Ulwakhiwo lweSeli

Ulwakhiwo lweeseli luyingcinga esisiseko kwibhayoloji, ebandakanya ufundo lwentlangano kunye nomsebenzi weeseli, iiyunithi ezisisiseko zobomi. Olu qeqesho lujolise ekuhlalutyeni iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezenza iseli, kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo kunye neendima ezithile kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ubume beeseli kunye nokubaluleka kwayo ngokweenkcukacha, ukubonelela ngengqiqo yobugcisa kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kweli candelo lophando elinomdla.

Ulwakhiwo lweeseli: Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwamalungu angaphakathi kwiiseli

Inwebu yeseli: Indima yayo ebalulekileyo kunye nemisebenzi ethile

Inwebu yeseli sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo ukuze zonke iiseli ziphile. Uluhlu oluncinci kwaye oluguquguqukayo oluqulunqwe ngumaleko ophindwe kabini we-phospholipids kunye neeprotheni ezijikelezayo kwaye zikhusela iziqulatho zeselula. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukulawula ukuhamba kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli, ukugcina indawo yangaphakathi ezinzileyo kunye nokuphucula intsebenziswano kunye nendalo yangaphandle.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi ethile ye-membrane yeseli, sinokuqaqambisa:

1. Isithintelo esikhethiweyo: I-membrane yeseli isebenza njengesithintelo semipermeable elawula ukudlula kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli. Ivumela ukungena kwezondlo eziyimfuneko kunye nokupheliswa kwenkunkuma ye-metabolic, ngelixa kuthintela ukungena kwezinto ezinobuthi okanye ezingafunekiyo.

2. Unxibelelwano lweeseli: I-membrane yeseli iqulethe i-receptors kunye neemolekyuli zokubonisa ezivumela unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli. Ezi zamkeli ziyakwazi ukubona iimolekyuli ezithile kwaye zibangele iimpendulo zeselula ezifana nokwahlula, ukwahlula okanye i-apoptosis.

3. Uthutho olusebenzayo kunye nolwenziwayo: I-membrane yeseli iququzelela ukuhamba kwezinto kumacala omabini ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Uthutho olungenamsebenzi lwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkcitho yamandla kwaye lunokuba lula, lula ukusasaza okanye i-osmosis. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uthutho olusebenzayo lufuna inkcitho yamandla kwaye lunokungenelela kwiiprotheni zokuthutha okanye ngama-vesicles.

I-membrane yeseli idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-homeostasis kunye nokusebenza kweselula. Ngokwakhiwa kwayo kunye nemisebenzi ethile, ivumela iiseli ukuba ziqhelane nendawo yazo kwaye zenze imisebenzi yazo ye-metabolic. ngokufanelekileyo. Iyamangalisa indlela lo maleko omncinci we-phospholipids kunye neeprotheni ezinokuthi zinike ucwangco kunye nokhuseleko kwiiseli zethu.

I-cell nucleus: Ulawulo olusembindini kunye nokugcinwa kolwazi lwemfuzo

I-cell nucleus yi-organelle esisiseko kwiseli, enoxanduva lokulawula nokugcina ulwazi lwemfuzo oluyimfuneko ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ikhona kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu ukugcina uzinzo kunye nokuzala kwezinto eziphilayo.

Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili ye-nucleus kukulawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo, oko kukuthi, ukulawula ukuba yeyiphi i-gene esebenzayo kwaye xa ibhalwa kwiiprotheni. Oku kwenziwa ngeendlela zolawulo ezintsonkothileyo eziqinisekisa ukuphinda-phinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi lwemfuza ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye.

Ukongeza, i-cell nucleus isebenza njengendawo yokugcina ulwazi lwemfuza, apho iichromosomes zikhona, izakhiwo ezilungelelanisiweyo eziqulethe i-DNA. Ezi molekyuli ze-DNA zisebenzisana rhoqo kunye neentlobo zeeprotheni, eziqinisekisa ukudibanisa kwazo okuchanekileyo, ukudibanisa kunye nokuphindaphinda. Ndiyabulela kule nethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana, i-nucleus iqinisekisa ingqibelelo kunye nokuzinza kwe-genome, ukuphepha ukulahlekelwa okanye ukulimala kolwazi olubalulekileyo.

• Ilawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kwaye ilawula ushicilelo lwemfuza.
• Liziko lokugcina ulwazi lwemfuzo.
• Ivumela ukuphindaphinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi lwemfuzo.

Ukuqukumbela, i-nucleus yeseli yenza ulawulo olusembindini kunye novimba wolwazi lwemfuza kwiseli. Ubume bayo obuyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokusebenzisana kunye ne-DNA kunye neeprotheni zibonelela ngokuzinza kunye nokulawula iinkqubo zeselula ezibalulekileyo ebomini. Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwayo kunye nolawulo kubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili ulwazi lwethu lwebhayoloji yeseli kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye neyeza.

I-cytoplasm: Amacandelo kunye nee-organelles ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweselula

I-cytoplasm ngummandla osisiseko somsebenzi weselula, ofumaneka ngaphakathi kwe-membrane yeplasma kunye ne-nucleus. Le gelatinous fluid inokwakheka ezahlukeneyo kwaye izindlu organelles eziliqela ezibalulekileyo for imetabolism kunye nokugcinwa kweseli. Amacandelo kunye nee-organelles ezikhoyo kwi-cytoplasm zilungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo ukwenza imisebenzi ethile evumela ukusinda kunye nokukhula kweeseli.

Icytoplasm ikakhulu iqulunqwe zizinto ezintathu: icytosol, organelles kunye inclusions. I-cytosol yi-intracellular fluid apho amacandelo afana neeprotheni, i-enzymes, i-ion, i-metabolites kunye ne-non-membranous organelles zihlakazwa. Ingumthombo wamanzi ovumela ukujikeleza kwama-molecule kunye nokutshintshiselana kwezondlo kunye nenkunkuma. I-Organelles, njenge-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-mitochondria, kunye ne-chloroplasts, ifakwe kwi-cytosol kwaye yenze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokusebenza kweselula. Ekugqibeleni, ukubandakanywa ngamaqhekeza esikhashana anokuthi asuse kwiigranules zokugcina izondlo ukuya kwimveliso yenkunkuma.

Ii-organelles ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenwe kwi-cytoplasm ziquka i-endoplasmic reticulum, umsebenzi wayo ukudibanisa kunye nokuthuthwa kweeprotheni kunye ne-lipids; izixhobo zeGolgi, ezinoxanduva lokuguqula, ukupakisha kunye nokusabalalisa iimolekyuli ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli; i-mitochondria, ejongene nokuveliswa kwamandla ngokuphefumla kweselula; kunye nee-chloroplasts, ezithatha inxaxheba kwi-photosynthesis kwiiseli zezityalo kunye ne-algae. Ukongezelela, i-cytoplasm yezindlu zezakhiwo ezifana ne-microtubules kunye ne-actin filaments, ezibalulekileyo kwinkxaso yesakhiwo seseli kunye nokuhamba kweeseli.

I-endoplasmic reticulum: Igalelo layo kwiprotheni synthesis kunye ne-lipid metabolism

I-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) yi-organelle yeselula edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-protein synthesis kunye ne-lipid metabolism. Ifumaneka kwicytoplasm yeeseli ze-eukaryotic kwaye yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo: i-endoplasmic reticulum erhabaxa kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum egudileyo.

I-reticulum ye-endoplasmic reticulum (RER) ibonakala ngokubakho kwee-ribosomes eziqhotyoshelwe kumphezulu wayo. Ezi ribosomes zithatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kwiprotheni synthesis, kuba zinoxanduva lokuguqulela imiyalezo yofuzo evela kumthunywa i-RNA (mRNA) ukuya kulandelelwano lwe-amino acid yeeprotheni. I-RER inoxanduva lokudityaniswa kweeprotheyini ezimiselwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle okanye ukwenza inxalenye yenwebu yeseli.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-endoplasmic reticulum (SRE) egudileyo ibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enxulumene ne-lipid metabolism. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo ephambili kukwenziwa kweelipids, kubandakanywa i-phospholipids eyinxalenye yeembrane zeseli, ukuchithwa kwezinto zeekhemikhali kunye nokulawulwa kwe-carbohydrate metabolism. I-REL nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni i-calcium ye-intracellular, ukuyigcina kunye nokukhulula xa kufuneka.

