Imfuza ethatha inxaxheba kuMjikelo weSeli

Uhlaziyo lokugqibela: 30/08/2023
Umbhali: USebastian Vidal

Iijini ezithatha inxaxheba kuMjikelo weSeli zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo. Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo⁤ ilawula ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA,⁤ ulwahlulo lweeseli, kunye nokusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kweechromosomes kwiiseli zeentombi. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokulawula ezingqongqo, iijini ezibandakanyekayo kuMjikelo weSeli Baqinisekisa imfezeko ye-genomic kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona okuchanekileyo kweeseli. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imfuza ebalulekileyo kwesi sigaba sibalulekileyo sobomi beselula, kunye nendima yabo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo kunye nothintelo lwezifo⁢ ezinxulumene nokuguqulwa kwesifo. Umjikelo weSeli.

Intshayelelo kumjikelo weseli

Umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo apho iseli yahlula-hlula kwaye ivelise iiseli zeentombi ezimbini ezifanayo. Sisiganeko esibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi, kunye nokutshintshwa kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezifileyo. Le nkqubo iqhutyelwa kwizigaba ezininzi eziphambili eziqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokwahlulwa kwezinto zofuzo.

El umjikelo weseli Iqulathe izigaba ezithathu eziphambili: ‍ interphase,⁢ i-mitosis y i-cytokinesisNgexesha le-interphase, iseli yenza uninzi lwe imisebenzi yayo kwaye ulungiselela ulwahlulo. Ikwahlulwe ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu: isigaba se-G1, isigaba se-S kunye nesigaba se-G2. Ngexesha lesigaba se-G1, iseli iyakhula kwaye yenze imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yemetabolism. Kwinqanaba le-S, ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka, ngelixa kwisigaba se-G2, iseli ilungiselela ulwahlulo lokugqibela.

I-Mitosis linqanaba elibalulekileyo lomjikelo weseli apho imathiriyeli yemfuza yahlulwe kwaye isasazwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kweeseli zentombi. Yahlulwe ngokwezigaba ezininzi: ubuxoki, ‍ prometaphase,⁢ metaphase, i-anaphase kwaye i-telophase.⁤ Ngethuba le-prophase, i-chromosomes iyancipha kwaye i-microtubules ye-mitotic spindle yenziwa. Kwi-prometaphase, i-microtubules inamathele kwi-chromosomes kwaye idonsele kwi-alignment kwi-equatorial plate ngexesha le-metaphase. I-chromosomes ke yahlukana kwaye ihambela kwiipali ezichaseneyo zeseli ngexesha le-anaphase. Ekugqibeleni, kwi<em>telophase, ii<em>nuclei ezimbini zeentombi ziyayilwa kwaye iichromosomes ziyancipha.

Iindlela zokulawula umjikelo weeseli

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kwaye elawulwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ukuphinda-phindwa okuchanekileyo kwemathiriyeli yemfuza⁤ kunye nokwahlulwa kweeseli okufanelekileyo.⁣ Ukufezekisa olu lawulo, kukho uthotho lweendlela ezichanekileyo ezibeka iliso kwinqanaba ngalinye lenyathelo lomjikelo weseli. .

Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokulawula yindawo yokukhangela i-DNA eyonakeleyo. Lo matshini ujolise ekubhaqeni nasekulungiseni nawuphi na umonakalo owenziwe yiDNA ngaphambi kokuba udlulele kwinyathelo elilandelayo. yomjikelo weseli. Ukuba i-DNA eyonakalisiweyo ifunyenwe, izibonakaliso ze-alamu zivuliwe eziyeka ukuqhubeka komjikelo weseli kwaye zivumele umonakalo ukuba ulungiswe ngaphambi kokuba uqhubeke. Olu khuselo lubalulekile ukunqanda ukwanda kweeseli ezinotshintsho lwemfuza kwaye lubaluleke ngakumbi ekuthinteleni ukukhula kwezifo ezinjengomhlaza.

