Ifilosofi Yanamhlanje: Iimpawu, Iingcamango, kunye neengcali zefilosofi

Intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje yingcinga ekhoyo eyakhula ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-17 ukuya kutsho kwinkulungwane ye-19, kwaye ibonakala ngokugxila kwingqiqo, kwinzululwazi, nasekufuneni ulwazi olunenjongo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga iimpawu ezisisiseko zentanda-bulumko yanamhlanje, imiba ephambili eyavela ngeli xesha, kunye neentanda-bulumko ezinempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kwayo. Ngokusebenzisa indlela yobugcisa kunye nethoni engathathi hlangothi, siya kuhlalutya indlela ifilosofi yanamhlanje ibeke ngayo isiseko sokucinga kwangoku kwaye iguqule ukuqonda kwethu ihlabathi kunye nabantu.

1. Intshayelelo kwifilosofi yanamhlanje: Inkcazo kunye nembali yendaleko

Ifilosofi yanamhlanje ibhekisa kwixesha yembali Intanda-bulumko esusela kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuya kweye-19. Ngeli xesha, intanda-bulumko yenze inguqu emandla, isuka kwiindlela zamaxesha aphakathi kwaye yamkela ukucinga okunengqiqo nenzululwazi. Intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje iphawulwa kukhangelo lwendlela engqongqo yolwazi kunye nokufunda ngobunyani, into echaseneyo nenkqubo yezakwalizwi kunye nentelekelelo yefilosofi yamaxesha aphakathi.

Olu tshintsho lwembali lwefilosofi yanamhlanje lunokwahlulwa lube yimisinga okanye iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zefilosofi. Ezinye zezona zaziphembelela kakhulu yayiyingqiqo, ukuba namandla, kunye neengcamango. Ingqiqo, eyayimelwa zizithandi zobulumko ezinjengoRené Descartes, yabambelela ekubeni ulwazi lufumaneka kwingqiqo nasekuxhuzulweni okusengqiqweni. Kwelinye icala, i-empiricism, enxulunyaniswa neengcinga ezinjengoJohn Locke, yakhusela ukuba ulwazi lufumaneka ngamava kunye nokuqwalaselwa.

Idealism, yona inxalenye yayo, yachaza ukuba inyaniso ixhomekeke kwingqondo okanye ukuqonda. Izithandi zobulumko ezinjengo-Immanuel Kant zaphuhlisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwengqiqo kunye ne-empiricism, ziphikisana ngokuba ulwazi lusekelwe kumava kodwa nakwizakhiwo zengqondo zomntu. Ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zefilosofi kunye neenkqubo ziphawule utshintsho olubalulekileyo ekucingeni nasekufundeni inyaniso, zibeka iziseko zefilosofi yanamhlanje.

2. Iziseko zefilosofi yanamhlanje: Iimpawu kunye nemigaqo

Ifilosofi yanamhlanje ibonakaliswe ngoluhlu lwemigaqo kunye neempawu eziyahlula kwiindlela zangaphambili zefilosofi. Esinye seziseko eziphambili zefilosofi yanamhlanje kugxininiso kwingqiqo kunye nomntu ngamnye. Ngokungafaniyo nentanda-bulumko yamaxesha aphakathi, eyayigxile kwigunya nesithethe, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje ifuna ulwazi nenyaniso ngokuqiqa okusengqiqweni kunye nokuzazisa.

Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwentanda-bulumko yanamhlanje kugxininiso lwayo kwi-empiricism nakwisayensi. Izithandi zobulumko zale mihla zifuna iingcaciso neempendulo ezisekelwe kumava noko kuqwalaselwayo. Basebenzisa iindlela zenzululwazi nengqiqo ukuze bahlalutye baze baqonde ihlabathi elibangqongileyo, begatya iingcaciso ezisekelwe kukholo okanye kwisityhilelo sobuthixo.