Isixhobo seGolgi: Ukusetyenzwa kunye nokupakishwa kweeathomu zothutho

Isixhobo seGolgi sisixhobo esiphambili seselula ekuqhubeni nasekupakisheni iimolekyuli zothutho ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli. Yenziwe ngothotho lweengxowa ezisicaba, ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaqula, ezibekwe phezu kwenye. Itanki nganye inemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwaye kunye yenze inkqubo ehlelwe kakhulu.

Indima ephambili yezixhobo zeGolgi kukuguqula iimolekyuli eziveliswe kwi-rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Oku kubandakanya ukongezwa kwamaqela emichiza, njengeswekile okanye ilipids, okanye ukususwa kwamacandelo athile eprotheyini. Olu hlengahlengiso lubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kweemolekyuli kwindawo yazo yokugqibela.

Omnye umba obalulekileyo wesixhobo seGolgi kukukwazi ukupakisha iimolekyuli kwii-vesicles zokuthutha. Ezi vesicles zizakhiwo ezincinci ze-membranous ezenziwe kwi-Golgi cisternae kwaye ziqulethe iimolekyuli ezicutshungulwayo. Nje ukuba zipakishwe, ezi vesicles zihamba kwi-cytoplasm ukuze zidibanise ne-plasma membrane okanye ziye kwezinye ii-organelles zeselula, apho zikhupha umxholo wazo ngendlela echanekileyo nelawulwayo.

Mitochondria: Imithombo yamandla kunye nendima yabo kwisizukulwana se-ATP

I-Mitochondria zii-organelles ezikhoyo kuzo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni amandla okusebenza kweselula. Ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba kukuphefumula kweselula, i-mitochondria ivelisa i-adenosine triphosphate (ATP), owona mthombo wamandla asetyenziswa ziiseli. I-ATP iyimfuneko ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi yeselula, njengothutho olusebenzayo, iprotein synthesis, kunye nokuncipha kwemisipha.

I-Mitochondria ifumana amandla ayimfuneko kwisizukulwana se-ATP ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation ye-organic molecules, ezifana ne-fatty acids kunye ne-carbohydrates. Ezi khompawundi ziqhekeka ngaphakathi kwe-mitochondria ngothotho lweeactions ze-biochemical ezikhupha ii-electron. Ezi electron zidluliselwa kwiiprotheyini ezibizwa ngokuba yi-respiratory chain, apho ukuhamba kweeproton kwenzeka ngenwebu yangaphakathi ye-mitochondrial. Oku kuhamba kweeprotoni kuvelisa umahluko kwintlawulo yombane esetyenziswa yi-ATP synthase ukudibanisa iamolekyu ze-ATP.

Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwimveliso ye-ATP, i-mitochondria yenza neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiseli. Ngokomzekelo, bafaka isandla kwibhalansi ye-intracellular calcium, elawula ukuxinwa kwale ion kwi-cytosol. Bakwathatha inxaxheba kwi-apoptosis, inkqubo yokufa kweeseli ezicwangcisiweyo ezenzeka xa iseli yonakele okanye ingeyomfuneko. I-Mitochondria ikhupha iiproteni ezithile ezenza i-cascade yomqondiso ibangele ukufa kweeseli ezilawulwayo. Isishwankathelo, i-mitochondria ibalulekile kwimveliso yamandla eselula kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwe-metabolic kunye neselula.

I-Lysosomes: I-intracellular digestion kunye nemisebenzi yokususa inkunkuma

I-Lysosomes zii-organelles ezikhethekileyo ezikhoyo kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-intracellular digestion kunye nokususwa kwenkunkuma. Ezi "zingxobo ze-enzyme" zine-membrane ezahlula kuyo yonke iseli, zithintela ukukhutshwa kwee-enzymes zokugaya kwi-cytoplasm.

