Ifilosofi yamaXesha Aphakathi: Isishwankathelo kunye neZifilosofi eziPhezulu

Ifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi imele ixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yengcinga, apho iingcamango zakudala zakudala zadityaniswa nempembelelo yobuKristu kunye nokuvela kwe-scholasticism. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga isishwankathelo esifutshane sefilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi, sijongana neentanda-bulumko eziphambili ezishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo ekuphuhlisweni kolu qeqesho. Ngokuzintywilisela kwiingxoxo zezakwalizwi, zemetaphysical, kunye nezokuziphatha zelo xesha, siya kufumana ukuqonda okunzulu kweengcinga kunye neengqikelelo ezibumba ingcinga yamaxesha aphakathi kwaye zihlala zibalulekile nanamhlanje.

1. Intshayelelo kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi: ushwankathelo

Ifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi lixesha elinomdla kwimbali yengcinga kwaye iphawulwa yimpembelelo yentanda-bulumko yamaGrike neyamaRoma, kunye nokudityaniswa kweengcamango zobuKristu kunye namaYuda. Ngeli xesha, iingxoxo ezibalulekileyo kunye neengxoxo zaphuhliswa malunga nezihloko ezinjengobukho bukaThixo, ubunjani bomphefumlo, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kokholo kunye nengqiqo. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga ngendlela yepanoramic imixholo ephambili kunye nemisinga yengcinga kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi.

Omnye weyona miba ibalulekileyo yentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi kukunxibelelana phakathi kwefilosofi nezakwalizwi. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amaxesha yembali yentanda-bulumko, kumaXesha Aphakathi intanda-bulumko yayinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo neenkolelo neemfundiso zecawa. Izithandi zobulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zazinikela ekulungelelaniseni ingqiqo nokholo nasekuboniseni ubukho bukaThixo ngeengxoxo ezisengqiqweni. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iingxoxo eziphambili zefilosofi ngobukho bukaThixo, njengengxoxo yecosmological kunye nengxoxo ye-ontological.

Omnye umxholo oyintloko wentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yayingumbandela wobuntu nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Iintanda-bulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zazixhalabele ukuqonda unxulumano phakathi komzimba nomphefumlo, kwakunye nokuhlalutya amandla abantu okwenza izigqibo ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuphonononga indlela abacinga bexesha eliphakathi abayijonga ngayo le miba kusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono iingcambu zefilosofi yaseNtshona kunye nempembelelo yayo ekucingeni kwethu namhlanje.

2. Iimpawu eziphambili zefilosofi ephakathi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo

Intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi ibalaseliswa ngokudibanisa intanda-bulumko yamandulo neemfundiso zobuKristu. Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zale nfilosofi yangoku kukugxila ekufuneni inyaniso esekwe elukholweni nakwingqiqo. Izithandi zobulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zazikholelwa ukuba ukholo nengqiqo ziyaphelelisana yaye zombini zaziyimfuneko ukuze kuqondwe ihlabathi nobukho bomntu. Ke ngoko, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi igxininisa kunxulumano oluphakathi kokholo nokuqiqa, nendlela ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ngayo ukuzuza ulwazi nokuqonda ihlabathi.

Enye yezinto ezazixhalabisa intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yayingumbuzo wobukho bukaThixo. Iintanda-bulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zavelisa iingxoxo ezinengqiqo nezinengqiqo ukungqina ubukho bukaThixo, zisebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-ontology, indlela yokubonakalisa kunye nendlela yokuziphatha. Ezi ngxoxo zanikela isiseko esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa kuThixo yaye zomeleza ukholo kumaxesha aphakathi.

Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yimpembelelo yayo kwizakwalizwi. Intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yanikela isiseko senkcazo-bungcali nengqiqo ekufundweni kwezakwalizwi, inceda abafundi bezakwalizwi baqonde baze bacacise iimfundiso zonqulo. Ngaphaya koko, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi ikwaphembelele imfundiso yezakwalizwi kwimiba enje ngengqiqo, i-metaphysics kunye neenqobo zokuziphatha, ibonelela ngezixhobo zokucinga zokuhlalutya kunye nokutolikwa kweetekisi ezingcwele.

