Iimolekyuli zePolar kunye nezingezizo iPolar

Intshayelelo:

Kwilizwe elinomdla lemichiza, iimolekyuli zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokwakha ezimisela iimpawu zezinto ezisingqongileyo. Inkalo ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuhlalutywa iimolekyuli yi-polarity yazo, oko kukuthi, ulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lweentlawulo zombane ngaphakathi kwemolekyuli. Lo mcimbi uneempembelelo ezinzulu kuluhlu olubanzi lweekhemikhali kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo, kwaye kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela iimolekyuli ezisebenzisana ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ngokweenkcukacha iimolekyuli zepolar kunye nezingezizo ipolar, ubume bazo, iimpawu, kunye neziphumo zazo kwiipropathi zezinto ezihlala kuzo. Ngolu hlalutyo, siya kuntywila kwihlabathi elimangalisayo le-molecular polarity kunye nokufaneleka kwalo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi.

1. Intshayelelo kwi-polarity yeemolekyuli

Kwi-chemistry, i-polarity ye-molecule yipropati esisiseko emisela indlela edibana ngayo nezinye izinto. I-polarity ibhekiselele kulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lweentlawulo ngaphakathi kwemolekyuli ngenxa yomahluko kwi-electronegativity yee-athomu eziyiqambayo. Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iziseko ze-molecule polarity kunye nendlela enokuthi igqitywe ngayo.

Ukuqonda i-polarity ye-molecule, kubalulekile ukwazi ingcamango ye-dipole moment. Umzuzu we-dipole uyenzeka xa kukho umahluko kwintlawulo phakathi kweziphelo ezimbini ezichaseneyo ze-molecule. Ukuba i-molecule inomzuzu we-dipole olingana no-zero, ithathwa njenge-nonpolar; Ukuba umzuzu we-dipole uhluke kwi-zero, i-molecule ithathwa njenge-polar.

Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela i-polarity yeemolekyuli. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ngumahluko kwi-electronegativity phakathi kwee-athom ezenza iibhondi. Okukhona umahluko omkhulu kwi-electronegativity, kokukhona imolekyuli emhlophe. Olunye uqwalaselo olubalulekileyo kukumila kwemolekyuli, ekubeni ukulungelelaniswa kwendawo yeeathom kuphembelela ipolarity. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela le miba xa umisela ukuba i-molecule i-polar okanye ayikho.

Isishwankathelo, i-polarity yeemolekyuli yipropati ebalulekileyo kwi-chemistry emisela indlela iimolekyuli ezisebenzisana ngayo. Umzuzu we-dipole, umahluko kwi-electronegativity, kunye nokumila kwe-molecule zizinto eziphambili ekumiseleni i-polarity. Ukuqonda ezi ngcamango zisisiseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni iinkqubo zeekhemikhali kunye nokusebenzisana kweemolekyuli.

2. Inkcazo yeemolekyuli ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar

Iimolekyuli zepolar kunye ne nonpolar ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeemolekyuli ezifunyenweyo kwindalo. Ezi molekyuli ziyahluka ekusasazweni kwentlawulo yombane kunye nendlela ezidibana ngayo nezinye izinto. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimolekyuli zepolar zine-asymmetric charge distribution, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho ugxininiso olukhulu lwentlawulo evumayo kwelinye icala kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu lwentlawulo embi kwelinye. Kwelinye icala, iimolekyuli ze-nonpolar zinexabiso elilinganayo lokusasazwa kwentlawulo, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho xinzelelo olungalinganiyo lwentlawulo kuzo zombini iziphelo.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo wemolekyuli yepolar ngamanzi (H₂NAKUNYE). Kule molekyuli, ioksijini inamandla ngakumbi e-electronegative, oku kuthetha ukuba itsalela ii-electron ezininzi kuyo kwaye ithatha intlawulo engaphelelanga. Iiathom ezimbini ze-hydrogen, kwelinye icala, zithatha intlawulo elungileyo. Ngenxa yoko, amanzi ane-asymmetric charge distribution kwaye i-molecule ye-polar. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-carbon dioxide (CO₂) ngumzekelo wemolekyuli engapholiyo. Kule molekyuli, i-athomu ye-carbon kunye ne-oksijini i-electronegatively balanced, ebangela ukuhanjiswa kwentlawulo ye-symmetrical kunye ne-molecule engeyiyo i-polar.

