Ifiziyoloji yeSelula luqeqesho olusisiseko kuphononongo lweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka kwinqanaba le-microscopic kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngokukodwa, ukujikeleza kwamaselula kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni izondlo, ukususwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kwezicubu kunye nezitho ezahlukeneyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga nzulu iindlela ezibandakanyekayo kwi-physiology yeselula yokujikeleza kunye nokubaluleka kwayo ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo komzimba. Ukususela kwiinkqubo zezothutho ezisebenzayo kunye ne-passive, ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kweeseli kunye nokuhamba kwegazi, siya kuhlola izinto eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kule nethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenzisana kwamaselula. Zilungiselele ukuntywila kwihlabathi elinomdla lefiziyoji yeselula yokujikeleza.
Intshayelelo kwi-Fiziyoloji yeSelula yokuBoleka
I-Cellular physiology yinkalo enika umdla neyohlukeneyo egxile ekusebenzeni nasekunxibelelaneni kweeseli emzimbeni. Kumxholo wokujikeleza, i-physiology yeselula idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni indlela iiseli eziziqhelanisa ngayo kwaye ziphendule kwiimfuno zenkqubo yokujikeleza. Ngokufunda iinkqubo ezithile zeselula ezenzeka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezijikelezayo, sinokufumana ingqiqo enzulu malunga nendlela uxinzelelo lwegazi olulawulwa ngayo, indlela izondlo ezihanjiswa ngayo, kunye nendlela okulawulwa ngayo ukuhamba kwegazi phakathi kwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo.
Omnye wemiba ephambili yefiziyoloji yeselula ukujikeleza ngumsebenzi weeseli endothelial, ezilungelelanisa umgangatho ongaphakathi wemithambo yegazi. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokulawula ukuhamba kwegazi, ukuvelisa i-vasodilator okanye i-athomu ye-vasoconstrictor ekuphenduleni iimpawu ezivela kwindalo. Ukongeza, iiseli ze-endothelial zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuvaleni igazi kunye nokusebenzisana neeseli ezivuthayo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphilisa inxeba.
Omnye umba obalulekileyo iphysiology yeselula yomjikelezo yindima yeeseli ezibomvu zegazi, ezikwaziwa njengeeerythrocytes. Ezi seli zinoxanduva lokuhambisa ioksijini kuwo wonke umzimba kwaye zikwanceda ukuphelisa inkunkuma ekwenziweni kwalo msebenzi, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi zinemilo ekhethekileyo kwaye ziqulethe isixa esikhulu se-hemoglobin, iprotein ebopha ioksijini. Ukongeza, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi ziyakwazi ukuguquka ukuze zidlule kwiinqanawa ezimxinwa, ezivumela ukuba zifikelele kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba.
Isishwankathelo, iphysiology yeselula yojikelezo yintsimi enika umdla esivumela ukuba siqonde ngokweenkcukacha njani iiseli. kwinkqubo inkqubo yokujikeleza idibanisa kwaye iphendule utshintsho emzimbeni. Ukufundwa kweeseli ze-endothelial kunye neeseli ezibomvu zegazi kumxholo wokujikeleza akusincedi nje ukuba siqonde i-physiology eyisiseko, kodwa kusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono izifo zentliziyo kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezintsha zonyango.
Ubume kunye nomsebenzi weeseli zenkqubo yokujikeleza
Inkqubo yokujikeleza ibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwezondlo kunye neoksijini, kunye nokupheliswa kwenkunkuma kunye nezinto ezinobuthi. emzimbeni wethu. Iiseli ezenza le nkqubo zibonisa iimpawu ezithile zesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza ezivumela ukuba zenze le misebenzi ibalulekileyo.
Iiseli zenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi zahlulahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili: iiseli zegazi, iiseli ze-endothelial, kunye neeseli zezihlunu ezigudileyo. Uhlobo ngalunye ludlala indima ephambili ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi.