3. Izithandi zobulumko eziphambili zefilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi: ushwankathelo

Ifilosofi yamaXesha Aphakathi lithuba kwimbali yentanda-bulumko ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-5 ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-15. Ngeli xesha, izithandi zobulumko ezininzi ezaziwayo zavela zaza zavelisa iingcamango ezintsha ezaphembelela indlela ihlabathi nenyaniso ezaziqondwa ngayo. Apha ngezantsi kukho isishwankathelo sezinye zefilosofi ezibalulekileyo zeli xesha.

• UAugustine waseHippo: Egqalwa njengenye yezona ngcinga zinempembelelo kumaXesha Aphakathi, uAugustine waseHippo wadibanisa intanda-bulumko yobuhedeni nemfundiso yobuKristu. Eyona misebenzi yakhe ivunyiweyo, efana ne "Confessions" kunye "neSixeko sikaThixo", iphonononga imixholo efana nobunjani bobubi kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kokholo nokuqiqa.
• Thomas Aquinas: Edume ngentanda-bulumko yemfundo, uThomas Aquinas wazama ukuvisisanisa ukholo nengqiqo. Owona msebenzi wakhe ubalulekileyo, othi, “Summa Theologiae,” ubonelela ngohlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lwezakwalizwi kwaye uphendula imibuzo esisiseko yentanda-bulumko malunga nobukho bukaThixo nobume bomntu.
• Duns Scoto: UDuns Scotus, okwabizwa ngokuba nguJohn Duns Scotus, wayengumfundi wezakwalizwi kunye nesithandi sobulumko samaxesha aphakathi umsebenzi wakhe wawugxile kakhulu kwimetaphysics kunye nezakwalizwi. Ukugxila kwakhe kumntu kunye nokungafani kwakhe kwamkhokelela ekuphuhliseni ingcamango ye-haecceitas, okanye "le nto ethile," eya kuba nefuthe kwiifilosofi zamva.

Ezi zezinye zezona zithandi zobulumko ezaziphambili zentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi. Igalelo lakhe kwifilosofi nakwimfundiso yezakwalizwi lishiye ilifa elihlala lihleli kwingcinga yaseNtshona kwaye liqhubeka liyisifundo sokufunda kunye nomdla. okwangoku.

4. USint Thomas Aquinas kunye negalelo lakhe kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi

USaint Thomas Aquinas wayengumfundi wezakwalizwi kunye nesithandi sobulumko saseDominican ngenkulungwane ye-13 owashiya uphawu olunzulu kwimbali yentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi. Igalelo lakhe kule nkalo lithathwa njengesisiseko, kuba wakwazi ukudibanisa intanda-bulumko ka-Aristotle kunye neengcamango zemfundiso yobuKristu, ngaloo ndlela eseka iziseko zengcinga yesikolo.

Elinye lamagalelo aphambili kaSaint Thomas yaba ngumsebenzi wakhe odumileyo othi “Summa Theologiae”, apho wathetha wahlalutya uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko zefilosofi nezakwalizwi. Ngalo msebenzi, umntu ocingayo ubonise umbono ohambelanayo kunye nocwangcisiweyo wokwenyani, ngokusekelwe kwingcamango enzulu yobume bukaThixo, indalo, ukuziphatha kunye nolwazi lomntu. Iingxoxo zakhe kunye neendlela zakhe zaba sisiseko sokuqonda intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi kunye nolwalamano lwayo nezakwalizwi.