I-polarity ye-molecule yinto ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kwizicelo ezininzi zesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe. Ngokomzekelo, i-polarity yeemolekyuli inquma ukunyibilika kwazo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nokukwazi ukwenza iibhondi zemichiza. Ukongeza, iimolekyuli zepolar zihlala zineendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kunye nokubilisa ngenxa yokusebenzisana okunamandla phakathi kwamasuntswana azo. Ukwazi i-polarity ye-molecule kubalulekile ukuqonda iipropati zayo kunye nokuziphatha kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko.

3. Iimpawu zeemolekyuli zepolar

Iimolekyuli zepolar zezo zinokusasazwa okungalinganiyo kwentlawulo yombane ngenxa yobukho beeathom ezinee-electronegativities ezahlukeneyo. Le asymmetry ekuhanjisweni kwentlawulo iphumela ekubunjweni kwexesha le-dipole, apho kukho ummandla ofanelekileyo kunye nommandla ombi kwi-molecule. Ezi mpawu zinika iimpawu ezithile kwiimolekyuli zepolar.

Enye yeempawu ezibaluleke kakhulu zeemolekyuli zepolar kukukwazi kwabo ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen. Oku kwenzeka xa i-hydrogen ibophelela kwi-athomu ephezulu ye-electronegative, efana ne-oksijini okanye i-nitrogen, idala intsebenziswano enamandla phakathi kweeathom. Ezi bhondi ze-hydrogen zinoxanduva lwezinto ezininzi ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zezinto, njengendawo yokubilisa kunye nokunyibilika emanzini.

Olunye uphawu oluphawulekayo lweemolekyuli zepolar kukukwazi ukunyibilika kwi-solvents ye-polar. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimolekyuli ze-polar zinokusebenzisana kunye neemolekyuli ze-solvent ngokusebenzisa amandla e-intermolecular, njengamandla e-dipole-dipole kunye neebhondi ze-hydrogen. Ngokomzekelo, izinto zepolar ezifana ne-ethanol zinokunyibilika ngokulula emanzini ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kweemolekyuli zepolar ze-ethanol kunye neemolekyuli zepolar zamanzi.

4. Imizekelo yeemolekyuli zepolar eziqhelekileyo

Iimolekyuli zepolar zezo apho kukho ukusasazwa okungalinganiyo kweentlawulo zombane. Oku kungenxa yobukho beeathom ezine-electronegativity ezahlukeneyo, ezivelisa umzuzu we-dipole kwi-molecule. Ngezantsi kukho ezinye:

1. Amanzi (H₂O): Amanzi ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wemolekyuli yepolar. Iiathom zayo ze-hydrogen zenza i-covalent bonds kunye ne-athomu ye-oxygen, kodwa ngenxa ye-electronegativity ephezulu ye-oksijini, i-molecule iba yi-polar. Ioksijini itsalela ii-electron ezikwiibhondi ngakumbi ngakuyo, ivelisa intlawulo engalunganga engaphelelanga kwioksijini kunye nenxalenye yentlawulo elungileyo kwiihydrogens.

2. I-Amoniya (NH₃): I-ammonia yenye imolekyuli yepolar eqhelekileyo. Iathom yenitrogen inamandla ombane ngaphezu kwehydrogen, idala intlawulo eyinxenye elungileyo kwihydrogens kunye nenxenye yentlawulo embi kwinitrogen. Oku kubangela umzuzu we-dipole kwi-molecule.

3. Ikharbhon dayoksayidi (CO₂): Nangona iqulethe i-covalent bonds, i-carbon dioxide yi-molecule engekho-polar ngenxa yokusabalalisa ngokulinganayo kweentlawulo. Iiathom zeoksijini zibotshelelwe ngokulinganayo kwi-athomu yekhabhoni esembindini, ibangela ukuba ixesha le-dipole licime enye nenye kwaye imolekyuli ayinawo umzuzu we-dipole.

5. Iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zeemolekyuli zepolar

Iimolekyuli ze-polar zezo ezinokusabalalisa okungalinganiyo kweentlawulo zombane, okubangelwa ukubunjwa kwezibonda ezilungileyo kunye nezibi. Ezi molekyuli zisebenzisana kunye kunye nezinye izinto ngendlela ekhethekileyo ngenxa ye-polarity yazo. Apha ngezantsi kukho iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zeemolekyuli zepolar:

• Indawo yokubilisa kunye nokunyibilika: Iimolekyuli zepolar zikholisa ukuba namanqaku aphezulu okubilisa kunye nokunyibilika kuneamolekyuli ezingezizo iimolekyuli. Oku kubangelwa amandla ongezelelweyo e-intermolecular of attraction phakathi kweepali ezichaseneyo ze-polar molecules.
• Ukunyibilika kwamanzi: Iimolekyuli zepolar zikholisa ukunyibilika emanzini, kuba ezi molekyuli zi polar ngokunjalo. Iintlawulo ezintle zeamolekyu zamanzi zidibanisa kunye neentlawulo ezimbi ze-molecule ze-polar kunye ne-vice versa, ezivumela ukuba zichithe emanzini.
• Ukuqhuba kombane: Iimolekyuli ze-polar ziyakwazi ukuqhuba umbane kwisisombululo esinamanzi okanye esityhidiweyo, ekubeni izibonda ezihlawulisiweyo kwiimolekyuli ziququzelela ukuhamba kombane.

Ezi zezinye zezinto ezibalulekileyo kwiimolekyuli zepolar. I-polarity yayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuluhlu olubanzi lweekhemikhali kunye neziganeko zomzimba, ezifana nokusebenzisana kwe-intermolecular, reaction reaction kunye neempawu zezinto ngokubanzi.

6. Impembelelo yepolarity ekunyibilikeni kweemolekyuli

I-polarity yeemolekyuli yinto ephambili echaphazela ukunyibilika kwazo kwii-solvents ezahlukeneyo. Iimolekyuli zepolar zikholisa ukunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi ezikwincam yomhlaba, ngelixa iimolekyuli ezingezizo ipolar zikholisa ukunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi ezingezizo ipolar. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimolekyuli ze-polar zineentlawulo ezilungileyo kunye nezibi, ezivumela ukuba zisebenzisane neemolekyuli ze-solvent ngokusebenzisa amandla e-dipole-dipole okanye i-hydrogen bond.

Kwelinye icala, iimolekyuli ze-nonpolar azinayo intlawulo encinci kwaye ngenxa yoko azikwazi ukwenza i-dipole-dipole interactions okanye iibhondi ze-hydrogen. Oku kwenza iimolekyuli ezingezizo ipolar zinganyibiliki kakhulu kwizinyibilikisi zepolar, kuba zingakwazi ukusebenzisana ngempumelelo kunye neemolekyuli ezinyibilikayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukunyibilika kunokuphenjelelwa zezinye izinto, ezifana nobushushu kunye noxinzelelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iimolekyuli zepolar zinyibilika ngakumbi kwi-solvents ye-polar kwiqondo lokushisa. Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iimolekyuli, i-solubility inokunyusa ngeqondo lokushisa ngenxa yokunyuka kwamandla e-kinetic yeeamolekyu, eziququzelela ukuchithwa kwe-intermolecular interactions kwaye ivumela ukuxuba okungcono phakathi kwe-solute kunye ne-solvent.

7. Iindlela zokumisela i-molecular polarity

Kukho ezininzi. Enye yazo yindlela yokwahlukana kwe-electronegativity. I-Electronegativity kukukwazi kwe-athomu ukutsala ii-electron ngokwayo. Ukumisela i-polarity ye-molecule, kufuneka sibale umahluko kwi-electronegativity phakathi kwee-athom eziyiqambayo. Ukuba umahluko electronegativity kukhulu kakhulu, i-molecule iya kuba polar. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko yebhondi phakathi kwe-hydrogen kunye ne-oksijini kwi-molecule yamanzi, umahluko kwi-electronegativity iphezulu, eyenza i-molecule ye-polar.