Iiseli zegazi, ezifana ne-erythrocytes, i-leukocytes kunye neeplatelet, zijongene nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. I<em>erythrocyte ine<em>hemoglobin, iprotheni ebophelela kwioksijini ize iyithuthe ngemithambo yegazi. I-leukocytes, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iiseli eziphambili ze-immune system kwaye zijongene nokulwa nezifo kunye nezifo. Iiplatelets, inxalenye yazo, ziyimfuneko ekubunjweni kwegazi kunye nokuthintela ukuphuma kwegazi.
Iiseli ze-Endothelial, ngokwenxalenye yazo, zihamba ngaphakathi kwemithambo yegazi kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukuhamba kwegazi kunye nokuhamba kwemithambo. Ezi seli zinokontraka okanye zinwebe ukulawula ukuhamba kwegazi kwimikhumbi kwaye zikwabandakanyeka kunxibelelwano kunye nokugaya iiseli zomzimba.
Ekugqibeleni, iiseli zezihlunu ezigudileyo zifunyanwa edongeni kwimithambo yegazi kwaye zibalulekile ekucuthekeni kwazo kunye nokuphumla. Olu xinzelelo olulawulwayo kunye nokuphumla kukuvumela ukuba ulawule ukuhamba kwegazi, ugcine uxinzelelo lwegazi olwaneleyo kwaye usasaze. indlela esebenzayo igazi kumalungu ahlukeneyo kunye nezicubu.
Indima yeeprotheni kumjikelezo weselula
Iiprotheyini zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekujikelezeni kweeseli ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwizinto ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi engundoqo ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo Ezi molekyuli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezondlo kunye neemveliso zenkunkuma kwi-membrane yeseli, kunye nokunxibelelana phakathi kweeseli kunye nokulawulwa kweenkqubo ze-metabolic.
Okokuqala, iiprotheni ze-membrane zinoxanduva lokuthutha iimolekyuli kwi-membrane yeseli. Ngokwakheka kwazo okukhethekileyo, ezi proteni zenza imijelo kunye neempompo ezivumela ukudlula kwezinto ezithile, ezinjengeeamino acids, iswekile, neeyoni. Lo mmiselo ekuhambeni kwezondlo kubalulekile ukugcina ibhalansi yangaphakathi yeseli kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwezothutho, iiprotheyini nazo zinoxanduva lokunxibelelana kwamaselula. Ngokusebenzisa i-membrane receptors, iiprotheyini zinokubona imiqondiso yeekhemikhali ezivela kwezinye iiseli, ezinje ngeehomoni okanye ii-neurotransmitters, kwaye zizigqithisele kwiseli. Le ntsebenziswano phakathi kweeprotheyini ze-receptor kunye neemolekyuli zokubonisa izibonakaliso zibangela i-cascade yeziganeko ezilawula ukuphendula kweseli, nokuba kukwahlulo lweeseli, ukuhlukana okanye ukulungelelaniswa neenguqu zendalo.
I-Dynamics yomjikelezo we-extracellular fluid
Ukuqukuqela kolwelo ngaphakathi umzimba womntu:
I-Extracellular fluid idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukulingana kwamanzi kunye ne-homeostasis. umzimba womntu. Iqulunqwe ikakhulu yi-interstitial fluid kunye neplasma yegazi, kwaye ukujikeleza kwayo ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu kunye namalungu. Ilawulwa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zangaphakathi nezingaphandle, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa usasazo lwayo olugqibeleleyo.
Iindlela zokujikeleza:
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinegalelo kwi. Phakathi kwazo kukho:
- Uxinzelelo lweHydrostatic: amandla asetyenziswa yintliziyo aqhubela ukuhamba kwegazi kwimithambo yegazi, evelisa uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic oluvumela ukutshintshiselana ngolwelo phakathi kweplasma kunye nolwelo lwangaphakathi.