Umsebenzi oyintloko we-lysosomes kukugaya iimolekyuli, njengoko ziqulethe iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-enzymes ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hydrolases. Ezi enzyme ziyakwazi ukuqhekeza izinto ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neeprotheni, i-lipids kunye ne-carbohydrates, kwizinto ezisisiseko. Oku kuvumela i-lysosomes ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo ezifana nokuthotywa kweeprotheyini ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezingasetyenziswanga, ukufunxa izondlo, kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe amacandelo eselula.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-lysosomes kukususwa kwe-debris yeselula kunye ne-pathogens. Xa iseli isifa okanye yonakele, i-lysosomes ixubana ne-membrane yeseli kwaye ikhulule i-enzymes yazo ukuze iphule i-debris yeselula. Ngapha koko, ii-lysosomes zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni ibhaktheriya kunye nezinye ii-microorganisms phagocytosed ngeeseli. Lo msebenzi wokukhupha inkunkuma kunye ne-pathogens ibalulekile ukugcina i-homeostasis kwaye ugweme ukusuleleka okanye izifo ezinokwenzeka.

I-Peroxisomes: Ukubaluleka kwabo kwi-detoxification yeselula kunye ne-lipid metabolism

I-Peroxisomes zii-organelles eziphambili kwiiseli ze-eukaryotic ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-detoxification yeselula kunye ne-lipid metabolism. Ezi zakhiwo ze-membranous zifumaneka ngobuninzi kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kwisibindi kunye nezintso, apho umsebenzi wabo oyintloko kukukhupha izinto ezinobuthi kunye ne-metabolize i-acid-chain fatty acids.

Inkalo ephawulekayo ye-peroxisomes kukukwazi kwabo ukwaphula ii-asidi ezinamafutha zibe ngamatyathanga amafutshane nge-β-oxidation, inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuvelisa amandla. I-β-oxidation yenzeka kwizigaba ezine kwaye ivelise i-acetyl-CoA, ethi ke isondle umjikelo we-Krebs kunye nekhonkco lokuphefumla kwimveliso ye-ATP. Ngale ndlela, i-peroxisomes ithatha inxaxheba ngokusebenzayo kwi-metabolism yamandla yeeseli kunye negalelo ekugcinweni kwe-homeostasis yeselula.

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-peroxisomes yi-detoxification yeselula. Ngombulelo kumxholo wabo we-antioxidant enzymes, ezi zakhiwo ziyakwazi ukuphazamisa i-radicals yamahhala kunye neentlobo ze-oksijini ezisebenzayo, ngaloo ndlela zikhusela iiseli kumonakalo onokuthi ube ne-oxidative. Ukongeza, iiperoxisomes zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboleni nasekupheliseni izinto eziyityhefu ezifana nehydrogen peroxide, uric acid kunye nexenobiotic ezahlukeneyo, zisebenzisana ngenkuthalo ekugcineni imfezeko yeselula.

I-Centrosomes kunye ne-cilia: Indima yabo ekuhambeni kweselula kunye nombutho

I-Centrosomes kunye ne-cilia ziziseko ezisisiseko ekuhambeni kweselula kunye nombutho, zidlala indima ephambili kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji. I-centrosome, ekufutshane ne-nucleus, yenziwe ngama-centrioles amabini e-perpendicular enye kwenye kunye ne-pericentriolar array. Isebenza njenge "ziko lombutho" weseli, uxanduva lokuqulunqwa kwe-mitotic spindle ngexesha lokwahlula kweeseli kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintlangano ye-microtubules ye-cytoskeleton. Ngokufanayo, i-centrosome idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufudukeni kweeseli, ukuqhuba i-polarity kunye nesalathiso ngexesha lokuhamba.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-cilia zizakhiwo ezincinci ezikhoyo kumphezulu wazo zonke iiseli ze-eukaryotic. I-cilia ephambili iyodwa kwaye ifumaneka kwiiseli ezininzi emzimbeni womntu. Zibalulekile kwimbono yoluvo kunye nokusebenza kweemoto, ukuthatha inxaxheba kunxibelelwano lwe-intercellular kunye nokuthuthwa kwezinto. Ezi ziphambili ze-cilia zivela kwi-centrioles ye-centrosome, ukuphuhlisa isakhiwo se-cylindrical esakhiwe ngama-microtubules abizwa ngokuba yi-axoneme. Intshukumo elungelelanisiweyo ye-cilia idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisalathiso kunye ne-locomotion kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokuthuthwa kwamaqanda, ukunyakaza kwesidoda, kunye nokupheliswa kwamasuntswana kwindlela yokuphefumula kunye ne-lymphatic system.