Ukongeza kumsebenzi wakhe kwi "Summa Theologiae", uSt Thomas ukwaphuhlise iikhonsepthi eziphambili kunye nemigaqo kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi, njengethiyori yesenzo kunye namandla, umahluko phakathi kweempawu ezibalulekileyo kunye nengozi yezinto, kunye nethiyori yomthetho . Ezi ngcamango azizange zibe nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwixesha labo kuphela, kodwa zaqhubeka ziphembelela abacinga kamva kunye nokuvela kwefilosofi yaseNtshona. Isishwankathelo, uSt Thomas Aquinas ushiye ilifa elihlala lihleli kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi, eseka isiseko seengxoxo zefilosofi zexesha elizayo kunye nokucamngca.

5. USaint Augustine: umntu ophambili kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi

I-Saint Augustine ithathwa njengoyena mntu uphambili kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi ngenxa yegalelo lakhe elibanzi kunye nempembelelo kulo mmandla. Wazalelwa ngo-354 eTagaste, ngoku eyiAlgeria, uAugustine waseHippo wayengumthandi wobulumko kunye nomfundisi wezakwalizwi owadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulunqweni kweengcamango zobuKristu kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Omnye weyona misebenzi iphambili kaSaint Augustine “siXeko sikaThixo”, apho ephonononga imixholo efana nobunjani bokulungileyo nokubi, ubudlelwane phakathi koThixo nabantu, kunye nendima yeCawe. kuluntu. Lo msebenzi ufundwe ngokubanzi kwaye kwaxoxwa ngawo kulo lonke kuyo yonke imbali ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwifilosofi nakwizakwalizwi.

Ukongeza "kwiSixeko sikaThixo", uSaint Augustine wabhala neminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana ne "Confessions" kunye ne "De Trinitate", apho ethetha ngezihloko ezinxulumene nobukho bukaThixo, ubunjani bomphefumlo kunye nothando lukaThixo ngoluntu. . Le misebenzi iye yathathwa njengesisiseko kungekuphela nje kwinkalo yefilosofi, kodwa nasekuphuhliseni iingcinga zamaxesha aphakathi.

6. UDuns Scotus nempembelelo yakhe kwingcinga yamaxesha aphakathi

UDuns Scotus wayengumfundi wezakwalizwi waseSkotlani nentanda-bulumko yenkulungwane ye-13, owayenempembelelo enkulu kwiingcamango zamaxesha aphakathi. Umsebenzi wakhe wawugubungela imixholo eyahlukahlukeneyo yezakwalizwi neyentanda-bulumko, kodwa igalelo lakhe eliphambili lalikwinkalo yemetaphysics kunye nezakwalizwi yendalo.

Enye yeengcamango zikaDuns Scotus eziphawulekayo yayikukukhusela kwakhe umgaqo wokuba umntu ngamnye wahlukile yaye wahlukile kubo bonke abanye. Oku kwaba nefuthe elimandla kwingcamango yamaxesha aphakathi yokubakho nokubakho, kwaye kwabeka isiseko sophuhliso lwamva lwentanda-bulumko nezakwalizwi yaseNtshona.

Ngaphaya koko, uDuns Scotus naye wakhusela ubukho kunye nendalo kaThixo ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo kunye nengqiqo. Indlela yakhe yokuqiqa nogxininiso lwakhe kukubaluleka kokholo nengqiqo njengokuphelelisana kwaba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwingcinga yamaxesha aphakathi. Iingcamango zakhe zaxoxwa ngokubanzi zaza zaxoxwa ngazo kamva zizithandi zobulumko nabefundisi bezakwalizwi, yaye ilifa lakhe lisahleli unanamhla.

7. Indima yeScholasticism kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi

I-Scholasticism yayiyintshukumo ebalaseleyo yentanda-bulumko ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi eyayifuna ukuvisisanisa inkolo yobuKristu nengqiqo nengqiqo. Kwavela njengelinge lokuvisisanisa imfundiso yobuthixo nentanda-bulumko, kusetyenziswa iindlela ezisengqiqweni zokuhlolisisa nokucacisa inyaniso yonqulo.