- Uxinzelelo lwe-Osmotic: Umahluko kugxininiso lwe-solutes phakathi kweplasma kunye ne-interstitial fluid ivelisa uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic olukwanegalelo ekujikelezeni kwe-extracellular fluid.
- I-Membrane permeability: Iimpawu zokungena kwi-membrane zeseli kunye nee-capillaries zegazi zichaphazela ukulawulwa kokuhamba kwamanzi, okuvumela ukutshintshiselwa kwe-solutes kunye nokupheliswa kwenkunkuma ye-metabolic.
Ukubaluleka kokujikeleza okufanelekileyo:
Ukujikeleza okusebenzayo kwe-extracellular fluid kubalulekile ukugcina ukulingana kwamanzi, ukuthuthwa kwezondlo kunye neoksijini kwiithishu, kunye nokupheliswa kwenkunkuma ye-metabolic. Naluphi na utshintsho kolu tshintsho lunokuba neziphumo ezibi. kwezempilo, njengokugcinwa kwamanzi, ukubunjwa kwe-edema okanye ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi. Kubalulekile ukuqonda iziseko ze , kuba oku kusinika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo loxilongo kunye nonyango izifo ezohlukeneyo ezinxulumene nolawulo lolwelo lomzimba.
Ukuthuthwa kwezondlo kunye neoksijini kwiiseli ezijikelezayo
Yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokugcina ukusebenza kakuhle kwemizimba yethu. Ngenxa yenkqubo entsonkothileyo nesebenzayo, iiseli zethu zifumana izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze ziphunyezwe imisebenzi yayo iinkqubo zemetabolism kwaye ufumane amandla afunekayo.
Igazi, ngemithambo yegazi, linoxanduva lokuthutha ezi zondlo kunye neoksijini ukusuka kumalungu okuthatha ukuya kwiiseli ezifuna oko. Ukuphumeza oku, inkqubo yokujikeleza ineseti yeendlela ezikhethekileyo eziqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo nangexesha elifanelekileyo.
Ukuthuthwa kwezondlo kuqhutyelwa ikakhulu nge-cardiovascular system. Igazi liphethe izinto ezahlukeneyo eziyimfuneko kwiiseli, ezifana ne-glucose, i-amino acids, i-lipids, iivithamini kunye neeminerali. Ezi zinto zifunxwa kwaye zicutshungulwe kwinqanaba lamathumbu, kwaye emva koko zihanjiswa ngegazi ukuya kwizicubu kunye namalungu azifunayo.
Ukulawulwa kunye nokulawulwa kokujikeleza kwamaselula
Ukulawulwa kunye nokulawulwa kokujikeleza kweeseli ziinkqubo ezibalulekileyo eziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuchanekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo nezilungelelanisiweyo, iiseli zinokulungelelanisa umjikelo wobomi bazo, zahlule, kwaye zigcine i-homeostasis kwindawo eguqukayo.
Kukho amacandelo amaninzi abalulekileyo kummiselo kunye nokulawulwa kokujikeleza kwamaselula. Omnye wabo ngu umjikelo weseli, iquka ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo lweziganeko ezivumela iiseli ukuba zikhule kwaye zahlule. Lo mjikelo wahlulwe ngokwezigaba ezine eziphambili: isigaba se-G1, apho iseli ikhula kwaye yenze imisebenzi yayo eqhelekileyo; isigaba S, apho imathiriyeli yemfuzo iphinda-phindwa; isigaba se-G2, apho iseli ilungiselela ulwahlulo; kunye nesigaba se-M, apho ukwahlukana kweeseli kwenzeka khona.