Enye ⁢indlela yokulawula⁤ yi-DNA replication ⁤indawo yokukhangela. Ngeli xesha, kuqinisekisiwe ukuba i-DNA iye yaphindwa ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba iseli iqhubele phambili kwinqanaba lokwahlukana kweeseli. Ukuba iimpazamo kwi-DNA yokuphindaphinda zifunyenwe, ukuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli kumisiwe ukuvumela ukulungiswa kweempazamo okanye ukupheliswa kweeseli ezineziphene. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kofuzo kwaye kuthintele ukusasazeka kweenguqu kwiiseli zeentombi.

Izigaba zomjikelezo weseli: i-interphase kunye ne-mitosis

Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo apho iseli enye iyahlula ukuvelisa iiseli ezimbini zeentombi. Le nkqubo inezigaba ezininzi, kunye ne "interphase" kunye ne "mitosis" zingamanqanaba aphambili omjikelezo weseli.

I interphase Lithuba ⁢lixesha apho iseli ingahluli ngokukhutheleyo, kodwa yenze imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni nasekugcinweni kwayo. Ngexesha le-interface, ii-subphase ezintathu zinokuhlukaniswa:

  • Isigaba se-G1: Iseli iyakwandisa ubungakanani bayo kwaye ilungiselela ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.
  • Isigaba S: Udibaniso lwe-DNA lwenzeka, lukhokelela ⁣kuphindaphinda⁢ kwemathiriyeli yemfuzo.
  • Inqanaba G2: Kweli nqanaba, iseli ilungiselelwe ukungena kwisigaba se-mitosis kwaye ukuthembeka kwe-DNA ephindwe kabini kuyaqinisekiswa.

Emva kokugqiba i-interphase, iseli ingena kwi i-mitosis. Ngexesha le-mitosis, i-nucleus yeseli iyahlula ibe yi-nuclei yeentombi ezimbini, nganye iqulethe ikopi efanayo yemathiriyeli yemfuzo. I-Mitosis yahlulwe yangamacandelo ahlukeneyo: iprophase, i-metaphase, i-anaphase kunye ne-telophase. Ezi subphase zibonakaliswe ngotshintsho kwintlangano yeechromosomes kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwe-microtubules ye-mitotic spindle, ekugqibeleni ivumela ukuhanjiswa okuchanekileyo kweechromosomes kwiiseli zentombi.

Ukubaluleka kofuzo kumjikelo weseli

Kwihlabathi elimangalisayo lebhayoloji yeeseli, umjikelo weeseli yinkqubo esisiseko yokukhula nokuzala kwezinto eziphilayo. Imizila yemfuza inendima ebalulekileyo kulo mjikelo, kuba inoxanduva lokulawula nokulawula izigaba ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka kwiiseli. Emva koko, siza kuhlolisisa ifayile.

1. Ulawulo lolwahlulo lweeseli: Imizila yemfuza inoxanduva lokucwangcisa ukwahlulahlula kweeseli ngendlela echanekileyo nelungeleleneyo. Ngokusebenzisa iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo, iiseli zofuzo ziqinisekisa ukuba iiseli zahlulahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo, zithintela iimpazamo ezinokukhokelela ekwenziweni kwamathumba okanye ukonakala kwemfuza. Ngokukodwa, izakhi zofuzo zilawula inyathelo lomjikelo weseli eyaziwa ngokuba yi-S phase, apho i-DNA iphindaphindwa khona, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuthembeka kolwazi lwemfuza.

2. Ukulungiswa kweDNA: Kwi umjikelo weseli, imizila yemfuza nayo inendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umonakalo owenziwe yiDNA. Xa iimpazamo okanye ukulimala kwenzeka kwizinto zofuzo ngexesha lokuphindaphinda, iijini zenza iindlela zokulungisa ezijongene nokulungisa le monakalo kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo ye-genome. Ngaphandle kokungenelela kofuzo, iiseli zinokuqokelela uguquko kwaye ziphuhlise izifo zofuzo okanye ezifunyenweyo.

