Imifanekiso ye-cell vesicles ibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kuphando lwezenzululwazi, njengoko ivumela ukuba siqonde ngcono iinkqubo zeselula kunye nokusebenza kwezinto eziphilayo. Iisel vesicles, izakhiwo ezincinci ze-membranous ezikhoyo kuzo zonke iiseli, zidlala imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezinto kunye nonxibelelwano lwe-intercellular. Kweli nqaku, siza kuhlolisisa emhlabeni yemifanekiso ye-vesicle yeselula, ukuphonononga iindlela zokufunyanwa kunye nokubonwayo ezisetyenzisiweyo, kunye nenkqubela phambili yamva nje kule ndawo inomdla yokufunda.
Intshayelelo kwii-vesicles zeselula
I-cell vesicles zincinci, izakhiwo ze-membranous ezifumaneka kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli Ezi vesicles zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweseli, kunye nonxibelelwano. Ziye zenziwe kwi-membrane ye-plasma okanye zenziwe ngaphakathi kwi-endoplasmic reticulum kunye ne-Golgi complex.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-vesicles zeselula, nganye inemisebenzi kunye neempawu ezithile. Eminye imizekelo Ziquka i-secretory vesicles, ejongene nokugcina kunye nokukhulula amahomoni, i-enzymes kunye nezinye iimveliso zeprotheyini; i-endocytic vesicles, inoxanduva lokufunxa iimolekyuli kunye namasuntswana angaphandle ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-endocytosis; kunye ne-exocytic vesicles, inoxanduva lokufihla izinto kwi-extracellular medium.
Ii-vesicles zeselula zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kwe-membrane kunye neeprotheni phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo eselula. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-vesicle-mediated transport, ibandakanya ukubunjwa kwe-vesicle evela kwi-membrane yomxhasi kunye nokudibanisa kwayo okulandelayo kunye ne-membrane yomamkeli. Olu nxibelelwano lulamlwa ziiprotheyini ezithile ezilawula ulwalathiso kunye nesiphelo sokurhweba nge-vesicular.
Isishwankathelo, i-vesicles yeselula zakhiwo ezibalulekileyo kwiseli ezivumela ukuthuthwa kwezinto kunye nokunxibelelana kwe-intercellular. Ulwakhiwo lwabo kunye nokudityaniswa ziinkqubo ezilawulwa kakhulu kwaye zilungelelaniswe ziiprotheyini ezithile. Ezi zakhiwo zincinci zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi emininzi yeselula, efana nokukhuselwa kwamahomoni, ukufakwa ngaphakathi kweeamolekyuli, kunye nokusabalalisa iimbumba kunye neeprotheni kwiseli.
Iimpawu ezisisiseko iivesicles zeselula
I-cell vesicles zizakhiwo ezincinci ze-membranous ezikhoyo kuzo zonke iiseli. Ezi zakhiwo zenza imisebenzi emininzi ngaphakathi kwiseli kwaye zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokufanelekileyo. Apha ngezantsi, ezinye zezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze-vesicles zeselula ziya kukhankanywa:
- Iyantlukwano ekuqulunqweni kwayo: I-vesicles yeselula inokubunjwa ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zelipids kunye neeprotheni, ezizinika imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emininzi.Ezinye iivesicles zinee-enzymes zokwetyisa, ngelixa ezinye zibandakanyeka ekuthuthweni kweemolekyuli okanye kunxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli.
- Ubungakanani obuncinci: Iingqayi zeselluli zizakhiwo ezinobungakanani bemicroscopic, ngokubanzi ezinobubanzi obusuka kwi-30 ukuya kwi-1000 yeenanometers. Olu phawu lubavumela ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zeselula ezifuna uthutho kunye unxibelelnolwano ngomyinge omncinci.
