La isakhiwo seseli Intyatyambo ngumba osisiseko wokuqonda ukusebenza kunye nophuhliso lwezi zityalo. Kule nqaku, siya kwenza uhlalutyo lobugcisa bokubunjwa kweentyatyambo zeentyatyambo, kugxininise iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye nezicubu ezizenzayo. Ngombono ongathathi hlangothi, siya kuhlolisisa umbutho wangaphakathi weentyatyambo kwaye sifunde imisebenzi eyenziwa yiseli nganye kwiinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zesi sakhiwo esithakazelisayo sokuzala. yezityalo.
Intshayelelo kwisakhiwo seselula sentyatyambo
Ubume bentyatyambo yindima enika umdla yokufunda ediza ukuntsonkotha nobuhle bezi zityalo zibuthathaka. Ukuqonda indlela iiseli zentyatyambo ezilungelelaniswe ngayo kunye nokusebenza kwazo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukukhula kwayo, ukukhula nokuzala kwayo.
Kwintyatyambo, iiseli ziqokelelwa zibe zizicubu kunye namalungu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linemisebenzi ethile. Apha, sigxininisa ezinye zezicubu eziphambili zeselula ezenza intyatyambo:
- Epidermis: Le zicubu zeselula zenza umaleko wangaphandle wentyatyambo kwaye ikhusela izakhiwo zayo zangaphakathi. Iiseli ze-epidermis zigqunywe yi-waxy cuticle enceda ukuthintela ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi amaninzi.
- Izicubu zemithambo: Iquka iinqanawa okanye iibhubhu ezihambisa izondlo, amanzi kunye nezinye izinto ngentyatyambo. I-xylem inoxanduva lokuthwala amanzi kunye neemaminerali ukusuka kwiingcambu, ngelixa i-phloem ihambisa iimveliso ze-photosynthesis kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
- Ithishu yeMeristematic: Yithishu ebangela ukukhula kwentyatyambo. Apha kulapho iiseli ezintsha ziveliswa khona emva koko zahlulahlulwe kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo zentyatyambo kunye nezakhiwo.
Ezi zizinto nje eminye imizekelo ezininzi zezicubu zeselula ezisebenzisana nentyatyambo, ukudala inethiwekhi enzima kunye nokulungelelaniswayo evumela isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wayo. Iseli nganye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekuveliseni intyatyambo, ebonisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda isakhiwo sayo seselula kunye nomsebenzi.
I-morphology yentyatyambo
Yindawo enomdla ngaphakathi kwebhotani. Iintyatyambo zizakhiwo zokuzala zezityalo ezinokwahlukana okukhulu kweemilo kunye nemibala. Okulandelayo, amacandelo ahlukeneyo enza ifayile ye.
Isitya seentyatyambo sisisiseko sentyatyambo, oko kukuthi, indawo yokufaka amalungu entyatyambo. Ukusukela koku, i-sepals ikhula, okuyizakhiwo zamagqabi angaphandle kwaye zinoxanduva lokukhusela intyatyambo kwinqanaba layo lokuhluma. Amagqabi ngawona nxalenye yentyatyambo enemibala eqaqambileyo nebonakalayo, umsebenzi wawo ophambili kukutsala i-pollinators. Iipetals zinokuba neemilo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwinde kunye ne-tapered ukuya kwingqukuva kunye nemfutshane.
Embindini wentyatyambo kukho amalungu okuzala: istamens kunye nepistil. Istamens ngamalungu obudoda, abunjwe yinxalenye yefilamentous ebizwa ngokuba yi-filament kunye ne-sac-shaped structure, i-anther, apho kuveliswa iinkozo ze-pollen. I<em>pistil, kwelinye icala, lilungu lobufazi kwaye lenziwa yistigma, efumana umungu; isitayela, esidibanisa ibala kunye ne-ovary; kunye ne-ovary, egcina amaqanda. Ukuchumisa kwee-ovules kubalulekile ekubunjweni kwembewu kunye neziqhamo kamva.