Ngaphezu koko, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje iphawulwa ngokugxininisa kwayo kumntu ngamnye nakwinkululeko. Izithandi zobulumko zale mihla ziyakuxabisa ukuzilawula nokukwazi ukukhetha nokwenza izinto ngokokuthanda kwakhe. Bakhathalele amalungelo kunye nesidima somntu ngamnye, kwaye bafuna ukudala uluntu apho wonke umntu enethuba lokuphuhlisa amandla akhe apheleleyo. Ngamafutshane, iziseko zentanda-bulumko yanamhlanje zisekelwe kwingqiqo, amandla eempiricism, kunye nokuxabisa ubuntu nenkululeko.

3. Ifilosofi yanamhlanje kunye neengcamango zayo eziphambili: Inkululeko, ukucinga kunye nenkqubela phambili

Ifilosofi yanamhlanje ibonakala ngokugxininisa kwayo kwinkululeko, ukuqiqa kunye nenkqubela phambili njengemiba ephambili. Ezi ngcamango zisisiseko ekuqondeni ukuvela kweengcamango zefilosofi kwi-17th kunye ne-18th inkulungwane.

Inkululeko, eqondwa njengokukwazi ukwenza kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngokuzimeleyo, ngumgaqo osisiseko kwifilosofi yanamhlanje. Iintanda-bulumko zeli xesha zayikhusela ingcamango yokuba abantu ngabanye banamalungelo emvelo ahambisana nemeko yabo yoluntu, phakathi kwabo, ilungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, yokuthetha neyokwenza izinto. Inkululeko yabonwa njengexabiso elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lomntu ngamnye nolwentlalontle, kwaye yathathwa njengesiseko soluntu olunobulungisa nolunedemokhrasi.

Ngokuphathelele isizathu, iintanda-bulumko zanamhlanje zabalaselisa ukubaluleka kwayo njengesixhobo sokwazi nokuqonda ihlabathi. Isizathu sathathwa njengengqondo yomntu ekwaziyo ukuhlalutya, ukukhupha kunye nokuqulunqa imigaqo yendalo yonke. Ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo, izithandi zobulumko zanamhlanje zazama ukufumanisa imithetho elawula indalo nokuseka isiseko esisengqiqweni sokuziphatha, ezobupolitika nolwazi lwenzululwazi. Ukuthembela kwingqiqo njengomthombo wolwazi kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kwe-Enlightenment, intshukumo yengqondo eyayikhuthaza ukusasazeka kwemfundo kunye nokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwengqiqo.

4. Iintanda-bulumko eziphambili zefilosofi yanamhlanje: Iprofayili emfutshane kunye negalelo

• Rene Descartes: UDescartes wayengumFrentshi wefilosofi othathwa njengoyise wefilosofi yanamhlanje. Waziwa ngegama lakhe elidumileyo elithi "Cogito, ergo sum" ("Ndicinga, ngoko ndinguye"). Igalelo lakhe eliphambili kwintanda-bulumko yanamhlanje yayiyindlela yakhe yokunciphisa, awayezama ngayo ukufikelela iinyaniso ezipheleleyo nezingenakuphikiswa. Ngaphaya koko, uDescartes wakhusela ubumbini bomzimba kwaye wathi ulwazi lufunyanwa ngokuqiqa hayi ngeemvakalelo.
• John Locke: ULocke, isithandi sobulumko esiliNgesi, ugqalwa njengenye yabona baphambili bezama-empiricism. Umsebenzi wakhe ophambili, "Isincoko malunga nokuQondwa koMntu", uthi ingqondo yomntu "isileyiti esingenanto" ekuzalweni kwaye olo lwazi lufunyanwa ngamava eemvakalelo. Locke ukwaphuhlise ithiyori yamalungelo endalo, egcina ukuba abantu ngabanye banamalungelo ahambelana nemeko yabo yoluntu nokuba amandla ezopolitiko aphuma kwimvume yabantu.
• Immanuel Kant: U-Kant, isazi sefilosofi sasePrussia, uyaziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa "Ukugxeka kweNqaku eliPhucukileyo." Igalelo lakhe eliphambili kwintanda-bulumko yanamhlanje yayilinge lakhe lokudibanisa ubungangamsha kunye nengqiqo. Ngokutsho kweKant, ulwazi lwakhiwe ngamava kunye nengqiqo, kodwa kukho imida kwinto esinokuyazi. U-Kant uphinde waphuhlisa umgaqo womsebenzi, exoxa ukuba izenzo zokuziphatha kufuneka zikhokelwe yingqiqo kunye nomsebenzi, kwaye kungekhona ngemiphumo okanye utyekelo.