- Ukudibanisa kunye nomthamo wokuqhekeka: Ii-vesicles zeselula ziyakwazi ukuxubana nezinye iiseli zenwebu okanye zahlulwe zibe ziivesicle ezincinci. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-exocytosis kunye ne-endocytosis, ngokulandelanayo, ibalulekile ekutshintshisweni kwezinto kunye neempawu phakathi kweseli kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Isishwankathelo, ii-vesicles zeselula zizinto ezibalulekileyo zeeseli ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji. Ukwahluka kwazo ngokwakheka, ubungakanani bazo obuncinci, kunye namandla abo okudibanisa kunye nokuqhekeka kubenza babe nezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo eziguqukayo. Ezi mpawu zisisiseko zivumela i-vesicles yeselula ukuba yenze imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweeseli.
Imisebenzi yebhayoloji yee-vesicles zeselula kwizinto eziphilayo
Ii-vesicles zeeseli zizakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezi ngxowa ezincinci ze-membranous zenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yebhayoloji engundoqo, ivumela unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo kunye nokuthutha iimolekyuli ngaphakathi kweeseli.
1. Ukuthuthwa kwezinto: Ii-vesicle zeselula zinoxanduva lokuhambisa iimolekyuli kunye nee-macromolecules ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweeseli. Ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-endocytosis, i-vesicles eyenziwe kwi-plasma membrane ibamba amasuntswana avela kwindalo kwaye awathuthele ngaphakathi kwiseli. Ngendlela echaseneyo, i-exocytosis vesicles ikhulula umxholo wayo kwindawo engaphandle kweseli.
2. Ummiselo wokuguqulwa kweeseli: Iingqungquthela zeeseli zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kwezakhiwo zeselula. Ngokuqulunqwa kwee-vesicles zokuthutha, ziyakwazi ukuphelisa iimolekyuli ezonakalisiweyo okanye ezigugileyo, ezivumela ukuguqulwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zeselula.
3. unxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli: Ii-vesicles zeSelula zikwathatha inxaxheba kunxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli. Ezinye ii-vesicles, ezifana ne-exosomes, ziqulethe izinto zofuzo kunye neprotheni ezinokuthi zidluliselwe kwezinye iiseli. Le nkqubo yokudluliselwa kwe-vesicle ibalulekile ekuhanjisweni kwezibonakaliso kunye nokuguqulwa komsebenzi wamaselula kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezitho zomzimba.
Ubume kunye nokwakheka kwee-vesicles zeselula
I-cell vesicles zizakhiwo ze-membranous ezikhoyo kwiiseli zazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukuthutha nokugcina iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemolekyuli ngaphakathi kweseli. I-Vesicles yenziwe yi-lipid bilayer ehlanganiswe ngokukodwa kwi-phospholipids kunye ne-cholesterol, ebanika ukuguquguquka nokuzinza.
Ukubunjwa kwee-vesicles zeselula kunokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kumsebenzi wabo othile. Ezinye ii-vesicles ziqulethe ii-enzymes zokugaya eziyimfuneko ekuthotyweni kweemolekyuli, ezifana ne-lysosomal vesicles. Ezinye ii-vesicles ziqulethe iiprotheni kunye ne-lipids ezithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo ye-endocytosis kunye ne-exocytosis, evumela ukuba kubanjwe iimolekyuli kunye nokukhululwa kwezinto ngaphandle kweseli.
Ukongeza kwindima yabo ekuthuthweni nasekugcinweni kweemolekyuli, ii-vesicles zeselula nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwe-intercellular. Ezinye ii-vesicles zinemiqondiso yemolekyuli enje ngeehomoni okanye ii-neurotransmitters, ezikhutshwa ngokudityaniswa kwenwebu ye-vesicle kunye ne-plasma membrane yeseli. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-exocytosis elawulwayo, ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso phakathi kweeseli kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kukulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi yeselula kwizicubu zebhayoloji kunye neenkqubo.
Ukuqulunqwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwee-vesicles zeselula ngaphakathi kwiseli
Inkqubo yokwenziwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwee-vesicles zeselula kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuchanekileyo kweeseli. I-Vesicles zizakhiwo ezincinci ze-membranous ezinoxanduva lokuthutha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeamolekyu ngaphakathi kweseli, ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Le nkqubo iqhutyelwa ngeendlela ezilawulwa kakhulu kwaye zilawulwa yiseli.