Ukungasebenzi kwi-centrosomes kunye ne-cilia kunokubangela izifo ezahlukeneyo zofuzo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-ciliopathies, ezibonakaliswe ngokuguqulwa kokuhamba kunye nokusebenza kweeseli. Imizekelo yezi zifo iquka izintso dysplasia, retinitis pigmentosa, polycystic kidney disease, kunye nesifo iBardet-Biedl. Uphando lwangoku lujolise ekuqondeni ngokucokisekileyo isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi we-centrosomes kunye ne-cilia, ekubeni ubudlelwane babo kunye ne-ciliopathies banokuvula amathuba amatsha okuphuhliswa kokuxilonga okusebenzayo kunye nonyango kwixesha elizayo.

I-cytoskeleton: Ulwakhiwo kunye namandla axhasa ukumila kweeseli kunye nentshukumo

I-cytoskeleton yinethiwekhi ye-dimensional-dimensional network of proteins enikezela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwaye ivumela ukuhamba kweeseli kwizinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic. Esi sakhiwo sintsonkothileyo senziwe ngamacandelo amathathu aphambili: i-actin microfilaments, i-microtubules, kunye ne-intermediate filaments. Ilungu ngalinye kula lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumila nasekushukumeni kweseli.

IActin microfilaments ziiprotein filaments ezicekethekileyo ezilungelelaniswe zibe ziinethiwekhi kwaye zibe negalelo kukuqina kunye nokucutheka kweseli. Le micu inokwenza iiprotrusions ezibizwa ngokuba yi-lamellipodia kunye ne-filopodia, ezivumela iseli ukuba ihambe kwaye itshintshe imilo. Ngapha koko, i-actin microfilaments nayo ibandakanyeka kulwahlulo lweeseli kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-intracellular ye-vesicles kunye ne-organelles.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-microtubules zizakhiwo ze-tubular ezityebileyo kune-actin microfilaments. Ezi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni imilo yeeseli, ukuthuthwa kwe-organelle, kunye nokwahlulwa kwe-chromosome ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweeseli. Ngaphaya koko, ii-microtubules zenza i-achromatic spindle ne-centrosome, eyimfuneko ekwenziweni kwesixhobo se-mitotic kunye nokusasazwa okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes ngexesha le-mitosis. I-Microtubules iphinda ibonelele ngeendlela zokuthuthwa kwe-intracellular ye-vesicles kunye neeprotheni, ngokusebenzisa ii-motor molecular ezifana ne-dyneins kunye ne-kinesins.

Ukudityaniswa kweeseli: Unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli kunye nokugcinwa kokuthembeka kwezicubu

Ukudibanisa kweeseli zizakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezivumela unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli kunye nokugcinwa kwengqibelelo yezicubu. Ezi ndibano zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-tissue homeostasis, njengoko zivumela ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kweeseli ezingabamelwane.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa kweeseli, nganye inomsebenzi othile. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya:

• Imidibaniso eqinileyo: Ezi zidibaniso zenza imiqobo engenakungeneka phakathi kweeseli, ezithintela ukudlula kwezinto phakathi kwazo. Zibaluleke kakhulu kwizicubu ezifana namathumbu, apho zithintela ukuhluzwa kweebhaktheriya kunye ne-toxins.
• I-Gap junctions: Ezi zidibaniselwano zivumela ukuhamba kwee-molecule ezincinci kunye nemiqondiso yombane phakathi kweeseli. Ziyimfuneko kwizicubu ezifana nentliziyo, apho ziqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kwemisipha yemisipha.
• I-Adherens junctions: Ezi zidibaniselwano zinoxanduva lokubambelela phakathi kweeseli ezingabamelwane, ukugcina ukudibanisa kwezicubu. Ukongezelela, babandakanyeka ekuhanjisweni kwezibonakaliso ze-intracellular ezilawula ukufuduka kweeseli kunye nokuhlukana.