5. URené Descartes kunye nengqiqo: I-cogito ergo sum njengendawo yokuqala

URené Descartes, isithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi kunye nesazi sezibalo senkulungwane ye-17, wayengomnye wabaxhasi abaphambili bengqiqo, intanda-bulumko yangoku eyayinika ukubaluleka okukhulu kwingqiqo kunye nengqondo njengeendlela zokwazi nokuqonda ihlabathi. Inkcazo yayo ephezulu ifumaneka kwibinzana elidumileyo elithi "cogito ergo sum", elithi ngeSpanish lithetha "Ndicinga, ngoko ndinguye."

I-cogito ergo sum iba yindawo yokuqala yokucinga kaDescartes, kuba ngayo ubukho besihloko sokucinga, oko kukuthi, yena ngokwakhe, kusekwe. UDescartes wayecinga ukuba zonke iingcamango zinokuthandabuza, ngaphandle kwengcamango yakho njengesifundo sokucinga. Ngale ndlela, waqinisekisa ukuba amathandabuzo ngokwawo abonakalisa ubukho bomntu othandabuzayo.

Le ndawo yokuqala iba yindawo yereferensi yeDescartes kukhangelo lolwazi lokwenyani. Ukusuka kubukho bomntu ocingayo, uqhubela phambili ekufumaniseni ubukho bukaThixo nobunyani bangaphandle. UDescartes uthi ukuba kukho umntu ofezekileyo nongenasiphelo ofana noThixo, ngoko akanakukhohliswa sisidalwa esinesiphelo nesingafezekanga njengaye. Ke ngoko, umbono wokuba ngumntu ofezekileyo uthetha ubukho bakhe.

Isishwankathelo, uRené Descartes kunye nengqiqo igcina ukuba ingcinga sisiseko esisisiseko solwazi. I-cogito ergo sum, njengendawo yokuqala, ibeka ubukho bomntu ocinga kwaye iba sisiseko sokwakhiwa kolwazi lokwenyani. Ukusuka kweli nqanaba, uDescartes ufuna ukufumanisa ubukho bukaThixo kunye nenyani yangaphandle. Ilifa lakhe lefilosofi lihlala lifanelekile okwangoku kwaye ushiye uphawu kwimbali del pensamiento.

6. I-empiricism kaJohn Locke noDavid Hume: Amava njengesiseko solwazi

I-Empiricism yifilosofi yangoku egcina ukuba ulwazi lufunyanwa ngamava. Ababini babameli bayo abaphambili nguJohn Locke noDavid Hume. Zombini ezi zithandi zobulumko ziyavuma ukuba amava asisiseko solwazi, kodwa ayahluka kwiinkalo ezithile ezisisiseko.

UJohn Locke, kumsebenzi wakhe othi "Isincoko esimalunga nokuQondwa koMntu", ugcina ukuba ingqondo yomntu ifana nesileyiti esingenanto ekuzalweni, oko kukuthi, asinalo ulwazi lwangaphakathi kunye nayo yonke into esiyaziyo esiyifumene ngamava. Kwi-Locke, amava ahlulwe abe ziindidi ezimbini: imvakalelo, evumela ukuba sazi ilizwe langaphandle ngeemvakalelo zethu, kunye nokucamngca, okusivumela ukuba sazi ilizwe lethu langaphakathi ngokuzihlola.

Kwelakhe icala, uDavid Hume, kumsebenzi wakhe othi "Unyango lweNdalo yoMntu", wandisa iingcamango zikaLocke kwaye ahlalutye indima yamava ekwenziweni kolwazi. U-Hume ugcina ukuba lonke ulwazi lwethu luncitshiswe kwimibono kunye nemibono evela kwiimvakalelo zethu. Ngaphezu koko, uthi asinakukwazi ukubonisa ubukho bezinto zangaphandle ezingaphaya kwamava ethu, ekubeni ukufikelela ngqo ukuya ku.