Ubume beeseli zeentyatyambo zeentyatyambo
Le yindawo enomdla yokufunda etyhila ubunzima kunye nokwahluka kwebhayoloji yezityalo. Amagqabi, awaziwa ngokuba ziitepals kwiintlobo ezithile, ngamalungu enza i-corolla yentyatyambo kwaye anoxanduva lokutsala i-pollinators kunye nokukhuthaza ukuzala ngokwesondo kwezityalo. Emva koko, siza kuhlolisisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezenza iipetali kunye nendima yazo kwisakhiwo ngokubanzi.
Iiseli ze-epidermal zingumaleko ongaphandle weepetali kwaye zenziwe ikakhulu ziiseli ze-parenchyma. Ezi seli ziqhele ukuba mcaba kwaye ziqulathe amaqhuqhuva amancinci kumphezulu wazo abizwa ngokuba zii-trichomes. Ii-Trichomes zinokwahluka ngokwemilo kunye nokusebenza, ezinye zisebenza njengezinto zamadlala ezivelisa imichiza ukutsala i-pollinators, ngelixa ezinye zisebenza njengokhuselo kwizilwanyana ezitya izityalo. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-epidermal zinokuba ne-stomata, imingxuma emincinci evumela ukutshintshiselwa kwegesi kunye nokulawulwa kokubila.
Ngaphakathi kweepetali sifumana iiseli zedermal, ezenza iileyile zangaphakathi kwaye zibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwizicubu zeentyatyambo. Ezi seli zilungelelaniswe zibe zizithungu ezidibanisayo ukuze zigcine ingqibelelo yeepetali. Ezinye iiseli zedermal ziye zajiya iindonga zeeseli, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-sclerenchyma, ezizinika ukuqina nokomelela. Ezi seli zikhethekileyo zidla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo ezithile zamagqabi kwaye zinokunceda ngokuvelisa umbala oqaqambileyo wentyatyambo.
I-Anatomy yeentyatyambo zeesepals
I-Sepals zizakhiwo zangaphandle ezikhusela kwaye zijikeleze intyatyambo yentyatyambo ngaphambi kokuba ivuleke. Ezi nxalenye zentyatyambo ziyimfuneko ukunika inkxaso kunye nokhuseleko ngexesha lesigaba sophuhliso. Ubume kunye neempawu zabo zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngeeseli ze-epidermal kunye nezicubu ezikhethekileyo. Iimpawu eziphambili ze-anatomical ze-sepals zichazwe ngezantsi.
1. Imilo: I-sepals idla ngokuba ngamagqabi- okanye i-petal-shaped, nangona inokuba ne-tubular okanye i-bell-shaped. Isakhiwo sazo sangaphandle sichasene kwaye sihlanganiswe ngoluhlu lwe-cuticle olunika ukhuseleko kumonakalo wangaphandle, njengokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwiqondo lokushisa okanye ukuhlaselwa kwe-pathogen.
2. Umbala: I-sepals ingabonisa uluhlu olubanzi lwemibala, ukusuka kwiitoni eziluhlaza okanye ezimdaka, ukuya kwiitoni ezikhanyayo ezifana nobomvu, ophuzi okanye ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala uchongwa kubukho bemibala yezityalo, njenge-chlorophyll, i-anthocyanins okanye i-carotenoids, enokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwintyatyambo kunye nendima edlalwa yi-sepals ekutsaleni i-pollinators.
Iimpawu zestamens kwisakhiwo seselula sentyatyambo
Istamens yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwakheka kwentyatyambo yaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuzala kwezityalo ezidubulayo. Ngaba yenziwe iindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ngalinye lineempawu ezizodwa ezinegalelo kumsebenzi walo othile. Nazi ezinye zezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zestamens:
Anther: Ingummandla ongasentla westamen kwaye iqulethe umungu, oyimfuneko ekuchumeni kwentyatyambo. I-anther idla ngokumile okwengxowa ize igqunywe ngumaleko ongaphandle obizwa ngokuba yi-epidermis, okhusela umungu de ulungele ukukhutshwa.
