imisebenzi enzima.

2. Iimpawu zobuvulindlela kwikhompyuter yokuqala: isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwindaleko yetekhnoloji

Ukuphuhliswa kwekhompyuter yokuqala kwaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwindaleko yetekhnoloji. Le mpumelelo yenguqu iphawulwe ngeempawu zobuvulindlela ezivule indlela yokwenziwa kwezixhobo zombane ezizayo. Kule post, siza kuphonononga ukuba yayiyintoni ikhompyuter yokuqala kunye nezinto ezintsha eziye zayenza yamangalisa ngokwenene ngexesha layo.

Ikhompyuter yokuqala yembali Yayiyi-Analytical Engine, eyilwe yingcali yezibalo yaseBritani nesazinzulu uCharles Babbage ngenkulungwane ye-19. Nangona esi sixhobo singazange sakhiwe ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokuphila kwaso, sabeka isiseko sophuhliso lweekhompyutha zanamhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-Analytical Engine ibikukwazi kwayo ukugcina iinkqubo nemiyalelo. Yayikwazi ukwenza izibalo ezintsonkothileyo usebenzisa amakhadi akhutshiweyo njengendlela yokufakwa kwedatha kunye nesiphumo, okwenza kube ngumatshini ocwangcisiweyo kunye noguquguqukayo ngexesha lawo.

Enye into ephawulekayo ye-Analytical Engine yayiyiyo uyilo lwemodyuli. Yenziwe ngamalungu adityanisiweyo ahlukeneyo, njengeyunithi yekhompyutha, iyunithi yokugcina, kunye nekhadi le-punch card. Oku kwavumela icandelo ngalinye ukuba lisebenze ngokuzimeleyo, okwenza kube lula ukugcina nokuphucula inkqubo. Ukongeza, i-Babbage yenzelwe inkqubo yokulawula evumela ukubalwa okuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokusebenza okunemiqathango, ukwandisa ngakumbi amandla ale khompyutha yokuqala.

I-Analytical Engine nayo yayine- umthamo omkhulu wokugcina ngexesha layo, usebenzisa ingqikelelo yememori yofikelelo olungenamkhethe. Oku kwavumela ukuba igcine iinkqubo kunye nedatha kuluhlu lwamakhadi atyunjiweyo, anokufundwa kwaye abhalwe ngokulandelelana okanye ngokungaqhelekanga. Lo mthamo mkhulu wogcino wawuyinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kwimbali yekhompyutha, njengoko ivumele umatshini ukuba asebenze ngobuninzi bolwazi. ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokukhawuleza.

3. Ukufumanisa owandulelayo: Injini yohlalutyo kaCharles Babbage

Kukhangelo lwekhompyuter yokuqala ezimbalini, sidibana nenjini yohlalutyo enika umdla eyilwe nguCharles Babbage ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ikwaziwa njenge-Babbage's Analytical Engine, olu yilo lwenguquko lwenguquko lwabeka isiseko sehlabathi lekhompyutha njengoko silazi namhlanje. Esi sixhobo somatshini, nangona singazange sakhiwe ngokupheleleyo, sithathwa njengesandulela kwiikhompyuter zanamhlanje..

Injini yohlalutyo ye-Babbage yayilungiselelwe ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo entsonkothileyo, igcine idatha, kunye neziphumo zokuprinta. Isebenzise amakhadi abethelweyo kwimiyalelo yeprogram kwaye yayineyunithi yokucubungula ephakathi kunye nememori yokugcina. Enye yezona zinto zimangalisayo zalo matshini yayikukwazi ukwenza izibalo ngokuzenzekelayo, nto leyo eyaba yinguquko ngelo xesha.

Nangona i-injini yohlalutyo ye-Babbage ingazange isebenze kakuhle, uyilo lwayo kunye nengqiqo yayiphambi kwexesha layo. Umbono womatshini ocwangcisekileyo okwaziyo ukwenza izibalo ezinzima wabeka isiseko sophuhliso lweekhompyuter zanamhlanje.. UBabbage wayenguvulindlela kwinkalo yekhompuyutha kwaye ilifa lakhe lisahleli unanamhla. Nangona injini yakhe yokuhlalutya ayizange yakhiwe, umbono wakhe kunye neengcamango zakhe zabeka isiseko sekamva lobuchwepheshe.

4. Igalelo eliphambili lika-Ada Lovelace: ukucwangcisa injini yohlalutyo

U-Ada Lovelace, ingcali yezibalo yaseBritani kunye nombhali wenkulungwane ye-19, wamkelwa ngaye igalelo eliphambili kwihlabathi lekhompyutha inkqubo umatshini wohlalutyo. Ithathwa njengomdwelisi wenkqubo wokuqala kwimbali, uLovelace wayenguvulindlela ekudalweni kwe-algorithms yalo matshini oyilwe nguCharles Babbage. Nangona injini yohlalutyo ayizange yakhiwe ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, u-Ada Lovelace wabeka isiseko sophuhliso lwenkqubo yanamhlanje.

Enye yeempumelelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zikaLovelace yaba ngumsebenzi wakhe kwi Bernoulli algorithm. Uye waqaphela ukuba i-injini yohlalutyo ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi engaphaya kokubala kwamanani, kwaye ucebise i-algorithm yokubala amanani eBernoulli. Ngale algorithm, wabonisa amandla omatshini okwenza imisebenzi entsonkothileyo ngokulandelelana kwemiyalelo esengqiqweni. Le ngcamango yenguqu yabeka isiseko sengcamango yeprogram esiyaziyo namhlanje.