Enye yeempawu eziphambili zeScholasticism yayigxininise kuhlalutyo kunye neengxoxo. Iintanda-bulumko zesikolo zathembela kwingqiqo nakwingqiqo ethobayo ukudala iingxoxo eziqinileyo zokuxhasa iinkolelo zabo zonqulo. Basebenzisa ulwimi lwezizwana ukuze baxoxisane baze baphikise iimbono ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo eyabavumela ukuba baziqonde nzulu iimfundiso zobuKristu.

Ngapha koko, iScholasticism yayixhomekeke kwigunya leengcaphephe zamandulo, ngakumbi uAristotle. Izithandi zobulumko zazimgqala uAristotle njengoyena mthombo wobulumko bentanda-bulumko yaye zasebenzisa iimfundiso zakhe njengesiseko sokuqiqa kwazo. Noko ke, baphinda baquka izinto eziphuma kwezinye izikolo zengcamango, njengeemfundiso zeNeoplatonist namaStoyike, ukuze batyebise ukuqonda kwabo ihlabathi nokholo.

Ngokufutshane, iScholasticism yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi ngokuzama ukudibanisa inkolo yobuKrestu nengqiqo nengqiqo. Ugxininiso lwabo kuhlalutyo, iingxoxo, nokwamkelwa kweemfundiso zeenkcuba-buchopho zamandulo ezinjengoAristotle zavumela iintanda-bulumko zesikolo ukuba zikhulise ukuqonda kwazo ukholo zize zibeke isiseko sophuhliso lwamva lwentanda-bulumko yaseNtshona.

8. I-Nominalism kunye nenyani kwifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi: ingxaki yengqiqo

Ingxoxo-mpikiswano phakathi kobume kunye nenyani ibe ngumxholo ophambili kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi, inikezela ngengqikelelo yengqikelelo ethe yathimba ingqwalasela yeengcinga ezininzi kunye nabafundi besikolo. I-Nominalism iphakamisa ukuba i-universal okanye iimbono ngokubanzi ngamagama nje okanye iingqiqo zengqondo ezingenabo ubukho bokwenyani ngaphandle kwengqondo. Kwelinye icala, ubukho bokwenene bugxininisa ukuba indalo iphela inokuzimela kunye nobukho obunenjongo. Le ngxaki yengqikelelo ivelise uhlalutyo olubanzi kunye nokucamngca ngobume bolwazi kunye nenyaniso.

I-Nominalism yavela njengempendulo kwingxaki yendalo yonke kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweengcamango eziqhelekileyo kunye nezinto zomntu ngamnye. Ngokwamagama, amagama aqhelekileyo kunye neekhonsepthi zizimiselo zolwimi ezisetyenziselwa ukuququzelela unxibelelwano kunye nokuqondana phakathi kwabantu. Kubo, inyani ibandakanya kuphela umntu kunye nezinto ezithile. Esi sikhundla sithetha ukuba iikhonsepthi ngokubanzi azinabukho bokwenyani ngaphaya kwengqondo kwaye, ke ngoko, azinakusetyenziswa kwiziko elilodwa.

Kwelinye icala, ubukho bokwenene buxhasa ukuba indalo iphela zizinto ezikhoyo ngokuzimeleyo nezingaxhomekekanga kwingqondo yomntu. Iinyani zikholelwa ukuba iikhonsepthi ngokubanzi zinesiseko ngokwenyani kwaye ziyasebenza kubantu abaninzi. Esi sikhundla sithetha ukuba i-universal ikhona rhoqo kwaye kwabelwana ngayo ngabantu abahlukeneyo. Iingcali zenyani zithi iikhonsepthi ngokubanzi ziyimfuneko ukuze siqonde kwaye sihlele ihlabathi elisingqongileyo, kwaye ubukho bendalo iphela bunesiseko se-ontological ngokwenyani ngokwayo.