NONE Sisakhiwo esidibanisa i-anther kunye ne-filament, yenza i-stamen epheleleyo. Umdibaniso unokwahluka ngokwemilo kunye nobukhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zezityalo, kodwa owona msebenzi wayo kukuqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo phakathi kwe-anther kunye nayo yonke intyatyambo.
Filamento: Yindawo ende, ebhityileyo yestameni edibanisa i-anther kunye nesitya seentyatyambo. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukubamba i-anther kwindawo efanelekileyo yokudluliselwa kwe-pollen. I-filament idla ngokuguquguquka kwaye i-elastic, ivumela i-anther ukuba ihambe ngokukhululekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-pollination efanelekileyo.
Umbutho weselula wepistil kwintyatyambo
I-pistil sisixhobo sokuzala esisetyhini sentyatyambo, esinoxanduva lokuvelisa ii-ovules. Idityaniswe ngamalungu amaninzi akhethekileyo, i-pistil ibonisa umbutho onzima weselula oqinisekisa ukuchumisa okuchanekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwesityalo. Okulandelayo, siza kuphonononga iimpawu eziphambili zeselula ezenza esi sakhiwo sibalulekileyo seentyatyambo.
1. IiCarpels: Ziiyunithi ezisisiseko zepistil kwaye zenziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli. Ngaphakathi, kukho ii-ovules, ezikhula ngaphakathi kwaye ziqulethe i-gametes yabasetyhini. I-carpels ingaba yodwa okanye ininzi, kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zezityalo.
2. I-Stigma: Le ndawo yepistil inomsebenzi wokufumana nokugcina umungu ngexesha lomvumvuzelwano. Umphezulu wayo ugqunywe ziiseli ezikhethekileyo ezikhupha izinto ezincamathelayo ezinceda ukugcina iinkozo zomungu. Ngaphaya koko, ukumila kwayo kunye nobume bayo kunokwahluka phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, nto leyo ethanda ukuziqhelanisa neearhente ezahlukeneyo zomvumvuzelwano.
Uphononongo lweeseli zetyhubhu ze-pollen
Umbhobho we-pollen sisakhiwo esisisiseko ekukhuleni kwezityalo kunye nokufunda kwayo kwinqanaba leeseli uveze ulwazi olungundoqo malunga le nkqubo ngokwebhayoloji. Ngokusebenzisa i-microscopy enesisombululo esiphezulu kunye nobuchule bokungcolisa, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuchonga iiseli ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwi-tube ye-pollen kwaye ziqonde umsebenzi wazo ekuveliseni izityalo.
Enye yezona ntlobo zeeseli ezibalulekileyo zetyhubhu ye-pollen ziiseli ezikhokelayo. Ezi seli zifumaneka kwincam yetyhubhu ye-pollen kwaye umsebenzi wazo obalulekileyo kukukhokela ityhubhu ye-pollen ukuya kwi-ovule. Ngenxa yobume bazo obude kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuthumela iimpawu zemichiza, iiseli ezikhokelayo zivumela ityhubhu ye-pollen ukuba ifumane indlela yayo kwizicubu zowesifazane kwaye ifikelele kwiseli yokuzala.
Olunye uhlobo lweeseli ezikhoyo kwityhubhu ye-pollen ziiseli zetyhubhu ye-pollen ngokwazo. Ezi seli zijongene nokukhula kombhobho, ekubeni zihlala zihlula ukuze zikhulise isakhiwo kwaye zivumele inkqubela phambili yayo kwiqanda. Ukongezelela, iiseli ze-pollen tube nazo zithatha inxaxheba ekukhululweni kwee-enzyme ezichitha izicubu ezijikelezileyo, ngaloo ndlela ziququzelela ukungena kwi-tube ye-pollen kwizicubu zowesifazane kunye nokuchumisa okulandelayo.
Ukubaluleka kweeseli ze-ovule kwisakhiwo sentyatyambo
Iiseli ze-ovule zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubume bentyatyambo, kuba zinoxanduva lokuzala kwesityalo. Ezi seli zifumaneka kwi-ovary yentyatyambo kwaye zijongene nokubunjwa kwembewu.