Enye kwakhona izimvo ezintsha ezivela Lovelace Yayingumbono wakhe wamathuba oomatshini bohlalutyo kwicandelo lobugcisa. Ngokuchaseneyo nenkolelo edumileyo ngelo xesha, uLovelace wabanga ukuba oomatshini bangasetyenziswa ukudala ubugcisa kunye nomculo. Kwinqaku lakhe elithi "Amanqaku kwi-Analytical Engine," uLovelace wabhala malunga nobuchule bokudala bomatshini kunye nendlela iisimboli kunye nemiyalelo enokusetyenziswa ngayo ukuvelisa imisebenzi yobugcisa. Lo mbono ujonge phambili weLovelace ungqineke uyinyani ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko itekhnoloji ivumele ukudala umzobo ovelisayo kunye nomculo owenziwe ngekhompyuter.

5. Ukusuka kwithiyori ukuya kwinyani: ukudalwa kwekhompyuter yokuqala esebenzayo nguKonrad Zuse

Ukuphuhliswa kwekhompyutha yokuqala esebenzayo kuphawule isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yekhompyutha. U-Konrad Zuse, injineli yaseJamani, wayenoxanduva lolu tshintsho. Kwiphulo lakhe lokuguqula ithiyori ibe yinyani, uZuse ukwazile ukwenza i-Z3, isixhobo sombane esathi saguqula indlela yokwenziwa kolwazi.

I-Z3 ibiyinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, njengoko ibisenza izibalo zealjibra kunye nengqiqo ngokuzenzekelayo. Yasebenzisa inkqubo yokubini kwaye yayisekelwe kumakhadi atyunjiweyo okufakwa kwedatha kunye nemveliso. Le khomputha iphinde ifake i-tape drive yokugcina yangaphandle.

Ukudalwa kwale khompyutha yokuqala esebenzayo kwavula iingcango kwihlabathi elitsha lamathuba. Nangona i-Z3 yayingekho unamandla kakhulu Xa kuthelekiswa neekhompyutha zanamhlanje, iye yabeka isiseko sophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lobu bugcisa. Enkosi kwinkqubela phambili kaKonrad Zuse, indlela yalungiselelwa ukuyilwa kweekhompyuter ezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo nezintsonkothileyo eziya kuvumela ukuvela kwekhompyuter njengoko sisazi namhlanje.

6. Ilifa elilityelweyo: impembelelo yeekhompyuter zakudala

Iikhomputha zamaxesha amandulo zishiye ilifa elilityelweyo elisenempembelelo enkulu kuluntu mihla. Nangona namhlanje simangaliswa yinkqubela-phambili yezobuchwepheshe, kubalulekile ukukhumbula abo bangaphambili, abo vulindlela babeka isiseko sento ngoku eyaziwa njengeekhompyutha. Imbali ye-computing ayinakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuhlola oomatshini abavumela ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo kunye neenkqubo esizisebenzisayo namhlanje.

Umbuzo ovelayo ngowokuba yayiyintoni ikhompyuter yokuqala? Kukho abagqatswa abahlukeneyo ababelana ngesihloko. Omnye wabo nguAntikythera, umatshini wokubala oqikelelwa ukuba wakhiwa malunga ne-100 BC Esi sixhobo simangalisayo, esafunyanwa ngo-1901 kwinqanawa yophukelo lwenqanawa kunxweme lwesiqithi sase-Antikythera, sasetyenziselwa ukwenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nangona ukusebenza kwayo kanye kungekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo, i-Antikythera ithathwa njengenye yemizekelo yokuqala yobunjineli boomatshini kunye nobungqina bokukwazi komntu ukuphuhlisa ubugcisa obuntsonkothileyo namandulo.

Omnye umntu okhuphisana nesihloko sekhompyuter yokuqala yinjini yohlalutyo eyilwe yingcali yezibalo yaseBritane uCharles Babbage ngeminyaka yoo-1830. I-injini yohlalutyo ye-Babbage yayiza kucwangciswa kusetyenziswa amakhadi akhutshiweyo kwaye yayiza kukwazi ukwenza izibalo ezinzima. Uyilo lwayo lwaba lukhuthazo kuphuhliso lweekhompyuter zokuqala ze-electromechanical kwaye yavula indlela yekhompyutha yanamhlanje. Nangona ingazange yakhiwe ngokupheleleyo, i-injini yohlalutyo ye-Babbage yabeka isiseko senkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yexesha elizayo eya kuthi iguqule ihlabathi.

7. Iingcebiso zokungena nzulu kwimbali yeekhompyuter zokuqala

Ukuba unomdla ngembali yetekhnoloji kwaye ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga neekhompyuter zokuqala, kukho imithombo emininzi eya kukunceda uphengulule kweli hlabathi linomdla. Indlela entle yokuqalisa kukuphanda oovulindlela bekhompyutha, njengoCharles Babbage kunye no-Ada Lovelace, owabeka iziseko zophuhliso lwezixhobo zokuqala zokubala.

Omnye umthombo oxabisekileyo kuphononongo lwe documentos históricos kunye neempapasho zoqobo ezibhalwe ngabadali beekhompyuter zokuqala. Le mithombo iphambili inikela imbono ethe ngqo neyiyo yocelomngeni nenkqubela phambili eyenzekayo kuloo maxesha oovulindlela.

Ukongeza, ungakhangela libros especializados malunga nembali yekhompyuter kunye neekhompyuter zokuqala. Ezinye izindululo ziquka “Iinnovators” nguWalter Isaacson, “Turing’s Cathedral” nguGeorge Dyson, kunye “neKhompyutha: Intshayelelo emfutshane kakhulu” nguDarrel Ince. Le misebenzi iya kukunika ingqiqo enzulu kwiinkalo zobugcisa kunye nabantu ezijikeleze ukuphuhliswa kwezi zixhobo zokuqala zobuchwepheshe.