Enye indlela yokumisela i-molecular polarity yi-symmetry ye-molecule. Kwiimolekyuli ezilinganayo, amandla ombane ayacima enye nenye, ngoko ke imolekyuli ijika ibe yi-nonpolar. Ngokomzekelo, i-carbon dioxide molekyuli (CO₂) i-linear kwaye i-symmetrical, eyenza i-molecule engeyiyo i-polar.

Ngaphezu koko, kunokwenzeka ukugqiba i-polarity ye-molecule ukusuka kwijometri yeebhondi zayo. Ukuba iibhondi ze-polar zicwangciswe nge-asymmetrically kwi-molecule, iya kuba yi-polar. Umzekelo, kwimeko yemolekyuli yeammonia (NH₃), iibhondi phakathi kwe-nitrogen kunye ne-hydrogen zi-polar kwaye zicwangciswe kwi-pyramidal shape, eyenza i-molecule ye-polar.

8. Iimolekyuli ze-nonpolar: iimpawu kunye nemizekelo

Iimolekyuli ezingezizo ze-polar zezo ezingenazo izibonda zombane, oko kukuthi, abanalo ukusabalalisa kwentlawulo engalinganiyo kwisakhiwo sabo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiathom ezenza ezi molekyuli zine-electronegativity efanayo, okukhokelela kulwabiwo lwentlawulo olulingeneyo. Ukungabikho kweepali zombane kwi-nonpolar molekyuli kwenza ukuba zinganyibiliki emanzini nakwezinye izinto zepolar.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo we-molecule ye-nonpolar yi-dinitrogen (N2). Le molekyuli yenziwe ngeeathom ezimbini zenitrogen ezidityaniswe yi-covalent bond. Zombini iiathom zine-electronegativity efanayo, ngoko ke ii-electron zabelwana ngokulinganayo phakathi kwazo. Olu lwabiwo lwentlawulo elinganayo yenza i-dinitrogen ibe yimolekyuli engeyiyo ipolar. Enye i-athomu eqhelekileyo ye-nonpolar yi-carbon dioxide (CO2), enesakhiwo somgca kunye nokusabalalisa okulinganayo kwentlawulo phakathi kwekhabhoni kunye ne-athomu ye-oxygen.

Iimolekyuli ezingezizo ezimhlophe zineempawu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, azinyibiliki emanzini ngenxa yokunqongophala komtsalane phakathi kweemolekyuli zamanzi epolar kunye neemolekyuli ezingezizo. Ukongezelela, banamaphuzu aphantsi okuncibilika kunye nokubilisa xa kuthelekiswa neemolekyuli ze-polar, ekubeni i-intermolecular force in non-polar molecules ibuthathaka. Zikwathande ukuba zingasebenzi kancinci kuneemolekyuli zepolar, kuba i-electronegativity efanayo yee-athomu kwezi molekyuli zikhokelela kwi-polarity esezantsi kunye namandla asezantsi okwenza amaqhina ekhemikhali kunye nezinye iiathom.

Isishwankathelo, iimolekyuli ze-nonpolar azinazo iipali zombane kwaye zine-symmetrical charge distribution. Ngenxa yoku, azinakunyibilika kwizinto ze-polar ezifana namanzi kwaye zineendawo ezisezantsi zokunyibilika kunye nokubilisa kuneemolekyuli zepolar. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yeemolekyuli ze-nonpolar ziquka i-dinitrogen (N2) kunye ne-carbon dioxide (CO2).

9. Umahluko phakathi kweemolekyuli ze-polar kunye nezingezo-polar

Iimolekyuli zepolar kunye ne-nonpolar ziindidi ezimbini zeemolekyuli ezinomahluko osisiseko kulwakhiwo kunye neempawu zazo. Ezi zintlukwano zibaluleke kakhulu kwi-chemistry, njengoko zinquma indlela iimolekyuli ezisebenzisana ngayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Okokuqala, iimolekyuli zepolar zenziwe ngeeathom ezine-electronegativity eyahlukileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-athomu ze-athomu zitsala ii-electron ezizibumba ngokulinganayo, zivelisa ukuhanjiswa kwentlawulo ye-asymmetric. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiathom ezininzi ze-electronegative zitsala ii-electron ngamandla ngakumbi, zenza indawo enechaji encomekayo kunye nommandla ochajiwe kakubi ngaphakathi kwemolekyuli.