Ukwakheka kwee-vesicles kwenzeka ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-budding, apho inxalenye ye-plasma membrane ingena kwiseli, yenze i-vesicle enenwebu yayo. Le nkqubo inokuthi ifakwe kwiiprotheni ezithile, ezifana neeprotheni zengubo, ezijongene nokubumba isakhiwo se-vesicle kunye nokukhetha ukuba yiyiphi iamolekyu eziza kuhanjiswa ngaphakathi.
Xa sele zenziwe, ii-vesicles zihanjiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwiseli ngenethiwekhi ye-microtubules kunye ne-microfilaments. Olu thutho lunokulawulwa ngeeprotheni zeemoto, ezifana ne-kinesins kunye ne-dyneins, ezibophelela kwii-vesicles kwaye zidonsa kunye neefilaments. Ukongezelela, kukho iiprotheyini ze-receptor kwi-membrane ye-vesicles kunye ne-target compartment, eqinisekisa i-docking echanekileyo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-vesicle kunye nethagethi yayo yokugqibela.
Ukubaluleka kwee-vesicles zeselula kurhwebo lwe-intracellular lwee-biomolecules
Ii-vesicles zeselula zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekurhwebeni kwe-intracellular ye-biomolecules. Ezi zakhiwo ezincinci ze-membranous ziyimfuneko ekuthuthweni nasekuhanjisweni kweeamolekyu ezahlukeneyo kwiseli yonke, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukusabalalisa kunye nokusebenza kwazo ngokuchanekileyo. Okulandelayo, siza kunika iinkcukacha ngokubaluleka kwee-vesicles zeselula kule nkqubo.
1. Ukuthuthwa kweeprotheyini kunye neelipids: Ii-vesicles zeSellula zivumela ukuthuthwa kweeprotheni kunye ne-lipids ukusuka kwindawo yazo yokwenziwa ukuya kwindawo yazo yokugqibela ngaphakathi kweseli. Oku kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiproteni kunye neelipids zikwindawo ezichanekileyo ekufuneka zenziwe imisebenzi yayo ethile. Ngaphandle kokuthengiswa kwe-intracellular mediated yi-vesicles, ezi biomolecules aziyi kukwazi ukufikelela kwindawo yazo efanelekileyo kwaye iseli ayinakukwazi ukusebenza kakuhle.
2. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweeselula: Ukongeza kwindima yabo ekuthuthweni kwe-intracellular, ii-vesicles zeselula nazo zithatha inxaxheba kwi-cell-to-cell communication. Ngee-vesicles ezikhethekileyo, iiseli zinokuthumela imiqondiso ye-biochemical kunye nemiyalezo yemolekyuli kwezinye iiseli.. Ezi vesicles, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-exosomes, zineeproteni, iilipids, kunye ne-nucleic acids ezinokuphembelela umsebenzi kunye nokuziphatha kweeseli receptor. Olu nxibelelwano lwe-intercellular luyimfuneko kukulungelelaniswa kunye nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezicubu kunye namalungu.
3. Eliminación de desechos: Ekugqibeleni, ii-vesicles zeselula nazo zidlala indima ekususeni inkunkuma kunye nezinto ezingafunekiyo ngaphakathi kweseli. Iiseli zinokwenza ii-vesicles ezibizwa ngokuba yi-autophagosomes, ezigquma kwaye zidibanise nezinto ezingafunekiyo, ezifana neeprotheni ezonakalisiweyo okanye i-organelles eyonakeleyo. Ezi vesicles emva koko zixubana neelysosomes, apho inkunkuma iqhekezwa kwaye ihlaziywe. Le nkqubo ye-autophagy ibalulekile ekugcineni i-homeostasis yeselula kunye nokuthintela ukuqokelelana kwezinto eziyingozi.
Ukusebenzisana kwee-vesicles zeselula kunye nezinye izakhiwo zeselula kunye ne-organelles
I-cell vesicles zizakhiwo ezibalulekileyo kwiseli, kuba zivumela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto phakathi kwe-organelles ezahlukeneyo kunye nonxibelelwano kunye ne-extracellular environment. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokusebenzisana kwee-vesicles zeselula kukudibanisa kwazo nezinye ii-organelles, ezifana ne-Golgi apparatus kunye ne-plasma membranes yezinye iiseli. Oku kudityaniswa kunokwenzeka ngenxa yobukho beeprotheni ezithile kwi-membrane ye-vesicles, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiprotheni ezijoliswe kuyo.