Isishwankathelo, ukudibanisa kweeseli kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunxibelelaneni nasekugcineni ingqibelelo yezicubu. Ukusebenza kwayo okuchanekileyo kubalulekile kwi-tissue homeostasis kunye nempilo jikelele. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokudityaniswa kweeseli kunye nemisebenzi yazo ethile kubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili uphando lwe-biomedical kunye nophuhliso lonyango olujoliswe kuyo.

Ukwakhiwa kweeseli kunye nesifo: Iimpembelelo zeklinikhi kunye nophando lwexesha elizayo

Uphononongo lwesakhiwo seselula kunye nobudlelwane bayo nezifo kuye kwaba sisiseko sokuqonda iindlela ezisisiseko ze-pathologies ezahlukeneyo. Iseli yiyunithi esisiseko yobomi kunye nokusebenza kwayo ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile ukugcina impilo yento ephilayo. Ngaloo ndlela, uphando kule nkalo lwenza ukuba kube lula ukuchonga utshintsho kwisakhiwo seselula esinokuthi siqalise kwaye sibe negalelo ekuphuhliseni izifo.

Umzekelo wale nto yimeko yezifo zofuzo, apho ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuye kwafunyanwa kwimizila ethile echaphazela ukwakheka kunye nokusebenza kweeseli. Olu tshintsho lunokubangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic okanye izifo eziphazamisayo. Ukongeza, uphononongo lolwakhiwo lweeseli lukwaveze ukubaluleka kwamanye amacandelo, anje nge-membrane zeseli, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kutshintshiselwano lwezinto kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli.

Ngokumalunga neempembelelo zeklinikhi, ulwazi lwesakhiwo seselula luye lwavumela ukuphuhliswa kweendlela zonyango ezijoliswe kuzo, ezisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwiinguqu ezibonwa kwiiseli ezigulayo. Esi sicwangciso sonyango siye saguqula unyango lwezifo ezifana nomhlaza, apho kuye kwaphuhliswa amachiza athintela iimpawu ezithile ze-molecular kwiiseli ezinobungozi. Ngaphaya koko, uphando oluqhubekayo kulo mmandla luvula iimbono ezintsha zokuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwezifo ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bokucinga beselula kunye nophuhliso lonyango olutsha lwezifo ezinganyangekiyo ngoku.

Iingcebiso zophononongo kunye nokuqonda ubume beselula

Xa ufunda kwaye uqonda ubume beselula, kubalulekile ukulandela ezinye iingcebiso eziya kuququzelela inkqubo yokufunda nokuqonda esi sihloko sisisiseko kwibhayoloji. Ukuphumeza oku, kuyacetyiswa:

• Lungiselela imathiriyeli yokufunda: kubalulekile ukuba ube nazo zonke izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokufunda ubume beeselula. Oku kubandakanya iincwadi zezifundo, amanqaku, amagqabantshintshi kunye izixhobo zedijithali. Ukulungelelanisa ezi zixhobo kwiifolda okanye kwi-platform yedijithali kuya kunceda ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kunye nokucwangciswa kolwazi.
• Yenza izicwangciso kunye nemizobo: a ngempumelelo Ukuqonda ulwakhiwo lweselula kungokubonakala kwegraphical. Ukwenza izicwangciso kunye nemizobo emele iindawo ezahlukeneyo zeseli, ezifana ne-membrane, i-nucleus kunye ne-organelles, ziya kunceda ukunxulumana nokukhumbula icandelo ngalinye ngcono.
• Ziqhelanise nemibuzo yophononongo: inkalo esisiseko yokuhlanganisa ulwazi kukuziqhelanisa rhoqo. Ukubuza imibuzo yophononongo malunga nokwakheka kweeseli kuya kunceda ukudibanisa ukufunda kunye nokukhangela izikhewu ezinokwenzeka kulwazi.

Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo kunye nokuqonda ubume beselula kufuna ulungelelwaniso, ukubonwa komzobo kunye nokuziqhelanisa rhoqo. Ukulandela ezi ngcebiso kuya kuququzelela inkqubo yokufunda kwaye komeleze ulwazi olufunyenweyo kwesi sihloko sibalulekileyo kwibhayoloji.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukwakheka kweeseli?
IMPENDULO: Ulwakhiwo lweeseli lubhekisa kulungelelwaniso kunye nokwakheka kweeseli, eziziyunithi ezisisiseko zezinto eziphilayo.

Umbuzo: Ngawaphi amalungu aphambili eseli?
A: Iiseli zenziwe iindawo ezininzi isiseko, phakathi kwazo kukho inwebu yeseli, icytoplasm kunye nenucleus.

Umbuzo: Nguwuphi umsebenzi osebenza kwinwebu yeseli?
IMPENDULO: Inwebu yeseli ijikeleza ize ikhusele iseli, ilawula ukuphuma nokuphuma kwezinto kuyo. Ukongeza, ikwathatha inxaxheba kunxibelelwano kunye nokuqatshelwa phakathi kweeseli.

Umbuzo: Iqukethe ntoni i-cytoplasm?
A: I-Cytoplasm yinto ye-gelatinous efumaneka ngaphakathi kwiseli. Iqulethe izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ne-endoplasmic reticulum, i-Golgi apparatus, i-ribosomes kunye ne-mitochondria, phakathi kwabanye.

Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi we-kernel?
A: I-nucleus liziko lolawulo lweseli. Iqulethe izinto zofuzo, ezifana ne-DNA, kwaye ilawula yonke imisebenzi yeselula.

Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli?
A: Ewe, kukho iindidi ezininzi zeeseli kwizinto eziphilayo. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya iiseli zezilwanyana, iiseli zezityalo, iiseli zemithambo-luvo, kunye neeseli zegazi, nganye ineempawu ezithile kunye nemisebenzi.

Q: Zinxulumana njani iiseli enye kwenye?
A: Iiseli zinokwenza izicubu, amalungu, kunye neenkqubo kwi-multicellular organism. Ezi seli zisebenza kunye ukuze zenze imisebenzi ethile, nto leyo evumela umzimba ukuba usebenze kakuhle.

Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kokuqonda ukwakheka kweeseli?
A: Uphononongo lwesakhiwo seselula lubalulekile ukuqonda iinkqubo zebhayoloji kwizinto eziphilayo. Ivumela ukuba siqonde indlela izinto eziphilayo ezisebenza ngayo kwinqanaba le-molecular kunye nendlela amacandelo azo adibana ngayo. Ukongeza, ibalulekile kuphuhliso lwebhayoloji yeeseli kunye namayeza.

Izimvo zokugqibela

Isishwankathelo, sinokugqiba ukuba ubume beselula luyingcamango esisiseko kwibhayoloji, eye yaba ngumxholo wokufunda kunye nohlalutyo kwiminyaka. Ngokuqwalasela iiseli kunye namacandelo azenzayo, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo kunye nendlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo kwizinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Ukususela kwi-membrane ehlukanisa i-perimeter yayo, kwii-organelles kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha ezivumela ukutshintshiselwa kwezinto kunye nokusebenza kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, isakhiwo seselula siyimfuneko ebomini. Njengoko uphando kulo mmandla luqhubela phambili, unxibelelwano olutsha kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweseli luya lufunyanwa ngakumbi, olwandisa ulwazi lwethu malunga nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho imiba emininzi ekufuneka uyiphonononge kwaye uyiqonde. Ulwakhiwo lweeseli yindawo enomdla kunye nehlala ivela kwisifundo, esiya kuthi ngokungathandabuzekiyo siqhubeke nokubonelela ngezinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo kunye negalelo elibalulekileyo kwisayensi.