3. Ukulawulwa kokukhula nokufa kweeseli: Omnye umba obalulekileyo womjikelo weeseli kukulawulwa kwesantya sokukhula nokufa kweeseli. Imfuza igcina a⁢ ibhalansi phakathi kokwanda kweeseli kunye ⁤the⁤ ukufa kweeseli ecwangcisiweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis. Ngale ndlela, iiseli zemfuza ziqinisekisa ukuba izicubu zihlaziywa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye akukho ukukhula okungalawulekiyo kweeseli ezinokukhokelela kwizifo ezinjengomhlaza. Ukongeza, iijini zikwalawula ukuguga kweselula kunye ne-senescence, ukuthintela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kumzimba.

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Ngamafutshane, imizila yemfuza idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo weeseli ngokulawula ukwahlukana kweeseli, ukulungiswa nokufa. Le misebenzi ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni impilo kunye nokusebenza ngendlela eyiyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokusebenzisa iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo, iijini ziqinisekisa ukuba iiseli zigcina ingqibelelo yazo yemfuza kwaye ziphephe ukwanda okungalawulekiyo okunokukhokelela kwizifo zemfuza kunye nomhlaza. Ngokufutshane, iijini zezo ⁢iinkosi zomjikelo weseli kwaye⁢ ukubaluleka kwazo kwilizwe lebhayoloji yeeseli akuthandabuzeki.

Iijini eziphambili ezibandakanyekayo kulawulo lomjikelo weeseli

Zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhula okufanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo Ezi genes zilawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngexesha lomjikelo weseli, ziqinisekisa ulandelelwano lwazo oluchanekileyo kunye nokuthintela ukwanda kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga. Apha ngezantsi zezinye zezofuzo zibalaseleyo ezibandakanyekayo kulo mmiselo:

p53 yemfuza: Lo mfuza udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucinezeleni ithumba kunye nokuthintela umhlaza. Isebenza njenge-tumor suppressor, ukumisa ukwanda kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye eziguqukileyo. Xa umonakalo we-DNA ufunyenwe, i-p53 gene ibangela ukulungiswa okanye ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo, ukuthintela ukusasazeka kweeseli ezingaqhelekanga.

CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase) gene: Ezi zakhi zofuzo zifakela i-protein enzymes ezilawula ukuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli.I-CDKs zisebenza ngokuzibophelela kwii-cyclins ezithile kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelezo, ngaloo ndlela zisebenze umsebenzi wazo kwaye zivumele ukutshintshela kwisigaba esilandelayo. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwezi ⁢iienzymes lubalulekile ukunqanda⁢ ukwanda kweeseli okungalawulekiyo.

Imfuza yosapho lwe-Rb: I-Rb (i-Retinoblastoma) yemfuza yosapho idlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo olubi lolwahlulo lweeseli Ezi zakhi zofuzo zifakela iiproteni ezisebenza njenge-tumor suppressors, zithintela ukuqhubeka komjikelo weseli de iimeko zilungele ukwahlukana. Iiprotheyini ze-Rb zibophelela kwizinto ezibhaliweyo, ngaloo ndlela zilawula ukubonakaliswa kweejini ezijongene nokungena kwizigaba ze-S kunye ne-G2.

Imisebenzi⁢ ye⁢ yemfuza yokucinezela ithumba

Iijini ze-tumor suppressor, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-antioncogenes, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukukhula kweeseli kunye nokuthintela ukukhula kwamathumba anobungozi. Ezi zakhi zofuzo zisebenza njengabagcini besango beselula, ukulawula ukwanda okungalawulwayo kweeseli kunye nokukhuthaza ukufa kwazo okucwangcisiweyo xa kuyimfuneko. Apha ngezantsi eminye yemisebenzi ephambili yofuzo lwe-tumor suppressor:

  • Uthintelo lolwahlulo lweeseli: Iigenes ze-tumor suppressor zivelisa iiprotheyini ezicotha umjikelo weseli kwaye zithintele ukuveliswa kweeseli okugqithisileyo. Ezi ⁤ iiprotheni zihambelana ne-enzymes ezikhuthaza ukuhlukana kweeseli, zilawula umsebenzi wazo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zikhusela ukukhula okungalawulwayo kweeseli zomhlaza.
  • Ukufunyanwa kunye nokulungiswa komonakalo weDNA: Ezi mfuza zikwabandakanyeka ekubekeni iliso nasekugcineni imfezeko yemathiriyeli yemfuza yeeseli. Ukuba kwenzeka umonakalo we-DNA, i-tumor suppressor genes ivula iindlela zokulungisa okanye ibangele ukufa kweseli ecwangcisiweyo ukunqanda ukwanda kweeseli ezonakeleyo ezinokuthi zibe ngamathumba.
  • Ulawulo lwe-Angiogenesis: I-tumor suppressor genes ikwanciphisa ukwakheka kwemithambo yegazi emitsha kwiithumba, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-angiogenesis. Ezi proteni zithintela ukukhula kwemithambo yegazi eyondla i-tumor, ivimbe i-oksijini kunye nezondlo ezibalulekileyo, ezinciphisa amandla okwandisa kunye nokusabalalisa.

Isishwankathelo, i-tumor suppressor genes idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni umhlaza kunye nolawulo ngokulawula ngokuqinileyo ukukhula kweeseli, ukulungisa umonakalo we-DNA, kunye nokuthintela i-angiogenesis. Uphononongo lwezi genes kunye nomsebenzi wazo kusinika ukuqonda ngakumbi iindlela ezigcina impilo yeselula kwaye isinceda siphuhlise iindlela zonyango ezisebenzayo zokulwa nomhlaza.

Impembelelo yotshintsho kwijene yomjikelezo weseli

Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zomjikelezo weseli kunokuba nefuthe elibalulekileyo kulawulo kunye nomsebenzi oqhelekileyo womjikelezo weseli. Olu tshintsho lunokuguqula iindlela zokubonisa kunye neziganeko eziphambili eziyimfuneko ekukhuleni kweeseli ezifanelekileyo kunye nokwahlula.

Ezinye iinguqulelo zenguquko zisenokubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwemfuza elawula umjikelo weseli, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwandeni kweseli okungalawulekiyo kunye nophuhliso lwethumba. p53, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenza "njenge-tumor suppressor" kwaye imise ukuhlukana kweeseli xa kwenzeka umonakalo we-DNA.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguqulwa kweegenes zokulawula umjikelezo weseli ongalunganga kunokubangela ukungasebenzi okanye ukunciphisa umsebenzi. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuqokeleleni kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo okanye iiseli ezinokukhubazeka kofuzo, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa izifo ezifana nomhlaza. Imizekelo yemfuza echatshazelwa lolu tshintsho ibandakanya Ufuzo lweCDK, ngokuqhelekileyo inqanda ukuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli xa ibona umonakalo weDNA.

Iindlela zokufunda ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kumjikelo weseli

Zininzi .Ezi ndlela zisivumela ukuba siqonde iindlela ezahlukeneyo zemolekyuli ezilawula ukusebenza kunye nokuthintela ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kumjikelo weseli. Ezintathu zezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando zichazwe ngezantsi:

Uhlalutyo lwe-DNA microarray:

Uhlalutyo lwe-DNA microarray bubuchule obuvumela ukulinganisa ukubonakaliswa kwamawaka emfuza. ngaxeshanye. Ibandakanya ukuxutywa kwe-cDNA ebhalwe ngeeprobe ezithile kuluhlu lweDNA kwi-microchip. Ubukhulu bomqondiso okhutshiweyo bunxulumene nesixa somthunywa we-RNA (mRNA) okhoyo⁤ kwisampulu. Ngale ndlela, kuyenzeka ukuba kuchongwe iijini ezithetha ngazo zahluka kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zomjikelo weseli.