Omnye weyona misebenzi iphambili yeeseli zeqanda kukuchumisa. Xa ukhozo lwe-pollen lufikelela kwi-stigma yentyatyambo, kwakheka ityhubhu ye-pollen engena nzulu kwi-ovary de ifike kwii-ovules. Kwi-ovule nganye kukho iseli yokuzala yamabhinqa ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>gamete yemazi, edibana nenkunzi ye<em>gamete evela kumungu. Olu manyano lubangela ukwakheka kwezygote, eya kuthi ikhule ibe yimbewu.
Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo weeseli zeqanda kukukhusela i-gametes yabasetyhini kunye nesondlo se-embryo ekhulayo. Ezi seli zivelisa umaleko okhuselayo obizwa ngokuba yi-embryo sac, ongqonge kwaye ukhusele iigete ezizimazi. Ukongezelela, iiseli zeqanda zigcina izondlo eziza kusetyenziswa yi-embryo ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwayo kwangaphambili.
Uhlalutyo lwezicubu ze-vascular kwisakhiwo seentyatyambo
Kwisakhiwo seentyatyambo, izicubu ze-vascular zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezondlo kunye namanzi, kunye nenkxaso yesakhiwo sesityalo. Ezi zicubu zenziwe nge-xylem kunye ne-phloem, ezisasazwa ngocwangco kuzo zonke izitho zeentyatyambo.
Ixylem inoxanduva lokuthutha amanzi kunye neeminerali ukusuka ezingcanjini ukuya kwesinye isityalo. Idityaniswe ikakhulu ziiseli ezifileyo ezibizwa ngokuba ziitracheae kunye neetracheids, ezenza uthungelwano lweenqanawa ezithi zidlulele kuzo zonke izicubu zesityalo. I-xylem ibonelela ngenkxaso yesakhiwo kwizitho zeentyatyambo, ivumela ukukhula okuthe nkqo kwesityalo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-phloem inoxanduva lokuthutha iimveliso ze-photosynthesis, ezifana noshukela, ukusuka emagqabini ukuya kwesinye isityalo. Yenziwe ngeeseli eziphilayo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-sieve tube elements, ezidibana kunye zenze iityhubhu zokuthutha. I-Phloem ikwanegalelo kwinkxaso yesityalo kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni nasekuphuhliseni amalungu eentyatyambo.
Indima yeeseli zezicubu ze-epidermal kwintyatyambo
Ulusu lwentyatyambo, olukwabizwa ngokuba yi-epidermal tissue, ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekulawuleni utshintshiselwano lwerhasi kunye namanzi. Idityaniswe ngomaleko weeseli ezikhethekileyo, esi sihlunu sifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zentyatyambo, kuquka iipetals, sepals, stamens, kunye neepistils. Uhlobo ngalunye lweseli ye-epidermal lunomsebenzi owodwa onegalelo ekusebenzeni ngokubanzi kwentyatyambo.
1. Ukhuseleko: Iiseli zezicubu ze-epidermal kwintyatyambo zenzelwe ukukhusela emonakalweni womzimba, iintsholongwane kunye neemeko ezimbi zokusingqongileyo. Uluhlu lwangaphandle lweeseli, olubizwa ngokuba yi-epidermis, lunomgca we-wax onceda ukukhusela ukulahleka kwamanzi kwaye usebenze njengomqobo ngokuchasene nee-arhente zangaphandle. Ukongezelela, ezi seli zinokukhupha imichiza egxotha izilwanyana ezitya utyani, ngaloo ndlela zibathintele ekubeni zingatyi intyatyambo.
2. Ukulawulwa kokutshintshwa kwegesi: Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo weeseli zezicubu ze-epidermal kukuququzelela utshintshiselwano olusebenzayo lwegesi phakathi kwentyatyambo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, izicubu ze-epidermal ezikumagqabi entyatyambo, zinemingxuma emincinane ebizwa ngokuba yi-stomata, ejikelezwe ziiseli ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-guard cell cell. Ezi seli zilawula ukuvulwa nokuvalwa kwe-stomata, ngaloo ndlela zilawula ukungena nokuphuma kweegesi ezifana ne-oxygen kunye ne-carbon dioxide.
