Iimpawu kunye noncedo lweekhompyuter ze-ARM: yonke into ekufuneka uyazi

Eli nqaku likumema ukuba uzintywilisele kwindalo enomdla ye Iikhompyuter ze-ARM. Siza kujonga ngakumbi kwimbali yabo, indlela abasebenza ngayo, indlela abayisebenzisa ngayo ubomi bokwenyani, iyantlukwano kunye nezinye izakhiwo (ezifana ne-Intel kunye ne-AMD's x86), kunye namandla kunye nobuthathaka babo.

Kwiminyaka nje embalwa edlulileyo, ukuba umntu ukhankanye igama elithi "prosesa", into yokuqala eyathi qatha engqondweni yayiziimpawu ezinje I-Intel o I-AMD, kunye nePC zayo ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umdlali omtsha uzenzele igama kwicandelo, eguqula indlela esiziqonda ngayo iikhomputha, iifowuni eziphathwayo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezixhobo zedijithali: procesadores ARM. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye isemva kolu lwakhiwo? Ziziphi iingenelo zayo zokwenyani ngaphezu kwezinye iiprosesa zemveli?

Isebenza njani iprosesa ye-ARM? Imigaqo engundoqo kunye nomahluko nge x86

Isitshixo kuyilo lwe-ARM ilele kwi ukulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwesethi yomyalelo. Ngokusekelwe kwifilosofi yeRISC, ii-ARM CPUs zenza imisebenzi esisiseko kakhulu (ukongeza, ukuthabatha, ukuhamba kwedatha, ukutsiba, njl. njl.) kwimijikelo yewotshi nganye, endaweni yemiyalelo entsonkothileyo nemide njengeCISC (eqhelekileyo ye-x86 evela kwi-Intel kunye ne-AMD). Oku kuthetha ukuba itshiphu ye-ARM ingaba nayo iitransistor ezimbalwa, oku kuthetha ukuba:

• Menor consumo energético.
• Ukunciphisa ubushushu obuveliswayo.
• Menor coste de fabricación.

Kuyilo olutsha (olufana ne-ARMv8 kunye ne-ARMv9), Iprosesa ye-ARM inokusebenza kuzo zombini iindlela ze-32-bit kunye ne-64-bit., ukuthelekisa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ukodlula amandla okusebenza eembangi zayo ze-x86 kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. I ulungelelwaniso olungundoqo ivumela umenzi ngamnye ukuba afake iiyunithi ezithile, ukwandisa imemori ye-cache, ukongeza ii-coprocessors zegraphics okanye ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, njl.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokusebenza:

• Imowudi ye-ARM: Imiyalelo ye-32-bit, amandla aphezulu kunye nokusebenza
• Imowudi kabhontsi: Imiyalelo ecinezelweyo ye-16-bit, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kunye nokuxinana kwekhowudi ephezulu, ilungele izixhobo ezinokunciphisa imemori

Ukulula akuthethi ukuswela amandla: Iinguqulelo zangoku ze-ARM zinemibhobho ehambele phambili, umbhobho, uqikelelo lwesebe, kunye neecores ezininzi., ukusondela kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezona zitshiphusi ze-x86 zibalaseleyo, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi apho ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kubalulekile.

Iimpawu eziphambili zeekhompyuter ze-ARM

Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba yintoni eyenza ikhompyuter ibe neprosesa ye-ARM ekhethekileyo, kufuneka sijonge zonke iimpawu zayo. características técnicas, zombini kwi-hardware kunye nenqanaba lolwakhiwo olunengqiqo:

• Arquitectura RISC: umyalelo olula, ukuphunyezwa ngokukhawuleza, ii-transistors ezimbalwa
• Ulungelelwaniso olungundoqo: Abavelisi banokuguqula uyilo, badibanise imizobo, i-AI, ukhuseleko, njl.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kakhulu: ilungele izixhobo eziphathwayo kunye nezixhobo ngaphandle kweenkqubo zokupholisa ezisebenzayo
• I-32 kunye ne-64 bit ehambelanayo: Izizukulwana zamva nje zixhasa zombini, ukuphucula zombini isantya kunye nomthamo wememori.
• I-Cache kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwememori: Ukudityaniswa kwe-L1/L2 cache kunye nebhasi yedatha
• Inkxaso yemiyalelo eyandisiweyo: Imo yebhontsi, inkxaso ye-SIMD (NEON), iiyunithi ezidadayo kunye nezandiso zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa kwiimodeli zamva nje.
• Licencia abierta: Nabani na unokuphuhlisa iitshiphusi ezisekelwe kwi-ARM ngokuhlawula ilayisenisi yoyilo. Oku kuvelise iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso kunye nokhuphiswano phakathi kwabavelisi.
• Ukuhambelana kwenkqubo ebanzi: Android, iOS, Windows, Linux, macOS (kwiiMacs zamva nje), phakathi kwezinye ezininzi

Kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa, Ukwanda kweetshiphusi ze-ARM akukhawulelwanga kwiifowuni eziphathwayo kunye neetafile.; Zininzi nangakumbi iikhompyuter ze-ARM, iilaptops, iiPC ezincinci, iiseva kunye neekhompyuter ezinkulu ezixhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwazo kunye nokuqina.

Izinto eziluncedo kwiikhompyuter ze-ARM ngaphezulu kwe-Intel kunye ne-AMD

Izinto eziluncedo kuyilo lwe-ARM ngaphezulu kweeprosesa zex86 zemveli (Intel kunye ne-AMD) zicacile. Phakathi kweendawo ezinamandla zi:

• Ukuphumelela kwamandla angenakulinganiswa: el consumo de electricidad lincinci kakhulu, eliguqulela kwi Ubomi bebhetri obuninzi beelaptops kunye namatyala asezantsi ombane kwiiseva. Ezinye iitshiphusi ze-ARM zesizukulwana samva nje zidla ngokulambisa i-1W, xa kuthelekiswa ne-15-45W yeetshiphusi zex86 eziqhelekileyo.
• Ukupholisa kwenziwe lula: ngokuvelisa ubushushu obuncinci, Abafuni abalandeli abanamandla okanye iinkqubo ezinzima zokulahla. Oku kuvumela uyilo olungenamoya, izindlu ezincinci kunye nezizolileyo.
• Ixabiso lemveliso ephantsi: ii-transistors ezimbalwa kunye ne-silicon, kulula ukuvelisa kwinqanaba elikhulu, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokwenza ukuba kwenziwe iikhomputha ezifikelelekayo.
• Ukuguquguquka kunye nokwenza ngokwezifisoAbavelisi banokwenza iitshiphusi zesiko kuzo zonke iimfuno, ukusuka kwizixhobo ezincinci ze-IoT ukuya kwiikhompyuter ezisebenza kakhulu.
• Uhlaziyo oluqhubekayo: Ukhuphiswano phakathi kwabavelisi (i-Apple, i-Qualcomm, i-Samsung, i-MediaTek, i-NVIDIA, njl.) iqhuba inguqulelo entsha kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza nokusebenza kakuhle.
• Soporte multiplataforma: Kuqhelekile ukubona iikhompyuter ze-ARM zihambelana ne-Android, iLinux, iChrome OS, Windows 10/11 kunye ne-macOS, ebonelela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kubaphuhlisi kunye nabasebenzisi.

Ezi ngenelo ziyacacisa Kutheni ii-ARM zoyisile umhlaba ophathwayo kwaye ngoku zikhuphisana ngokunzulu kumasimi eelaptops, eziguqulwayo, iiPC ezincinci kunye neeseva.. Ukufika kwee-chips ze-Apple Silicon kwii-Macs kubonise ukuba ibhalansi enkulu phakathi kwamandla kunye nobomi bebhetri inokufezekiswa, ivula indlela yokuba abanye abavelisi balandele.

Iziphene eziphambili kunye nemida

Kakade ke, ayizizo zonke iingenelo. Iikhompyutha ze-ARM nazo zinemida ekufuneka iqwalaselwe.:

• Ukuhambelana kwesoftware encinci: izicelo ezininzi (ingakumbi ezo ziyilelwe x86) Azisebenzi ngokwemveli kwi-ARM. Nangona kukho iinkqubo zokulinganisa (ezifana ne-Apple's Rosetta 2 okanye iPrism kwiWindows), ukusebenza kunokuchaphazeleka.
• Amandla asezantsi akrwada kwezinye iimeko: Kwimisebenzi enzima kakhulu (ukuhlelwa kwevidiyo yobuchwephesha, umdlalo ogqithisileyo, iCAD, i-virtualization ephezulu), iitshiphusi ze-ARM Ngokuqhelekileyo bawela emva kweyona x86 ingcono.
• Ukuxhomekeka kusetyenziso: para ufumane okuninzi kuyo, abaphuhlisi kufuneka benze iinguqulelo ezithile zezicelo zabo ze-ARM.
• Unikezelo oluphantsi lwe-hardware kunye namacandelo: aunque está cambiando rápidamente, okwangoku zikhona Iinketho ezimbalwa ze-100% zamacandelo ahambelana ne-ARM kunye nezixhobo kwimarike, ngakumbi eYurophu naseMelika.
• Imida kumdlalo kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso: IiPC zokudlala zihlala zifuna ii-GPU ezizinikeleyo, i-RAM engaphezulu, kunye nokuphuculwa, ezithintelwe ngakumbi kwi-ARM kunakumaqonga e-x86.