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Ixesha lokwenyani le-polymerase chain reaction (i-PCR yexesha lokwenyani):

I-PCR yexesha lokwenyani bubuchule obuvumela ukubalwa kobungakanani be-mRNA ekhoyo kwisampulu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukusebenzisa i-fluorescent probes ezibophelela kwiimveliso ze-PCR, isixa se-mRNA esiveliswe kumjikelo wokukhulisa ngamnye sinokumiselwa. Obu buchule buluncedo ngakumbi ekuhlalutyeni ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kwi Ixesha elilungile,⁤ kuba ivumela⁣ ukubona utshintsho olukhawulezayo kunye ⁣ezichanekileyo⁤ kwimbonakalo yohlobo.

Uhlalutyo lwe-RNA (RNA-seq):

Uhlalutyo lolandelelwano lwe-RNA bubuchule besizukulwana esilandelayo obuvumela ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokuchazwa kofuzo kwinqanaba lolandelelwano.Iquka ulandelelwano lwamaqhekeza e-RNA akhoyo kwisampulu kwaye emva koko ayenze imephu kwi-genome.referensi. Ke, kuyenzeka ukuba uchonge kwaye ulinganise ushicilelo olwahlukileyo oluveliswe ngexesha lomjikelo weseli. Le teknoloji inikezela ngombono opheleleyo we-gene expression kwaye ivumela ukufunyanwa kwemibhalo emitsha kunye ne-isoforms.

Ukulawulwa komjikelo weseli kunye nophuhliso lwezifo

Umjikelo weseli Yinkqubo ilawulwa kakhulu eqinisekisa ukuphinda-phinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokwahlulwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuzo kwiiseli. Lo mmiselo ubalulekile ukuphepha ukubonakala kwezifo ezinxulumene nokunyuka kweeseli ezingalawulwayo, ezifana nomhlaza. Umjikelo weseli wahlulwe waba ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo, nganye⁢ elawulwa ngononophelo luluhlu lweeprotheyini kunye nezinto zokukhula.

Okokuqala, isigaba se-G1 (i-gap 1) yinqanaba lokukhula kunye nokulungiswa apho iseli yandisa ubukhulu bayo kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko zokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA ziqokelela. Ngexesha ⁤esi ⁢ isigaba, ulawulo lwekhwalithi oluninzi luyenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iseli ikwimeko efanelekileyo ukuqhubeka. kunye nomjikelo weseli.

Okulandelayo, i-S phase (synthesis) lixesha apho ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA kwenzeka. Ngesi sigaba, oomatshini beeselula banoxanduva lokuphinda ngokuthembekileyo ulwazi lwemfuza oluqulethwe kwiichromosomes. Nayiphi na impazamo eyenzekayo ngexesha lale nkqubo inokuba nemiphumo emibi, njengoko inokukhokelela kwisizukulwana soguquko lwemfuza oluthanda uphuhliso lwezifo.

Unyango olujolise kwimizila yemfuza ebandakanyekayo kumjikelo weeseli

Imele ixesha elitsha kunyango lomhlaza. Olu nyango lusekelwe kulwazi oluneenkcukacha lweendlela zemolekyuli ezilawula ukwanda kweeseli kwaye zifuna ukunqanda kunye nokuthintela imiqondiso ekhuthaza ukukhula okungalawulwayo kweeseli zomhlaza.

Esinye sezicwangciso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kukuvinjelwa kweeprotheyini eziphambili kumjikelezo weseli, ezifana ne-cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Ezi proteni zinoxanduva lolawulo oluchanekileyo lwezigaba zomjikelo weseli kwaye ukuthintela kwabo okukhethiweyo kunokubangela ukufa kweeseli zomhlaza.

Olunye unyango olujoliswe kuyo lujolise ekulungiseni i-DNA eyonakaliswe ngexesha lomjikelo weseli. Ukuvinjelwa kwee-enzymes ezifana ne-PARP polymerase kuthintela ukulungiswa okwaneleyo kwe-DNA kwiiseli zomhlaza esele zinezinga eliphezulu lokungazinzi kwemfuza. Oku kukhokelela ekuqokeleleni komonakalo weDNA kunye nokufa kweeseli. Olu nyango lubonisa enye indlela ethembisayo yonyango lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza kwaye lubonise iziphumo ezikhuthazayo kulingo lwezonyango.