3. Ukukhutshwa kwencindi: Ezinye iiseli ze-epidermal tissue kwintyatyambo zikhethekileyo kwimveliso kunye nokukhupha incindi. I<em>Nectar yinto eswiti, enezondlo ezininzi enomtsalane kwizilwanyana ezihambisa ipoleni, njengeenyosi neengcungcu. Ezi seli ze-epidermal zikhupha incindi ubukhulu becala kwiindawo zokuzala zentyatyambo, njengestamens neepistils, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni imbewu nasekusasazeni intyatyambo.
Isishwankathelo, iiseli zezicubu ze-epidermal zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintyatyambo, zibonelela ngokhuseleko kumonakalo womzimba kunye ne-pathogens, ukulawula ukutshintshiselana kwegesi kunye namanzi, kunye nokukhupha i-nectar ukutsala i-pollinators. Ezi seli zisebenzisana ukugcina impilo kunye nokuzala ngempumelelo kwentyatyambo.
Imisebenzi yeeseli ze-apical meristem kwintyatyambo
Iiseli ze-apical meristem kwintyatyambo zidlala ezininzi imisebenzi ephambili kuphuhliso kunye nokukhula kwesi sakhiwo sesityalo esikhethekileyo. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokuqulunqa kunye nokuhlukana kwezicubu ezihlukeneyo zeentyatyambo kunye namalungu, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo ngokufanelekileyo.
Enye yezona zinto ziphambili kukwahlulwahlulwa kweeseli. Ezi seli zahlulahlulwe ngendlela eqhubekayo nelawulwayo, zivelisa iiseli ezintsha eziya kuthi kamva zibe ziincutshe kwizicubu zeentyatyambo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neepetal, stamens kunye nepistil. Le nkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli ivumela ukukhula okulungelelanisiweyo kunye nophuhliso lwentyatyambo.
Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo weeseli ze-apical meristem kwintyatyambo kukulawula ukolulwa kweeseli. Ezi seli ziyakwazi ukulawula ubude kunye nokwandiswa kweeseli ezingabamelwane, ngaloo ndlela zibe negalelo ekuyilweni kweempawu ze-morphology yentyatyambo. Ukongeza, bathatha inxaxheba kwisakhono sentyatyambo sokusabela kwizinto ezivuselela indalo ezifana nokukhanya, amanzi kunye nobushushu.
- Ukuqulunqwa kunye nokuhlukana kwezicubu zeentyatyambo kunye namalungu.
- Ukwahlulahlula kweeseli okuqhubekayo nokulawulwayo.
- Ukulawulwa kobude beeseli.
- Ukusabela kwi-stimuli yendalo.
Isishwankathelo, iiseli ze-apical meristem kwintyatyambo zinoxanduva lokwakheka, ulwahlulo kunye nokwahlulahlula izicubu kunye nezitho ezenza esi sakhiwo sesityalo. Ukongezelela, zinendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukukhula nokukwazi kwentyatyambo ukuziqhelanisa nendawo ehlala kuyo. Uphuhliso lwabo olufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwabo kubalulekile ekukhuleni okufanelekileyo kunye nokuzala kwezityalo zeentyatyambo.
Indima yeeseli ze-vascular cambium kwisakhiwo seentyatyambo
Iiseli ze-Vascular cambium kunye nomsebenzi wazo kwisakhiwo seentyatyambo
Iiseli ze-Vascular cambium zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwezakhiwo zeentyatyambo kwizityalo eziphezulu. Ezi seli zikhethekileyo zifumaneka kwi-vascular tissues, ngokukodwa kwi-cambium, umaleko weeseli ezisebenzayo ezifumaneka ngaphantsi kwexolo lezityalo.