Umkhwa, nangona kunjalo, kukuba le mida icuthwe ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko abavelisi kunye nabaphuhlisi bethembela ngakumbi kwi-ARM.

Iindidi zeprosesa ze-ARM kunye nokuvela kwezobuchwepheshe

I-ecosystem ye-ARM ineentlobo ezininzi kunye neentsapho, ukusuka kweyokuqala i-16- kunye ne-32-bit chips ukuya kwi-64-bit yezilwanyana zamva nje ezijolise kwiiseva, iidesktops, kunye neelaptops eziphezulu. Makhe sijonge ezona ziphambili:

• I-ARM1, ARM2, ARM3: oovulindlela bembali, abasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiikhompyuter zabo zokuqala kunye neenkqubo ezifakwe ngaphakathi
• ARM6, ARM7, ARM9, ARM11: i-evolution eqhubekayo kumandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye ne-cache edibeneyo, inkxaso ye-multimedia kunye nokubonakala kwe-SIMD kunye ne-Thumb imiyalelo
• I-StrongARM kunye ne-XScale: iitshiphusi ezinelayisenisi ezivela kwi-DEC kunye ne-Intel, zidume kakhulu kwi-2000s kwiPDAs, iiselfowuni kunye nezixhobo zoshishino
• I-Cortex-A, i-Cortex-R, i-Cortex-M: ezona ntsapho zifanelekileyo namhlanje. I-Cortex-A yezicelo zenjongo jikelele (ii-smartphones, iipilisi, ii-laptops), kunye neenguqulelo ezisisiseko esisodwa kunye ne-multi-core, i-NEON, i-TrustZone, kunye ne-multimedia. I-Cortex-R kwiinkqubo zexesha langempela (iimoto, i-automation), kunye ne-Cortex-M yamandla aphantsi, i-microcontrollers enexabiso eliphantsi.
• I-Apple Silicon: Iichips ezisekelwe kwi-ARM ze-Apple, ukusuka kwi-M1 ukuya kwi-M3, kunye ne-Pro, Max, kunye ne-Ultra ezahlukeneyo, ezikhokela indlela yokusebenza kwii-laptops kunye needesktops ezisebenzisa i-macOS.
• Snapdragon: Uluhlu lweflegi ye-Qualcomm, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiifowuni eziphathwayo kwaye ngoku kwii-ultrabooks kunye neelaptops ezine-Snapdragon X Elite kunye ne-Copilot + PC entsha.

Inqaku elinxulumene nalo:

Isixhobo esitsha seSurface Pro sivela kwisatifikethi saseTshayina, siqhula uhlaziyo oluqhutywa yi-ARM.

Inkqubo yokusebenza kunye nokuhambelana kwesoftware kwi-ARM

Un aspecto clave es ukuhambelana kwesoftware, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokusebenza zedesktop kunye nezicelo:

• I-Android kunye ne-iOS: Iinkqubo ezenzelwe kwasekuqaleni kwi-ARM, ziqinisekisa ukuhambelana nokusebenza kakuhle kwiifowuni eziphathwayo kunye neetafile.
• I-Linux: Inkxaso ebanzi yokuhanjiswa okunje ngoBuntu, iDebian, iArch Linux, iKali, iGentoo, iOracle Linux kunye nezinye ezininzi, kunye neBSD (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD).
• i-macOSUkusukela ngo-2020, iiMacs ezine-Apple Silicon zisebenze kuphela kwi-ARM, uninzi lweeapps ezifakwe okanye ezixeliweyo kusetyenziswa iRosetta 2.
• Windows 10 kunye ne-11 ye-ARM: Iinguqulelo eziphuculweyo ezixhasa usetyenziso lwemveli kunye nokulinganisa kwe-x86, ngakumbi enkosi Windows 11 UCopilot+ kunye ne-injini yayo yePrism.