Iingcebiso zophononongo kunye nokuhlalutya kofuzo kumjikelo weseli

Uphononongo kunye nohlalutyo lwejene kumjikelo weeseli kubalulekile ukuqonda iinkqubo ezilawula ukukhula kunye nokwahlulwa kweeseli. Apha sibonisa ezinye iingcebiso eziphambili zokwenza olu hlobo lophando:

1. Ukhetho olufanelekileyo lweendlela zokuhlalutya: Kubalulekile ukukhetha ubuchule obufanelekileyo bofundo lwemfuza kumjikelo weseli. Ezinye zezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswayo ziquka iPCR (iPolymerase Chain Reaction), iRNA-seq (RNA Sequencing), i-flow cytometry, kunye ne-fluorescence microscopy. Indlela yokusebenza nganye inoncedo⁢ kunye nokungeloncedo,⁢ ngoko ke kubalulekile ukukhetha eyona ifanelekileyo kwinjongo yophando.

2. Ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kweesampuli: Ukuphathwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokulungiswa kweesampuli kubalulekile ukufumana iziphumo ezithembekileyo kuphononongo lwezakhi zofuzo kumjikelo weseli. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iisampulu azinangcoliseko kwaye zimelwe kangangoko. Ukongezelela, iiprothokholi ezithile kufuneka zilandelwe ukukhutshwa kwe-nucleic acids kunye nokulungiswa kweesampuli zohlalutyo olulandelayo.

3. Uhlalutyo nokutolikwa⁤ iziphumo: Uhlalutyo ⁢kunye ⁤ukutolikwa kweziphumo ⁢zibalulekile ⁢amanqanaba kuphononongo lwemfuza ⁤kumjikelo weseli. Izixhobo ze-Bioinformatics zingasetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya idatha efunyenweyo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.Kubalulekile ukuthelekisa iziphumo kunye nezifundo zangaphambili kunye nokuqwalasela ezinye izinto ezinokuchaphazela iziphumo. Ngaphaya koko, kubalulekile ukuba silumke xa sitolika iziphumo, kuqwalaselwe imida okanye ucalucalulo olunokuthi luchaphazele izigqibo.

Iimbono zekamva kuphando lwemfuza yeseli

Uphando lomjizo weseli ibiyinto enika umdla yokufunda kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye amathemba ekamva athembisa inkqubela phambili echulumancisayo. Njengoko izazinzulu ziqhubeka nokutyhila iimfihlelo zendlela imfuza elawula ngayo umjikelo wobomi beeseli, iindawo ezininzi eziphambili zophando zinokubonwa.Ezi mbono zexesha elizayo ziyakusivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono iindlela ezisisiseko zomjikelo weseli ⁢kunye nokufaneleka kwawo kwimpilo nakwisifo.

Enye yezona mbono zithembisayo kuphononongo lwentsebenziswano yofuzo kumjikelo weseli. Njengoko ukuqonda kwethu kwimizila yomntu ngamnye kuphucuka, kukwanjalo nesidingo sokuqonda ukuba zisebenzisana njani ukuze zilungelelanise ngokufanelekileyo umjikelo weseli. Ngapha koko, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba utshintsho oluthile lwemfuza lunokukhokelela ekuphazamisekeni komjikelo weeseli kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kwizifo ezinjengomhlaza. Ukuphonononga nokuqonda oku kusebenzisana kofuzo kuya kusivumela ukuba sichonge iithagethi ezintsha zonyango kunye nezicwangciso zonyango lwezifo ezinxulumene nomjikelo weseli.