9. Ingcamango yokholo nengqiqo kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi

Kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi, kwabakho impikiswano esisiseko ngokuphathelele ingcamango yokholo nokuqiqa. Izithandi zobulumko ezininzi zeli xesha zazama ukuvisisanisa la mandla mabini awayebonakala ephikisana, efuna imvisiswano phakathi kweenkolelo neengcamango ezisengqiqweni. Omnye wabaxhasi abaphambili bale ngxoxo yayiyiNgcwele uThomas Aquinas, owathi ukholo nengqiqo yayiziindlela ezimbini eziphelelisanayo zolwazi lwenyaniso.

Ngokutsho kuka-Aquinas, ukholo lusekelwe kwisityhilelo sobuthixo yaye lufuna ukuzinikela ngentembelo nokwamkelwa kweemfundiso zonqulo. Kwelinye icala, ukuqiqa kusekelwe ekuphawuleni nasekucamngceni ngendlela esengqiqweni indalo. Nangona ukholo nengqiqo zingafani yaye zingenako ukuncitshiswa omnye komnye, uAquinas wayemi ngelithi zombini zifanelekile yaye zinokuhlalisana ngaphandle kongquzulwano.

Kulo mongo, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yayihlolisisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuvisisanisa ukholo nengqiqo. Ezinye iinkolelo zazisithi ukholo lugqwesile kunengqiqo yaye olu lwamva lufanele lube ngaphantsi kwesityhilelo sobuthixo. Ezinye iintanda-bulumko zathi isizathu sinokubonisa ubukho bukaThixo yaye, ke ngoko, sasiyimfuneko yokuxhasa ukholo. Le ngxubusho yaqulunqwa kwimeko yempembelelo enamandla yonqulo, apho iCawa yadlala indima ephambili kubomi bengqondo nenkcubeko.

10. Impembelelo yentanda-bulumko yamaSilamsi kwiingcamango zamaxesha aphakathi

Intanda-bulumko yamaSilamsi yayinempembelelo enkulu kwingcinga yamaxesha aphakathi, ngakumbi eNtshona Yurophu ebudeni benkulungwane ye-9 ukuya kweye-13. Uqhagamshelwano lwenkcubeko phakathi kwelizwe lamaSilamsi neYurophu lwavumela ukusasazwa kolwazi lwentanda-bulumko ngeenguqulelo ezisuka kwisiArabhu ukuya kwisiLatini. Oku kutshintshiselana ngezimvo nangemibhalo kwaphembelela ukuvuselelwa kweengcamango zentanda-bulumko kwiYurophu yamaxesha aphakathi.

Enye yeenkalo eziphambili zefilosofi yamaSilamsi eyayinempembelelo enkulu yayikukumanyaniswa kwefilosofi nenzululwazi. Izithandi zobulumko zamaSilamsi zathabatha iingcamango kwizithandi zobulumko zamaGrike ezinjengoAristotle noPlato zaza zadibanisa neemfundiso zobuSilamsi. Oku kwakhokelela ekuvelisweni kwentanda-bulumko eyayiquka ukuqiqa nokutyhilwa kobuthixo.

Ifilosofi yamaSilamsi ikwaphembelele uphuhliso lwengqiqo kunye nemetaphysics kwiYurophu yamandulo. Iintanda-bulumko zamaSilamsi ezinjengoAl-Farabi no-Avicenna zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwingqiqo ka-Aristotelian zaza zavelisa iithiyori ezintsha zemetaphysical. Ezi ngcamango zamkelwa zizithandi zobulumko zaseYurophu zamaxesha aphakathi zaza zaba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwiingcinga zaseNtshona.

Ngamafutshane, yayibalulekile. Ukudityaniswa kwefilosofi nenzululwazi, kunye nokuhambela phambili kwingqiqo kunye ne-metaphysics, kube negalelo ekuvuselelweni kweengcamango zefilosofi eNtshona Yurophu. Utshintshiselwano ngenkcubeko phakathi kwelizwe lamaSilamsi kunye neYurophu lwalubalulekile ekusasazweni kwezi mbono kunye nokutyebisa ingcinga yamaxesha aphakathi.

11. Intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi nonxulumano lwayo nezakwalizwi

Zibonakaliswa yimpembelelo esondeleyo kunye nekhonkco phakathi kwezi zifundo zimbini. Ebudeni beli xesha, intanda-bulumko yaphuhliswa ngokuyintloko kumxholo wemfundiso yezakwalizwi nasekufuneni inyaniso yonqulo. Iintanda-bulumko ezininzi zamaxesha aphakathi, ezinjengoSaint Thomas Aquinas, zazinikela ekuxolelaniseni ukholo nengqiqo, zidala ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwefilosofi nezakwalizwi.

Omnye wemixholo ephambili kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yayilunxulumano phakathi kokholo nokuqiqa. Iintanda-bulumko ezininzi zamaxesha aphakathi zazikholelwa ukuba ukholo nengqiqo yayiziindlela ezimbini ezihambelanayo zokufikelela enyanisweni, nokuba zombini ezi zifundo zifanele ukusebenzisana. Le ngcamango yoxolelwaniso phakathi kokholo kunye nesizathu yayisisiseko kuphuhliso lwe.

Kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi, kwabakho iingxoxo neengxoxo ngemibandela enjengokumila kukaThixo, ubukho bobubi, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, nolwazi lwenyaniso. Ezi ngcamango zentanda-bulumko zazisekwe kwisithethe sentanda-bulumko yamaGrike namaRoma kunye nemibhalo yonqulo lwamaKristu. Injongo yayikukuqonda nokucacisa iimfundiso zokholo ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo nengqiqo.

Ngamafutshane, zibonakaliswe ngoqhagamshelwano lwazo olusondeleyo kunye nokuhambelana. Ngeli xesha, iintanda-bulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zazifuna ukuvisisanisa ukholo nengqiqo, zisenza incoko eqhubekayo phakathi kwezi nkalo zimbini. Ngeengxoxo kunye nokucamngca, siye sazama ukuqonda nokucacisa iimfundiso zonqulo ngokwembono yentanda-bulumko, sisebenzisa isithethe samaGrike namaRoma kunye nekophusi yezakwalizwi yobuKristu. Ekugqibeleni, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi nezakwalizwi zadityaniswa ukuze zinike imbono ephangaleleyo yolwazi nenyaniso.

12. Ilifa lefilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi kwimbali yeengcinga zaseNtshona

Ifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi ishiye ilifa elibalulekileyo kwimbali yeengcinga zaseNtshona. Ngeli xesha, imisinga eyahlukeneyo yefilosofi yavela kwaye yaphuhliswa, iphonononga kwizihloko ezinjengobudlelwane phakathi kokholo kunye nesizathu, ubukho bukaThixo, ubume bolwazi kunye nokuziphatha. Ezi ngcamango kunye neengcamango zibe nempembelelo enkulu kwingcinga elandelayo kwaye zibeke isiseko sophuhliso olulandelayo lwefilosofi yaseNtshona.

Elinye igalelo elibaluleke kakhulu lentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi kukugxininisa kubudlelwane phakathi kokholo nokuqiqa. Izithandi zobulumko ezinjengoSaint Thomas Aquinas zazama ukulungelelanisa ezi zinto zimbini zibonakala ziphikisana, ziphikisa ngelithi ukholo kunye nengqiqo ziyaphelelisana. Le mbono iye yanempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwindlela unqulo nenzululwazi eziqondwa ngayo namhlanje.

Omnye umxholo ophambili kwintanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi yingxubusho engobukho bukaThixo. Iintanda-bulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zahlola iingxoxo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze zingqine ubukho bukaThixo, njengengxoxo ngendalo iphela kunye nengxoxo ye-ontological. Ezi ngcamango zefilosofi ziye zaphembelela ukucinga kwezakwalizwi kunye nenkolo yelo xesha, kwaye zisaxoxwa kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo kwifilosofi yanamhlanje.