7. U-Immanuel Kant kunye neembono ezingaphaya kwengqondo: Ukubaluleka kwesizathu esisulungekileyo

U-Immanuel Kant wamkelwa njengenye yeentanda-bulumko ezinempembelelo kwimbali, ngakumbi kwinkalo yefilosofi yanamhlanje. Umsebenzi wakhe othi "Critique of Pure Reason" ujongana nombono we-excendental idealism kwaye ugxininisa ukubaluleka kwesizathu esicacileyo kulwazi lomntu. UKant ugcina ukuba isizathu esisulungekileyo sisisiseko ekuqondeni ubunyani kunye nokugqithisa amava oluvo.

Kumsebenzi wakhe, uKant uphuhlisa ingcamango ye "transcendental" ukuchaza indlela amava engqondo yomntu ngokusebenzisa iindidi kunye neengcamango. Endaweni yokujolisa kuphela kwinyani eyinjongo, uKant ugcina ukuba iimbono zethu zihluziwe kwaye zilungelelaniswe ziingqikelelo zendalo kunye nezakhiwo zeengqondo zethu. Ngaloo ndlela, ulwazi Yinkqubo esebenzayo apho isizathu esisulungekileyo sidlala indima engundoqo.

Ukubaluleka kwesizathu esisulungekileyo kusekukwazini kwayo ukugqitha kumava ovavanyo. Ngokungafaniyo nesizathu esinamandla, esisekwe kuluvo lweemvakalelo, isizathu esisulungekileyo sivumela ukufikelela kwiinyaniso zehlabathi kunye neziyimfuneko ezidlula imida yamava. Isizathu esicocekileyo siyakwazi ukuseka izigwebo eziphambili, oko kukuthi, izigwebo ezingaxhomekeke kumava kwaye zisebenza ngamaxesha onke kunye neendawo. Ezi zigwebo eziphambili zenza isiseko solwazi lwethu kwaye zisivumela ukuba siqonde imiba esisiseko yenyani.

8. Ubukhona bukaJean-Paul Sartre kunye noFriedrich Nietzsche: Inkululeko kunye nentsingiselo yobomi.

Ubukho bukaJean-Paul Sartre kunye noFriedrich Nietzsche bushiye uphawu olunzulu kwifilosofi yanamhlanje. Zombini ezi zithandi zobulumko zahlola umxholo wenkululeko kunye nentsingiselo yobomi ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo kodwa eziphelelisanayo.

USartre, ogqalwa njengomnye wabaxhasi abaphambili bobukho, wayithethelela ingcamango yokuba umntu ukhululekile yaye unoxanduva lokuyila intsingiselo yakhe yobukho.** KuSartre, inkululeko ayinamida okanye imida yangaphandle, kodwa luxanduva olungenakuphepheka oluwela umntu ngamnye. Ubukho buhamba phambili, nto leyo ethetha ukuba sikhululekile ukuba sizikhethele izenzo zethu kwaye ke ngoko sinoxanduva lweziphumo zezigqibo zethu.

Kwelakhe icala, uNietzsche wayethetha ngomxholo wenkululeko nenjongo yobomi ngokwembono engqongqo ngakumbi.* Wayecinga ukuba ubukho babuyisiphithiphithi yaye bungenanjongo ingaphaya kwamandla. U-Nietzsche wathi umntu kufuneka amkele ukuthanda igunya kwaye enze intsingiselo yakhe ebomini ngokusebenzisa i-amor fati, oko kukuthi, ukuthanda ikamva lakhe. KuNietzsche, inkululeko yokwenyani yayikukukwazi ukoyisa amaxabiso kunye neengqikelelo ezibekwe luluntu ukufumana ubuntu bokwenyani.