Elinye ithemba elichulumancisayo lekamva likukusetyenziswa kobuchule obutsha bokulandelelana. Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubela phambili, siya ngokuya sikwazi ukulandelelanisa igenome ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Oku kuvula umnyango wohlalutyo oluthe kratya lweendlela zomjikelo weseli, ukuchonga ukuguqulwa kofuzo oluthile kunye nokwahluka okunokuthi kudityaniswe nezifo okanye ukuguqulwa komjikelo oxeliweyo. Ngaphaya koko, ukusetyenziswa ⁤ kweendlela ze-RNA zolandelelwano ⁢ziyakusivumela ukuba sifunde ⁣intetho yemfuza kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo omjikelo weseli kwaye siqonde ngcono⁤ ukuba umsebenzi wejini ulawulwa njani ngexesha lomjikelo weseli⁢ ukuqhubeka.

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Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka kokuqonda ufuzo kumjikelo weseli

⁣Uphando kuhlobo lwemfuza kumjikelo weseli lubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuba zisebenza njani iinkqubo zeselula kunye nendlela ezilawulwa ngayo. Imfuza inendima ebalulekileyo ekwahluleni kweeseli, ekuveliseni nasekukhuleni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqonda indlela imfuza enxibelelana ngayo kunye nokulawulwa kumjikelo weeseli kubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili amasimi anje ngebhayoloji kunye namayeza.

Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu zokuqonda izakhi zofuzo kumjikelo weseli ligalelo labo ekuphindaphindweni kweDNA. Ngexesha lesigaba sokuphindaphinda, iijini zibonelela ngemiyalelo eyimfuneko yokuphindaphinda nokusasaza imathiriyeli yemfuza ukusuka kwenye iseli ukuya kwenye. Oku kuvumela izinto eziphilayo ukuba ziphuhlise kwaye zizilungise, ziqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kobomi.

Enye inkalo echaphazelekayo kukulawulwa kweejini kumjikelo weseli. Ufuzo luyavulwa kwaye luvalwe ngamaxesha athile ukuqinisekisa ulawulo olululo lokwahlulwa kweeseli. Le nkqubo yolawulo iqinisekisa ukuba iiseli zahlulahlulwe ngokuchanekileyo, ngaphandle kweempazamo okanye izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezinokukhokelela kwizifo ezinjengomhlaza Ukuqonda indlela imfuza elawulwa ngayo kumjikelo weseli kunganceda ukuphuhlisa unyango kunye nonyango.

Imibuzo neempendulo

Umbuzo: Zeziphi iijini ezithatha inxaxheba kumjikelo weseli?
IMPENDULO: Kukho imizila yemfuza ebalulekileyo ethatha inxaxheba kumjikelo weeseli. Ezinye zazo yi-p53 gene, i-Rb gene, i-CDK gene kunye ne-cyclin gene.

Q: Nguwuphi umsebenzi onayo ijini ye-p53 kumjikelo weseli?
A: Ijini ye-p53 yaziwa ngokuba "ngumgcini wegenome." Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukuthintela ukwanda kweeseli ezingalawulwayo kunye nokumisa umjikelo weseli kwimeko yomonakalo weDNA.

Umbuzo: Yintoni indima ye-Rb gene kumjikelo weseli?
A: Ijini ye-Rb, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-retinoblastoma,⁢ ilawula inguqu ukusuka ⁢indawo yothintelo yeseli ye-G1 ukuya kwixesha le-S. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukulawula intetho yemfuza ekhuthaza ukuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli.

Q: Yiyiphi indima edlalwa yi-CDK kunye ne-cyclin gene kumjikelo weseli?
A: I-CDK (i-cyclin-dependent kinases) kunye ne-cyclin genes zenza inethiwekhi yomqondiso oyinkimbinkimbi olawula ukuqhubela phambili komjikelezo weseli. Izakhi ze-CDK zifakela i-kinases ezenza ezinye iiprotheni zisebenze, ngelixa i-cyclin genenes ifaka iiprotheni ezenza i-CDK kinases isebenze.

Umbuzo: Ngaba zikho ezinye iijini ezibalulekileyo kumjikelo weseli?
A: Ewe, zikho ezinye iijini ezinendima efanelekileyo kumjikelo weseli. Eminye imizekelo Ziyi-checkpoint genes, ebeka iliso kwingqibelelo ye-DNA ngaphambi kokuba idlulele kwizigaba ezilandelayo zomjikelo, kunye ne-DNA yokulungisa izakhi zofuzo, ezijongene nokulungisa umonakalo kwi-genetic material.