Kwelinye icala, iimolekyuli ezingezizo ipolar zineyunifomu okanye ukuhanjiswa kwentlawulo efanayo kakhulu phakathi kweeathom ezizibumbayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiathom ezenza imolekyuli zine-electronegativity efanayo, ngoko ke zitsala ii-electron ngokulinganayo. Ezi molekyuli azinayo imimandla yentlawulo eyinxenye elungileyo okanye embi, ngoko ke ayinayo ipali elungileyo okanye engalunganga, kwaye intlawulo isasazwa ngokulinganayo.

10. Ukubaluleka kwepolarity kwintsebenziswano yeemolekyuli

Ukusebenzisana kweemolekyuli kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubume kunye nokuziphatha kweekhemikhali. Ipropathi ephambili yolu nxibelelwano yi-molecular polarity. I-polarity ibhekisela kulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lweentlawulo zombane kwi-molecule, okubangelwa ukuhlukana kwezibonda ezilungileyo kunye nezibi. Ubukho be-molecular polarity bubalulekile kwiipropathi ezininzi zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zezinto, kubandakanya ukunyibilika, ukuhanjiswa kombane, kunye nokukwazi ukwenza iibhondi ze-intermolecular.

Enye yeempembelelo eziphambili zepolarity yemolekyuli yindima yayo ekunyibilikeni kwezinto. Iimolekyuli zepolar zikholisa ukunyibilika ngokulula ngakumbi kwizinyibilikisi zencam yomhlaba, njengoko iintlawulo ezichaseneyo zidibana kwaye ziseke iibhondi ezomeleleyo ze-intermolecular. Kwelinye icala, iimolekyuli ze-nonpolar zinyibilika ngakumbi kwizinyibilikisi ezingapholiyo, apho amandla e-intermolecular anomtsalane engabalulekanga kangako. Le propati ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokuchithwa kwezinto kwi-biochemistry kunye ne-pharmacology, ekubeni ukuphendula kweekhemikhali kunye nokusebenzisana. emzimbeni womntu Zixhomekeke kakhulu ekunyibilikeni kweemolekyuli.

Ngokunjalo, i-molecular polarity inefuthe ekuqhubeni kombane kwezinto. Iimolekyuli ze-polar zinamandla okuqhuba umbane, njengoko i-dipoles ye-molecular inokulungelelanisa kwaye ivumele umbane okhoyo ukuba uhambe. Ngokwahlukileyo, iimolekyuli ezingezizo ezingezizo azikwazi ukuqhuba umbane ngenxa yokuba i-dipoles ye-molecular ayikwazi ukulungelelanisa kwindlela eqhelekileyo. Le propati iyimfuneko kwi-electrochemistry kunye noyilo lwezixhobo zombane, apho kufuneka ukuhanjiswa okwaneleyo ekusebenzeni kwezinto.

Isishwankathelo, i-molecular polarity ibaluleke kakhulu kwintsebenziswano yeemolekyuli. Imisela iipropati ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zezinto, ezifana nokunyibilika kwazo kunye nokuhamba kombane. Ukuqonda i-molecular polarity kubalulekile kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe nakwiinkalo ezifana ne-biochemistry kunye ne-pharmacology.