Umceli mngeni omkhulu kwiikhompyuter ze-ARM okwangoku uhlala ungowokuqala ukuhambelana kwesicelo sedesktop. Ngelixa uninzi lwee-apps ezidumileyo sele zineenguqulelo ze-ARM zomthonyama, kusekho isoftware ekhethekileyo efuna ukulinganisa okanye ayilungiswanga.

Imarike kunye nabavelisi bekhompyuter be-ARM abafanelekileyo

Namhlanje, iinkampani ezininzi kunye nezixhobo zibonakala njengee-trendsetters kwimarike ye-ARM yeekhompyuter:

• apile: kunye neMacBook yayo, iMac, iMac Mini kunye neMac Studio esekwe kwiApple Silicon. Ukongeza, i-iPhone, i-iPad, i-Apple Watch, kunye ne-Apple TV nayo isebenzisa i-ARM.
• IMicrosoft: Iikhompyuter ze-ARM ezikuluhlu lwe-Surface Pro X kunye ne-Surface Copilot+ zimele ukuzibophelela kukaRedmond, ngenkxaso yomthonyama yeWindows kunye nemizamo yokuphucula.
• Qualcomm: inkokeli kwi mobile phones nge Snapdragon, kwaye okwangoku kwii-ultrabooks kunye neelaptops ezine-Snapdragon X Elite kunye neCopilot + PC.
• Uphando: I-Chrome OS kwii-Chromebooks, enempilo entle yebhetri kunye ne-Android app ehambelanayo.
• Samsung, HP, Acer, Lenovo: Banikezela ngeelaptops, iitafile, kunye nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezineetshiphusi ze-ARM kwaye zifakwe ngaphambili Windows 11 I-ARM, ibeka phambili ukuzimela kunye noyilo olukhaphukhaphu.
• Raspberry Pi: iqonga lomenzi elizise i-ARM kwizigidi zabasebenzisi, ikhuthaza inkqubo, iirobhothi, kunye ne-IoT.

Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwe-ARM kunye ne-x86 (Intel/AMD)

Kwabaninzi, umbuzo ophambili ngulo: ingaba iprosesa ye-ARM yahluke njani kwiprosesa ye-Intel okanye ye-AMD x86?

• Tipo de instrucciones: I-ARM isebenzisa i-RISC, enemiyalelo elula nemfutshane; x86 yiCISC, enemiyalelo entsonkothileyo nemide.
• Ukusebenza ngewatt nganye: I-ARM igqwesile ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwamandla, ilungele iibhetri kunye neenkqubo ze-passive; x86 amandla akrwada emisebenzi enzima.
• Uyilo lwezakhiwo: I-ARM ikwimodyuli kwaye inokwenziwa ngokwezifiso, i-x86 ivalwe ngakumbi kwaye iyafana.
• Compatibilidad de software: I-x86 inamashumi eminyaka yesoftware yemveli, kodwa i-ARM ihamba ngokukhawuleza ngeeapps kunye neqonga elinqamlezayo.
• Mercado objetivo: I-ARM ilawula kwiselula, i-IoT kwaye ikhula kwiilaptops kunye neeseva; x86 kwiiPC, imidlalo kunye nelifa.

Ikamva leekhompyuter ze-ARM: yintoni esinokuyilindela?

El Ikamva le-ARM Ivela njengokhetho olulungeleleneyo kakhulu lweelaptops, eziguqulwayo, iiPC ezincinci kwaye, ngokwandayo, iidesktops kunye neeseva. Into ephambili iya kuba kukukhuthaza abaphuhlisi ukuba baphucule izicelo kunye nokuphucula ukulinganisa, ngelixa begcina ukusungulwa kwamandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.

I-Apple iyaqhubeka nokukhokela indlela ngeSilicon kunye ne-ecosystem evaliweyo, ngelixa iMicrosoft, uGoogle, kunye nabanye abavelisi bebheja ekwandiseni ukuhambelana nokusebenza kwi-ARM. Umkhwa ubhekiselele kwizixhobo ezilula ngakumbi, ngokuzimela okukhulu kunye nokusebenza okwaneleyo kwi-90% yokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla., ishiya amandla ekrwada e-x86 ngasemva.

Ubume bekhompyutha buguqulwa kakhulu yi-ARM, leyo iye yasuka ekubeni yi-protagonist kwiifowuni eziphathwayo ukuya ekubeni yeyona ndlela iphambili kwiikhompyuter nakwiiseva. Ukukhetha isixhobo esinondoqo we-ARM kuthembisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuguquguquka, kunye nekamva elizaliswe zizinto ezintsha.

UDaniel Terrasa

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