Umbuzo: Kwenzeka ntoni xa kukho utshintsho kule mizila yemfuza?
IMPENDULO: Utshintsho kule mizi yemfuza lunokukhokelela ekuyekisweni komgaqo weseli, nto leyo enokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kweeseli zomhlaza. Ngokomzekelo, ukuguqulwa kofuzo kwi-p53 gene kunokukhokelela ekwandiseni ukwanda kweeseli kunye nokungakwazi ukumisa ukwahlukana kweeseli xa kwenzeka umonakalo we-DNA.

Umbuzo: Ifundwa njani le mizila yemfuza?
IMPENDULO: Uphononongo kuhlobo lwemfuza olubandakanyekayo kumjikelo weseli lwenziwa kusetyenziswa ubuchule obahlukeneyo, obufana nolandelelwano lweDNA, uhlahlelo lwembonakalo yemfuza, uthintelo okanye ukuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo kofuzo oluthile, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemodeli zeselula.kunye nezilwanyana ukuqaphela⁢ umsebenzi wazo kwivivo. .

Umbuzo: Le mfuza inaliphi ifuthe ekuqondeni nasekunyangweni kwezifo?
A: Ukuqonda indlela ezi genes ezisebenza ngayo kumjikelo weseli kubalulekile ekuqhubeleni phambili uphando kwinkalo yomhlaza kunye nezinye izifo ezinxulumene nokunyuka kwamaseli okungalawulekiyo. Ulwazi lwezi geni lunokunceda ukuphuhlisa unyango olutsha olujolise ngokukodwa kwiindlela zeselula ezichaphazelekayo, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe iindlela zonyango.

Ukuphonononga izinto ezidlulileyo

Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lweejini ezithatha inxaxheba kumjikelo weeseli zibalulekile ukuqonda intsebenziswano entsonkothileyo eyenzekayo kwiiseli zethu. Ezi molekyuli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweziganeko eziphambili zomjikelo weeseli, ziqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda okuchanekileyo kunye nokwahlulwa kwezinto zofuzo.

Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siye saphonononga ezinye zemfuza ezibalaseleyo ezibandakanyekayo le nkqubo.⁤ Ukusuka kwi-tumor suppressor genes, ejongene nokuyeka ukukhula kweeseli ezingalawulwayo, kwiijene ezikhuthaza ukwahlukana kweeseli, siye sabonisa ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwabo ngokufanelekileyo kuphuhliso oluchanekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwezicubu.

Ukongeza, siye sabalaselisa indlela ukuguqulwa kwezi mfuzo kunokukhokelela kwizifo zemfuza kunye nomhlaza. Ukuqonda umsebenzi wabo kunye neendlela ezinokuthi zenzeke kubonelela ngamathuba amatsha okuxilongwa kwangaphambili, ukuthintela kunye nokunyangwa kwezi meko.

Njengoko uphando kule ndawo luqhubeka, kulindeleke ukuba izinto ezintsha ezifunyenweyo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kuya kuvela okuya kusinceda sichaze ngakumbi iinkqubo ezinzima zomjikelo weseli. Ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo imfuza kunye neendlela zeemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo akusiniki nje ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nebhayoloji yeselula, kodwa ikwavula neembono ezintsha zokuphucula impilo yabantu.

Ngamafutshane, iijini ezibandakanyekayo kwi umjikelo cell are izinto eziphambili ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni ukwahlukana kweeseli, kunye nokufunda kwabo okuqhubekayo kuya kukhanyisa iinkqubo ezisisiseko zobomi. Ukuqonda ezi genes kunye nokuguqulwa kwazo kusivumela ukuba sobabini siqonde ngcono iziseko zezifo zofuzo kunye nomhlaza, kunye nokuphonononga iindlela ezintsha zokuthintela kunye nonyango. ...