11. Ukusetyenziswa kweemolekyuli ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar kwishishini kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla

Iimolekyuli zepolar nezingezizo ipolar zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezininzi kushishino nakubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zakhiwo zeemolekyuli zinempembelelo enkulu kwiinkqubo kunye neemveliso esizisebenzisayo imihla ngemihla. Ngezantsi kukho usetyenziso oluphambili lwezi molekyuli kumacandelo ahlukeneyo:

1. Ishishini lokutya: Iimolekyuli zepolar kunye nezingekho kwi-polar zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kokutya kunye neziselo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ekwenzeni ioyile kunye namafutha, iimolekyuli ezingezizo ipolar ziyimfuneko ukunika i-viscosity kunye nokuthungwa kwiimveliso ezifana neemargarine kunye neelekese. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekuveliseni iziselo, iimolekyuli ze-polar zisetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa izinto ezinjengeevithamini kunye neeminerali emanzini, ziqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwazo ukusetyenziswa kwabantu.

2. I-Pharmaceuticals: Iimpawu ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar ze-molekyuli nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwishishini lamachiza. I-solubility ye-compounds kwimidiya eyahlukeneyo, njengamanzi okanye i-lipids, ixhomekeke kwi-polarity yabo. Le propati imisela ukufunxa, ukusasazwa kunye nokuphelisa amandla amayeza emzimbeni womntu. Ngapha koko, i-polarity ikwachaphazela ukusebenzisana kweziyobisi kunye neeproteni zeselula kunye ne-receptors, ezichaphazela ukusebenza kwazo konyango.

3. Amandla: Iimolekyuli ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yamandla kunye nokugcinwa. Kwishishini le-fossil fuel, i-polarity yeemolekyuli ibalulekile ekumiseleni ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokukwazi ukuxuba. Ngokomzekelo, iimveliso zepetroleum zingumxube onzima we-polar kunye ne-non-polar molekyuli ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo, ezichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwiinjini zokutsha. Ukongezelela, kwintsimi yamandla avuselelekayo, iimolekyuli ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweebhetri kunye neeseli zelanga ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo kunye nokusebenza kwazo.

Isishwankathelo, iimolekyuli ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar zinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwishishini kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. I-polarity yayo imisela iimpawu ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nokunyibilika, i-viscosity, kunye nokusebenzisana nezinye izinto. Ulwazi lwezi zakhiwo lubalulekile ukuqonda kunye nokwenza uninzi lwezinto ezinokwenzeka zezi molekyuli kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oshishino kunye neteknoloji.

12. Iimpembelelo ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar molekyuli kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji

Iimolekyuli ze-polar kunye ne-non-polar zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji. Ezi molekyuli ziyakwazi ukusebenzisana ngokuhlukileyo kunye nezinye izinto kunye namacandelo eselula, avelisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kwizinto eziphilayo.

Iimolekyuli ze-polar zezo ezinokusabalalisa okungalinganiyo kweentlawulo zombane, ezivelisa ukubunjwa kwezibonda ezilungileyo kunye nezibi. Ezi molekyuli zinyibilika emanzini kwaye zinokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye nezinye iimolekyuli zepolar, ezibanika iipropati ezinjengokukwazi ukunyibilikisa izinto kwaye zenze izakhiwo ezizinzile ze-dimensional ezintathu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iimolekyuli ezingezizo ze-polar zezo ezinokusabalalisa okufanayo kweentlawulo zombane, okwenza ukuba zinganyibiliki emanzini. Ezi molekyuli azikwazi ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kwaye zibe nokusebenzisana okuncinci kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-polar. Kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji, iimolekyuli ezingezona ipolar zibalulekile kwimisebenzi efana nokubunjwa kweembrane zeseli kunye nolawulo lobushushu bomzimba.

13. Impembelelo ye-polarity kwiipropati ze-physicochemical of compounds

I-polarity yipropati esisiseko echaphazela iimpawu ze-physicochemical of compounds. Ibhekisa kulwabiwo lweasymmetric yeeelectron kwimolekyuli kwaye imisela indlela edibana ngayo nezinye izinto kunye okusingqongileyo. I-polarity ichaphazela iimpawu ezifana nokunyibilika, indawo yokunyibilika, indawo yokubilisa, kunye nokuhanjiswa kombane kwiikhompawundi.