Umsebenzi oyintloko weeseli ze-vascular cambium kukuveliswa kwezicubu ezintsha kunye neeseli ezifunekayo ngexesha lokukhula nokuphuhliswa kweentyatyambo. Ezi seli zahlulahlula ngenkuthalo nge-mitosis, zivelisa iiseli ezitsha ezahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo zeeseli ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuvumela ukubunjwa kwamalungu eentyatyambo ahlukeneyo, njengeepetals, sepals, stamens kunye nepistil.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwisakhiwo, iiseli ze-vascular cambium nazo zinoxanduva lokuthutha izondlo kunye namanzi ngokusebenzisa iinqanawa eziqhubayo zesityalo, ziqinisekisa ukubonelelwa okwaneleyo kwezibonelelo zokuphuhliswa kweentyatyambo kunye nomsebenzi. Ngaphandle kobukho kunye nomsebenzi wezi seli, ukubunjwa kweentyatyambo kwakungeke kwenzeke, okugxininisa ukubaluleka kwabo kumjikelezo wobomi kunye nokuveliswa kwezityalo zeentyatyambo.
Igalelo leeseli ze-parenchyma kwintlangano yentyatyambo
Iiseli zeParenchyma zibalulekile kwintlangano yentyatyambo. Ezi iiseli ezikhethekileyo zifumaneka kwizicubu zezityalo kwaye zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enegalelo ekuphuhlisweni okufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo seentyatyambo.
Enye yegalelo eliphambili leeseli ze-parenchyma kukuthatha inxaxheba ekubunjweni nasekugcinweni kwezitho zokuzala zentyatyambo, ezifana ne-stamens kunye ne-carpels. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokuvelisa izondlo eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezi zakhiwo, kunye nokugcina amandla ngendlela yestatshi kunye ne-lipids.
Ukongeza, iiseli ze-parenchyma zibandakanyeka kwimveliso kunye nokulawulwa kwehomoni yezityalo ezilawula iinkqubo zeentyantyambo, ukukhutshwa kwe-pollination kunye neziqhamo, eziyimfuneko kumjikelezo wobomi besityalo.
Olunye uncedo olubalulekileyo lweeseli ze-parenchyma kwintlangano yeentyatyambo kukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo kwi-synthesis kunye nokuthuthwa kwee-pigments zentyatyambo. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokuvelisa i-pigments enika umbala kwi-petals, njenge-anthocyanins, i-carotenoids kunye ne-flavonoids. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-parenchyma ziququzelela ukuthuthwa kwezi pigments ngokusebenzisa izicubu zeentyatyambo, ziqinisekisa ukusabalalisa okufanayo kunye nokukhangayo kwi-pollinators.
Iiseli ze-parenchyma nazo zizalisekisa umsebenzi wokukhusela, zenza umaleko weeseli ze-epidermal ezigubungela umphezulu wentyatyambo, ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamanzi kunye nokukhusela kumonakalo onokwenzeka wangaphandle.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Yintoni isakhiwo seselula sentyatyambo?
A: Ulwakhiwo lwamaseli entyatyambo lwenziwe ziintlobo ezininzi zeeseli ezidlala indima ethile ekuphuhliseni nasekuveliseni isityalo.
Umbuzo: Zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeeseli ezikhoyo kwintyatyambo?
A: Kwintyatyambo, iintlobo ezininzi zeeseli zifunyanwa, kubandakanywa iiseli ze-epidermal, iiseli ze-mesophyll, iiseli ze-vascular tissue, iiseli zokuzala, kunye neeseli zokugada.
Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi weeseli ze-epidermal kwintyatyambo?
A: Iiseli ze-epidermal zigubungela umphandle wentyatyambo, zenza umaleko okhuselayo kwaye zinceda ukuthintela ukulahleka kwamanzi amaninzi.
Umbuzo: Ingaba iiseli ze-mesophyll zidlala yiphi indima kwintyatyambo?
A: Iiseli ze-Mesophyll zifumaneka ngaphakathi kwentyatyambo kwaye zinoxanduva lwe-photosynthesis, ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kumandla ekhemikhali kwisityalo.