Kwakhona yomjikelo weseli, ulawulo lokujikeleza kweeseli lukwabandakanya ukulawulwa kwe ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis. I-Apoptosis yinkqubo ilawulwa kakhulu evumela ukupheliswa kweeseli ezonakeleyo, ezingeyomfuneko okanye ezinokuba yingozi. Ngexesha le-apoptosis, iiseli zisebenzisa iprotein cascade ebangela ukuthotywa kwe-DNA kunye neeproteni zabo, kwaye ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ekuqhekekeni kweeseli kunye nokupheliswa ngokukhuselekileyo yinkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kweeseli ezijikelezayo kunye neenguqu ze-pathological
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kweeseli ezijikelezayo kunye notshintsho lwe-pathological luyisiseko ekuqondeni ukuphuhliswa kwezifo kunye nokufuna izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zonyango. Kwintsimi yeyeza, iiseli ezahlukeneyo zokujikeleza kwegazi, ezinjengeeseli ezimhlophe zegazi kunye neeplatelet, ziye zaboniswa ukuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvuvukala kunye nokulungiswa kwezicubu. Ezi seli zisebenzisana kunye kunye namanye amacandelo e-circulatory system, njengemithambo yegazi kunye neeprotheni ze-plasma, ukugcina i-homeostasis kunye nokuphendula utshintsho lwe-pathological.
Enye yezona ndlela zifundiweyo zokusebenzisana kukufuduka kweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ukuya kwiindawo zokukrala. Xa kukho usulelo okanye ukwenzakala, iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi zitsalwa kwiimpawu zekhemikhali ezikhutshwa ziiseli ezonzakeleyo. Nje ukuba iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe zifikelele kwindawo evuthayo, zinokubambelela kwiiseli ze-endothelial zemithambo yegazi ngokusebenzisa iimolekyuli zokubambelela, zivumela ukukhutshwa kwazo kwizicubu kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimpendulo yokuvuvukala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iiplatelet ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwegazi kunye nokuphendula kukulimala kwe-vascular. Xa kukho ukwenzakala kumtya wegazi, iiplatelets zibambelela kwindawo engaphandle kwaye zikhuphe izinto ezenza i-coagulation cascade isebenze, zenze ihlwili elikhusela ukopha kakhulu. Ukongeza kwindima yabo kwi-coagulation, iiplatelet nazo zinokukhulula izinto zokukhula ezikhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli kunye nokufuduka, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthazwa ukulungiswa nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu ezonakalisiweyo.
Unyango kunye neengcebiso zokuphucula i-physiology yeselula yokujikeleza
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye neengcebiso ezinokunceda ukuphucula i-physiology yeselula yokujikeleza, ngaloo ndlela igalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwenkqubo yethu yokujikeleza. Ezi zonyango kunye neengcebiso zijolise ekukhuthazeni ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukuqinisa iiseli kunye nokuphucula amandla abo okuthutha izondlo kunye ne-oxygen.
Enye yeendlela zonyango ezisebenzayo yi-compression therapy, ebandakanya ukusebenzisa izambatho zokuxinzelela, ezifana ne-stockings okanye ama-bandages, afaka uxinzelelo kwimida yokuphucula ukuhamba kwegazi. Olu nyango lunceda ukunciphisa ukudumba, ukuphucula ukujikeleza, kunye nokuthintela amahlwili egazi.
Ukongeza kwonyango loxinzelelo, kucetyiswa ukuba ukhokele indlela yokuphila enempilo ebandakanya ukutya okunokulinganisela kunye nokuzivocavoca rhoqo. Ukutya ukutya okutyebileyo kwi-antioxidants, njengeziqhamo kunye nemifuno, kuya kunceda ukukhusela iiseli kumonakalo we-oxidative kunye nokuqinisa impilo ye-cardiovascular. Ngokufanayo, ukwenza imisebenzi yomzimba efana nokuhamba, ukubaleka okanye ukuqubha kukhuthaza ukuhamba kwegazi kwaye komeleza imithambo yegazi.
Q&A
Umbuzo: Yintoni iFiziyoloji yeSelula yokujikeleza?
A: I-Cellular Physiology of Circulation ibhekisela ekufundweni kweenkqubo ze-physiological ezenzeka kwinqanaba leselula ngokubhekiselele ekujikelezeni kwegazi kwizinto eziphilayo.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kweFiziyoloji yeSelula yokujikeleza?