9. Usetyenziso lukaJeremy Bentham kunye noJohn Stuart Mill: Iinqobo zokuziphatha kunye nokwandisa intlalontle

I-utilitarianism kaJeremy Bentham kunye noJohn Stuart Mill yindlela yokuziphatha efuna ukunyusa impilo-ntle yoluntu jikelele. Le mfundiso yentanda-bulumko igxininisa ukuba isenzo silungile ukuba sivelisa olona lonwabo lukhulu kubantu abaninzi. KuBentham, ulonwabo lwalusekelwe kulonwabo kunye nokungabikho kwentlungu, ngelixa iMill yandisa le ngcamango ukubandakanya ingcamango yokuzaliseka kwezakhono zomntu.

Ngokutsho kukaBentham, ukuze kuqondwe ukuba sisiphi isenzo esifanelekileyo ngokokuziphatha, ubani umele abale “umlinganiselo wolonwabo” kwisenzo ngasinye anokusenza. Olu balo lubandakanya ukuvavanya ulonwabo kunye nentlungu ebangelwa yisenzo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuqina kwayo, ubude bexesha, ukuqinisekiswa, ukusondela, ukucoceka kunye nobukhulu. Ngale ndlela, sifuna ukubala eyona mpilontle inkulu inokufumaneka.

Kwelinye icala, iMill yazisa ingqikelelo "yomgangatho" wolonwabo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, asizizo zonke iziyolo ezilinganayo kwaye ezinye zixabiseke ngakumbi kunezinye. Ke ngoko, ugcina ukuba i-utilitarianism ayipheleli nje ekukhuliseni ulonwabo, kodwa malunga nokukhuthaza ezolonwabo ziphakamileyo nezihlala zihleli, ezinjengolwazi, isidima, kunye noxabiso lobuhle. Ngale ndlela, iMill's utilitarian ethics ifuna ukukhulisa impilo-ntle yexesha elide, kuthathelwa ingqalelo umgangatho wolonwabo.

10. Amagalelo kaGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel kumbono ogqibeleleyo: Intetho yomoya

Amagalelo kaGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel kumbono ogqibeleleyo agxile kwingqikelelo yakhe yesiyelelane somoya. Ku-Hegel, umoya yinto epheleleyo yenyani kwaye iphuhlisa ngenkqubo ye-dialectical apho ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo kunye nokuphumelela kwenzeka. Esi sithuba siya kuphonononga imiba ephambili yalo mnikelo ubalulekileyo wefilosofi.

Okokuqala, uHegel umisela ukuba umoya uzibonakalisa ngokwamanqanaba amathathu alandelelanayo: umoya wokuzithoba, umoya wenjongo kunye nomoya opheleleyo. Umoya we-subjective ubhekisa kulwazi lomntu kunye nobudlelwane bakhe kunye nehlabathi langaphandle. Umoya onenjongo, ngenxalenye yawo, uyawaqonda amaziko kunye nezithethe zentlalo ezibumba amava omntu. Ekugqibeleni, umoya opheleleyo ubonisa incopho yokuphuhliswa komoya, apho ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo inyaniso kufezekiswa.

Okwesibini, uHegel wazisa ingcamango yethisisi, i-antithesis kunye ne-synthesis njengenjini ye-dialectic. Ithisisi imele ingcamango emiselweyo okanye isikhundla esingqubana nechasa layo, isichasi. Ngokudibana kwe-dialectical, kuvela i-synthesis edibanisa kwaye yoyise ukuphikisana kwethisisi kunye ne-antithesis. Le nkqubo Ihlala iphindaphindwa, ivelisa ukuqhubela phambili kwi-synthesis ephezulu.

Ukuqukumbela, amagalelo kaHegel kumbono ogqibeleleyo agxile kwi-dialectic yomoya kunye nophuhliso lwawo ngokusebenzisa ithisisi, i-antithesis kunye ne-synthesis. Le ndlela yefilosofi ivumela ukuba siqonde ihlabathi njengenkqubo yokuphucula rhoqo kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, apho ukuphikisana kuyimfuneko kwinkqubela phambili. U-Hegel wabeka iziseko zokuphuhliswa kweendlela ezininzi zefilosofi kamva kwaye impembelelo yakhe ihleli kude kube namhlanje.