Iikhompawundi zingahlelwa njenge-polar kunye ne-non-polar. Iikhompawundi ze-Polar zinomehluko omkhulu phakathi kweentlawulo zombane ze-athomu zecandelo, okubangela ukusabalalisa okungalinganiyo kwee-electron kunye ne-molecule ye-polar. Kwelinye icala, iikhompawundi ezingezizo ipolar zinokusasazwa okufanayo kwee-electron kwaye azinayo intlawulo engalinganiyo kwi-molecule.

I-polarity ichaphazela ukunyibilika kweekhompawundi kwii-solvents ezahlukeneyo. Iikhompawundi zencam yomhlaba zikholisa ukunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi ezimhlophe, ngelixa iikhompawundi ze-nonpolar zinyibilika ngcono kwizinyibilikisi ezingezizo ezimhlophe. Ngokomzekelo, amanzi, i-solvent ye-polar, inokunyibilika ngokulula i-ion kunye nezinye iiamolekyuli zepolar ngenxa yokukwazi ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen. Izinyibilikisi ezingapholiyo, ezifana ne-hexane, zisebenza kakuhle ekunyibilikiseni iikhompawundi ezingapholiyo, njengeehydrocarbons.

14. Izigqibo malunga ne-polar kunye ne-non-polar molekyuli

Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lweemolekyuli zepolar kunye nezingezo-polar zibalulekile ukuqonda iipropathi ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zezinto ezahlukeneyo. Iimolekyuli ze-polar zezo apho kukho ukusabalalisa okungalinganiyo kweentlawulo kwaye, ngoko ke, zineepropati ezifana ne-solubility ephezulu emanzini kunye namanqaku aphezulu abilayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iimolekyuli ezingezizo ze-polar zezo apho ukuhanjiswa kwentlawulo kufanayo, okuvelisa iimpawu ezifana nokunyibilika okuphantsi kwamanzi kunye namanqaku aphantsi abilayo.

Enye indlela yokumisela ukuba imolekyuli i-polar okanye i-nonpolar ngumahluko we-electronegativity phakathi kwee-athom zayo. Ukuba umahluko kwi-electronegativity ilingana okanye ingaphezulu kwe-0.5, i-molecule iya kuba yi-polar. Kwelinye icala, ukuba umahluko we-electronegativity ungaphantsi kwe-0.5, i-molecule iya kuba i-nonpolar.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba i-polarity ye-molecule ichaphazela ukusebenzisana kwayo nezinye izinto. Iimolekyuli zepolar zikholisa ukunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi ezikwincam yomhlaba, ngelixa iimolekyuli ezingezizo ezimhlophe zithande ukunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi ezingezizo ipolar. Ngapha koko, iimolekyuli zepolar zinokuba namava e-dipole-dipole, i-hydrogen bonding, okanye i-London dispersion type interactions, ngelixa iimolekyuli ezingezizo ii-nonpolar zifumana amandla okusasazeka kweLondon.

Ukuqukumbela, ukuqondwa kweemolekyuli zepolar kunye nezingezizo ezipolar kubalulekile kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi kunye netekhnoloji. Ezi molekyuli, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwentlawulo ye-asymmetric kunye ne-symmetric ngokulandelelana, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-chemistry, biology kunye ne-physics. Ubume bayo be-polar okanye obungekho-polar bumisela iimpawu zayo ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali, kunye nokusebenzisana kwayo nezinye izinto. Ukuqonda olu lwahlulo luyimfuneko ekuqikeleleni ukunyibilika, ukubilisa kunye namanqaku okunyibilika, amandla okunyibilika kunye nokuphinda kusebenze iikhompawundi. Ngapha koko, ulwazi lweeamolekyuli zepolar kunye nezingezo-polar zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezisebenzayo kwimimandla efana neyeza, ubunjineli bezinto kunye neshishini lamayeza. Uphando oluqhubekayo kule ntsimi luya kusivumela ukuba sifezekise ukuqonda ngakumbi kwezi molekyuli kunye nefuthe labo ebomini bethu. Isishwankathelo, uphononongo lweemolekyuli zepolar kunye neenonpolar isinika ingqiqo enzulu malunga nesakhiwo kunye nokuziphatha ngalo mba kwinqanaba lemolekyuli, esisiseko kwinkqubela phambili yenzululwazi nethekhnoloji.