A: I-Cellular Physiology of Circulation ibalulekile ukuqonda ukuba iiseli zinxibelelana njani kwaye zilungelelanise ukugcina ukusebenza okuchanekileyo kweenkqubo zokujikeleza kwegazi kwizidalwa eziphilayo. Kwakhona kusivumela ukuba sihlalutye iindlela ezibandakanyekayo kwizifo zentliziyo kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zonyango.
Q: Zeziphi ezona nkqubo ziphambili zifundwe kwi-Cellular Physiology of Circulation?
A: Iinkqubo eziphambili eziphandwayo ziquka isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi weeseli ze-vascular, ukulawulwa kokuhamba kwegazi, i-capillary permeability, ukusebenzisana phakathi kweeseli zegazi, kunye nokuphendula kwe-vascular kwi-stimuli eyahlukeneyo.
Umbuzo: Ziziphi iintlobo zeeseli ezibandakanyekayo kumjikelezo wegazi?
A: Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zithatha inxaxheba kumjikelezo wegazi, kubandakanywa iiseli ze-endothelial ezidibanisa imithambo yegazi, iiseli zemisipha ezigudileyo ezifumaneka kwiindonga zemithambo kunye nemithambo, kunye neeseli zegazi ezinjengeeseli ezibomvu zegazi.
Q: Zeziphi iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukufunda i-Cellular Physiology of Circulation?
A: Ukuphanda i-Cellular Physiology of the Circulation, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchule zisetyenziswa, ezifana ne-fluorescence microscopy, i-confocal microscopy, i-electrophysiology, i-molecular biology kunye ne-patch-clamp technique, phakathi kwezinye. Obu buchule buvumela ukwakheka kunye nomsebenzi weeseli ezijikelezayo ukuba zibonwe kwaye zihlalutywe ngokweenkcukacha.
Umbuzo: Isetyenziswa njani iCellular Physiology of Circulation kuphando lwezonyango?
A: I-Cellular Physiology of Circulation isetyenziswa kuphando lwezonyango ukuqonda iindlela eziphantsi kwezifo ze-cardiovascular ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi, i-atherosclerosis, kunye nokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo. Olu phononongo lunceda ukuphuhlisa unyango olusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nonyango oluyilayo.
Q: Ngawaphi amathuba exesha elizayo IFiziyoloji yeSelula yokuBoleka?
A: Iimbono zexesha elizayo kwi-Cellular Physiology of Circulation zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha obutsha bokufunda ukusebenzisana phakathi kweeseli kunye nezitho, ukuphuhliswa konyango lomntu kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi kwiyeza lokuvuselela ukulungiswa kwezicubu ze-vascular.
Isishwankathelo
Isishwankathelo, i-physiology yeselula yokujikeleza yintsimi enomdla evumela ukuba siqonde ngokweenkcukacha iinkqubo zangaphakathi zeenkqubo zethu zokujikeleza. Ngokuqonda indlela iiseli ezinxibelelana ngayo kunye nokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo, sinokufumana ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokusebenza komzimba womntu. Ukususela ekusebenzisaneni kweempawu zeekhemikhali kwigazi ukuya ekuthuthweni kwezinto ezibalulekileyo ngemithambo yegazi, i-physiology yeselula yokujikeleza isinika umbono obanzi wendlela umzimba wethu ogcina ngayo i-homeostasis. Ukufunda eli sebe lebhayoloji kusinika ithuba lokuphucula ukuqonda kwethu iindlela ezisisiseko kwizifo ezahlukeneyo kwaye, ngokunokwenzeka, sifumane amacebo amatsha onyango lwazo. Ngenkqubela phambili nganye kwicandelo le-cellular physiology of circulation, ngokuthe ngcembe sisondela ekuqondeni ngakumbi ubunzima obukhoyo kubomi bomntu.
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