11. I-positivism ka-Auguste Comte kunye nombono wakhe wesayensi wokwenene

I-positivism ka-Auguste Comte yintanda-bulumko yangoku egxile ekusetyenzisweni kwendlela yenzululwazi ukuqonda nokucacisa ubunyani. UComte wayecinga ukuba inzululwazi ifanele ibe sesona sikhokelo solwazi lomntu nokuba kusenokuphunyezwa inkqubela yezentlalo neyokuziphatha kuphela.

Ngokutsho kukaComte, inyaniso yahlulahlulwe yangamazwe amathathu: i-theology, i-metaphysical kunye ne-positive. Kwimeko yezakwalizwi, inkcazo yeziganeko isekelwe kungenelelo lukaThixo, ngelixa kwimeko yemetaphysical i-essential okanye umgaqo ongabonakaliyo ufunwa ukuphendula imibuzo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko entle, ixhomekeke ekuqwalaselweni, ekulingweni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuqulunqa imithetho yenzululwazi kunye neethiyori.

I-positivism kaComte ibalasele kwindlela yayo yobuchule kunye nenjongo. Ithathela ingqalelo into yokuba ulwazi lwenzululwazi kufuneka lusekelwe kwiinyani ezinokuqinisekiswa nezinokuveliswa kwakhona, kwaye hayi kwintelekelelo okanye kwiinkolelo. I-Comte iphakamisa indlela yenzululwazi engqongqo evumela imithetho jikelele ukuba isekwe ngokujongwa okucwangcisiweyo kunye novavanyo olulawulwayo, olusekwe kwimigaqo yengqiqo kunye nokuqaliswa. Ngale ndlela, i-positivism ifuna ukufezekisa ukuqiniseka kunye nenjongo kulwazi kunye nokuqonda inyaniso.

12. UFriedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche kunye nokuhlalutywa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha: Ukufa kukaThixo

13. Intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje nempembelelo yayo kwiingcamango zale mihla

Intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwiingcinga zala maxesha, njengoko iye yatshintsha indlela esiliqonda ngayo ihlabathi nobomi bethu. Le mihla yentanda-bulumko yavela eYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwaye yayiquka iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga ezinje ngengqiqo, amandla eempiricism kunye ne-idealism.

Omnye wemiba ephambili yentanda-bulumko yanamhlanje kukugxila kumandla engqiqo nakubuchule bomntu bokwazi nokuqonda ihlabathi. Iintanda-bulumko eziqiqayo ezinjengoDescartes, uSpinoza, noLeibniz zathi isizathu singowona mthombo wolwazi kwaye ukucinga okunengqiqo nokuthotywayo kunokukhokelela kwinyaniso epheleleyo. Kwelinye icala, abaphengululi abanjengoLocke, uHume, noBerkeley babekholelwa ukuba ulwazi lufumaneka kumava ovakalelo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwehlabathi langaphandle.

Intanda-bulumko yale mihla ikwaphembelela ukuvela kweembono ezilindelekileyo, umsinga ogcina ukuba inyaniso isengqondweni okanye ngokomoya. Iingcali zefilosofi ezifana noKant kunye noHegel baqulunqa iithiyori ezibuza ingcamango yelizwe langaphandle elinenjongo kwaye bathi ukuqonda kwethu kunye nokuqonda kwethu kuqulunqwe ngeengqondo kunye neengcamango zethu. Le ngcamango yokuba izinto zikhona kuphela kwindlela ezibonwa ngayo okanye ezicingwa ngayo zingundoqo kwingcinga yangoku kwaye ikhokelele kwiingxoxo ezinzulu malunga nobume benyani kunye nolwazi lwethu ngayo.