Umbuzo: Yiyiphi imisebenzi eyenziwa ngamaseli e-vascular tissue kwintyatyambo?
A: Iiseli ze-vascular tissue zihambisa amanzi, izondlo kunye noshukela kwisityalo sonke, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula nokusebenza kakuhle.
Umbuzo: Iyintoni indima yeeseli zokuzala kwintyatyambo?
A: Iiseli zokuzala, ezifana nee-ovules kunye ne-pollen grains, zinoxanduva lokuzala kwezityalo. Ekuveliseni ngokwesondo izityalo ezidubulayo, ii-ovules zichunyiswa ngeenkozo ze-pollen ukunika isityalo esitsha.
Umbuzo: Yintoni umsebenzi weeseli zoonogada kwintyatyambo?
IMPENDULO: Iiseli zonogada, ezikwaziwa ngokuba zii-trichomes, zibonelela ngokhuseleko kumonakalo wangaphandle nakwizilwanyana ezizidlayo, zikwancedisa ekuziqhelaniseni nasekuphileni kwezityalo.
Umbuzo: Ngaba kukho ezinye iindidi zeeseli ezikhoyo kwintyatyambo?
IMPENDULO: Ewe, ukongezelela kwiintlobo zeeseli ezikhankanywe ngasentla, intyatyambo isenokuquka nezinye iindidi zeeseli ezikhethekileyo, ezifana neeseli zokugcina, iiseli zeemvakalelo, neeseli zomqondiso, phakathi kwezinye.
Umbuzo: Zilungelelaniswe njani ezi seli kwisakhiwo sentyatyambo?
A: Iiseli zentyatyambo zilungelelaniswe zibe zizicubu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo, ezifana ne-sepals, i-petals, i-stigma, i-stamen kunye ne-corolla. Nganye kwezi zicubu zenziwe ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezilungiselelwe ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi wazo othile ekuveliseni nasekuphuhliseni intyatyambo.
Ukuphonononga izinto ezidlulileyo
Isishwankathelo, isakhiwo seselula sentyatyambo yinkqubo enzima kwaye ihlelwe kakhulu evumela ukusebenza kunye nokuphuhliswa kwazo zonke iindawo zayo. Ngokujonga kunye nokufunda kwinqanaba le-microscopic, iiseli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezicubu ezenza iipetals, sepals, stamens kunye neepistils zinokuchongwa, kunye neeseli ezikhethekileyo ezinoxanduva lokuzala ngokwesondo kwizityalo.
Isakhiwo seselula sentyatyambo sityhila ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, kunye nokukwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana ne-photosynthesis, ukukhuselwa kunye nokuzala. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ulwazi yesakhiwo seselula Kube sisiseko sokuqonda nokusebenzisa umhlaba wezityalo ukuze kuxhamle abantu.
Ukuqukumbela, uphononongo lolwakhiwo lweentyatyambo lwentyatyambo lusithatha lusifake kwindalo enomtsalane emikroskopu kwaye kusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono ukuntsonkotha kunye nobuhle obumangalisayo bentyatyambo. Uvavanyo olunzulu lweeseli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezicubu zisinika umkhondo malunga nomsebenzi wazo kwaye zisinceda ukuba siqonde ukuba iintlobo zezityalo zikhula kwaye ziqhubeke njani. Olu lwazi lubalulekile kwibhayoloji yezityalo kwaye luvula iingcango zophando olutsha kunye nenkqubela phambili kwezolimo, amayeza kunye nolondolozo lwezityalo. okusingqongileyo. Ngokufutshane, ubume beselula bentyatyambo bububungqina bokuziqhelanisa okumangalisayo kunye nokuvela kwezityalo kwizigidi zeminyaka, kwaye kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufunyenwe kweli candelo lokufunda linika umdla.
NdinguSebastián Vidal, injineli yekhompyuter ethanda itekhnoloji kunye ne-DIY. Ngaphaya koko, ndingumdali we tecnobits.com, apho ndabelana ngee-tutorials ukwenza itekhnoloji ifikeleleke kwaye iqondeke kumntu wonke.