13. Izigxeko kunye neempikiswano malunga nentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi

14. Ukufaneleka kwentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi namhlanje

Intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi ishiye uphawu olungacimekiyo kwindlela esiliqonda ngayo ihlabathi namhlanje. Nangona isoloko ijongwa njengoqeqesho lwakudala kwaye yodlulwa yimisinga yangoku, ukufaneleka kwayo kusasebenza. Okokuqala, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi isinika umbono opheleleyo nocwangcisiweyo wolwazi lomntu, ukusuka kubume benyani ukuya kwimiba yokuziphatha kunye nemetaphysical.

Elinye lamagalelo aphambili efilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi kukugxila ekukhangeleni inyaniso. Izithandi zobulumko zamaxesha aphakathi zajamelana neengxaki ezisisiseko, ezinjengobukho bukaThixo okanye ulwalamano phakathi kokholo nokuqiqa, ngeengxoxo eziqatha neengxoxo ezisengqiqweni. Ngale ndlela, uphando lwakhe kunye nokucamngca kusishiye indlela exabisekileyo yokucinga okuphangaleleyo kunye nokuqiqa okuthobayo.

Ngaphaya koko, intanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi ikwabonelela ngembono eyodwa ngokuziphatha kwabantu kunye nokuziphatha. Ngokufunda abafundi bezakwalizwi bamaxesha aphakathi kunye neentanda-bulumko, sinokuqonda iziseko zokuziphatha eziye zabumba uluntu lwethu ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Iimfundiso zakhe zisimema ukuba sicinge ngokubaluleka kwesidima, okulungileyo kunye noxanduva lokuziphatha kubomi bethu.

Ngamafutshane, ifilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi isasebenza nanamhlanje ngokukwazi kwayo ukujongana nemibuzo esisiseko malunga nenyani, inyaniso kunye nokuziphatha. Ngeemfundiso zakhe, siyakwazi ukufikelela kwilifa lengqondo elixabisekileyo elisivumela ukuba siqonde ihlabathi lethu kwaye sijongane nemiceli mngeni yeenqobo ezisesikweni nezefilosofi esiqhubeka sihlangabezana nazo kuluntu lwanamhlanje. Ukufunda kunye noxabiso lwayo kusinika isiseko esomeleleyo sokucinga nzulu kunye nokucamngca kwefilosofi okwangoku.

Ukuqukumbela, i-Medieval Philosophy lixesha elinomdla kwimbali yeengcinga zefilosofi. Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siye saphonononga eyona miba iphambili yolu qeqesho, ukusuka kwimpembelelo yalo ebalulekileyo kwizakwalizwi ukuya kugxininiso lwalo kubudlelwane phakathi kokholo nokuqiqa.

Ukongezelela, siye sabalaselisa ezinye zeentanda-bulumko ezibalaseleyo zeli xesha, ezifana noSaint Thomas Aquinas, uAugustine waseHippo, noWilliam waseOckham, ombono wabo kunye neengxoxo zabo ziqhubeka zifundwa kwaye zixutyushwa namhlanje.

Ngokuphathelele umxholo, iFilosofi yamaXesha Aphakathi yagxininisa kwimibuzo esisiseko ephathelele ubukho bukaThixo, ubume bokwenene, nokungafi komphefumlo. Le mibuzo yayicel’ umngeni ubulumko nengqiqo yezithandi zobulumko zelo xesha, ezazizabalazela ukulungelelanisa ingqiqo nokholo.

Kubalulekile ukuba kugxininiswe ukuba i-Medieval Philosophy yabeka iziseko zophuhliso lwamva lwefilosofi yaseNtshona. Iingxoxo zakhe kunye nokucamngca kwakhe kwaphembelela imisinga yentanda-bulumko yamva, efana neRenaissance kunye nokuKhanya.

Isishwankathelo, iFilosofi yamaXesha Aphakathi yayilinqanaba elibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yefilosofi. Izithandi zobulumko zayo zajamelana nocelomngeni lwengqondo nolwakwalizwi olusasebenza nanamhlanje. Ukufundwa kolu qeqesho kusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuvela kweengcinga zabantu kunye neengcambu zeengcinga ezininzi zefilosofi zangoku.