14. Izigqibo: Iingcinga zokugqibela ngefilosofi yanamhlanje kunye nelifa layo

Ngamafutshane, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje ishiye ilifa elimangalisayo ngendlela esiqonda ngayo kwaye sijongane neengxaki zefilosofi. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, izithandi zobulumko ezinjengoDescartes, uLocke, uHume, uKant noHegel zabeka isiseko sezikolo ezininzi zeengcinga neengxoxo ezisabalulekile nanamhlanje. Ngokubonakalisa kwabo kunye neengxoxo, basinike izixhobo zengqiqo kunye neendlela zokuhlalutya kunye nokuqonda uhlobo lolwazi, ubukho bomntu kunye noluntu.

Elinye lamagalelo aphambili efilosofi yanamhlanje kukuxabisa ukucinga okunengqiqo kunye nokubaluleka kwengqiqo kulwakhiwo lweethiyori eziqinileyo zefilosofi. Iintanda-bulumko zanamhlanje zagxininisa imfuneko yokusekela amabango kubungqina nakwingqiqo esengqiqweni, eye yaphembelela inkqubo yenzululwazi nophuhliso lwenzululwazi. Ngombulelo kwindlela yabo yokuhlalutya kunye nokugxeka, basikhokelela ekuqondeni okunzulu kwenyani kwaye basicela umngeni ukuba sibuze iinkolelo zethu kunye neengcinga zethu.

Ngapha koko, ilifa lentanda-bulumko yale mihla linokubonwa kwiiyantlukwano zentanda-bulumko eyavela kuyo. I-Empiricism, i-rationalism, i-idealism, i-existentialism kunye nezinye ii-filosophical currents ezininzi zizuze njengelifa kwaye zandisa iindlela zeentanda-bulumko zanamhlanje. Nganye yale misinga izise iimbono ezintsha kunye neendlela kwifilosofi, ngaloo ndlela ityebisa intsimi kwaye ivumela ukuba kubekho ingxoxo eqhubekayo kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo yobomi bomntu.

Ukuqukumbela, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje ibalasele ngokugxila emntwini nasekukwazini kwayo ukuvelisa ulwazi ngokuqiqa namava. Ibonakala ngokugxeka kwayo isiko kunye nokukhangela kwayo iimpendulo ezisisiseko malunga nobukho, ulwazi kunye nokuziphatha.

Kulo lonke inqaku, siye saphonononga iikhonsepthi ezibalulekileyo zefilosofi kweli xesha, ezinje ngerationalism, empiricism kunye ne-dealism. Nganye kwezi ndlela ishiye uphawu olubalulekileyo kwintanda-bulumko yanamhlanje kwaye iye yaphembelela indlela yokucinga yezithandi zobulumko ezinjengoRené Descartes, uJohn Locke, uImmanuel Kant, noFriedrich Hegel.

Ngokufanayo, siye sahlalutya iimpawu eziphambili zefilosofi yanamhlanje, njengokubaluleka kwengqiqo, ukugxeka igunya kunye nokubaluleka kwenkululeko yomntu. Ezi mpawu zenze ingcamango yefilosofi yaseNtshona kwaye zibeka isiseko sophuhliso lwezinye iinkalo ezifana nesayensi, ezopolitiko kunye nokuziphatha.

Ngamafutshane, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje ibe luncedo ekuqondeni ihlabathi elisingqongileyo nasekuthandabuzeni iinyaniso ezimiselweyo. Ngokuhlalutya kwayo okubalulekileyo kunye nolungqongqo, kuye kwaba negalelo ekuziphendukeleni kweengcamango zomntu kwaye unikeze izixhobo eziyimfuneko zokubonisa kwimibuzo emikhulu yokuphila.

Ekugqibeleni, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje isasebenza nanamhlanje njengoko isimema ukuba sicamngce ngezihloko ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngengqondo, inyani, kunye nokuziphatha. Ilifa lakhe liyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza izizukulwana zeentanda-bulumko kunye nokubonelela ngesakhelo sethiyori esiluqilima sokujongana nemingeni yangoku. Ke ngoko, intanda-bulumko yanamhlanje iyaqhubeka ukuba yinkalo enika umdla nehlala iphuhla yokufunda esivumela ukuba siqhubeke nokuhlola nokuqonda ihlabathi esiphila kulo.