Xa i-vesicle yeselula isondela kwi-organelle, iiprotheni ezijoliswe kuzo ziqaphela iiprotheni ze-receptor kwi-membrane ye-organelle ye-receptor. Olu nxibelelwano luqalisa uthotho lweziganeko ezithi zibangele ukudityaniswa kwenwebu zombini ii-organelles kunye nokukhululwa kwemixholo yevesicle kwi-organelle yomamkeli. Olu kudityaniswa Yinkqubo ilawulwa kakhulu kwaye ukuthatha inxaxheba kweeprotheyini ezahlukeneyo ze-intracellular kunye nesignali iyafuneka.
Ukongeza kwi-fusion yabo kunye nezinye ii-organelles, ii-vesicles zeselula zinokusebenzisana kunye nezakhiwo ezingaphandle, ezifana ne-plasma membranes yezinye iiseli. Olu hlobo lonxibelelwano lubaluleke kakhulu kunxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli, kuba luvumela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto phakathi kwazo Ngokusebenzisana kwe-vesicles kunye ne-plasma membranes, iiseli zinokutshintshiselana ngemiqondiso kunye neemolekyuli ezilawulayo, ezivumela ukuba zilungelelanise imisebenzi yazo kwaye ziphendule ngaphandle. izivuseleli ngendlela ehambelanayo.
Iimpembelelo zePhysiological and pathological of vesicles zeselula kwimpilo yabantu
Iimpembelelo zePhysiological of vesicles zeselula kwimpilo yabantu
I-cell vesicles, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-exosomes, zii-vesicles ezincinci ezikhutshwa ziiseli ukuze zinxibelelane kunye kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ezi zakhiwo zincinci zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni i-homeostasis yeselula kunye nokulawula iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Apha ngezantsi zezinye zezona mpembelelo zibalulekileyo kwi-physiological vesicles kwimpilo yabantu:
- Ukuhanjiswa kweempawu ze-intercellular: Ii-vesicle zeseli zisebenza njengabathwali bolwazi lwe-molecular, ukuvumela unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye nezicubu. Ngokuhambisa iiprotheyini, i-RNA kunye nezinye iinxalenye zebhayoloji, ezi vesicles zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazeni imiqondiso yeselula kunye nolawulo lwemisebenzi efana nokudumba, ukwahlukana kweeseli kunye nokuphendula komzimba kwamajoni omzimba.
- Ukuphindaphindwa kwemathiriyeli yemfuzo: Uphando lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba i-cellular vesicles inokuthutha kwaye idlulise imathiriyeli yemfuzo phakathi kweeseli. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa ngokuba "yi-horizontal gene transmission," ivelise umdla omkhulu wesayensi ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwayo kwizifo zofuzo kunye nomhlaza. Iingqimba zeeseli zinokudlala indima ekufumaneni ukunganyangeki ngamachiza kunye nophuhliso lwemetastasis.
- Ukulawulwa koxinzelelo lwe-oxidative: Ii-vesicle zeseli zinokusebenza njengezithuthi ze-antioxidants kunye ne-enzymes ezichasene nemiphumo yoxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, olubangelwa kukungalingani phakathi kokuveliswa kweentlobo ze-oksijini esebenzayo kunye nokukwazi komzimba ukuyinciphisa, inxulunyaniswa nezifo ezininzi, ezifana nokuguga, umhlaza, kunye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative. Ngombulelo kubuchule babo bokuthutha kunye nokuhambisa i-antioxidants, i-vesicles yeselula ingaba sisixhobo esithembisayo sonyango kunyango lwezi meko.
Ubuchwephesha bokubonwa kunye nohlalutyo lomfanekiso wee-vesicles zeselula
Kwinkalo yebhayoloji yeseli, ukubonwa kunye nokuhlalutya kwemifanekiso ye-cell vesicles ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka kunye nomsebenzi wabo. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ezisivumela ukuba sifumane ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nezi zakhiwo zincinci, zibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kuphononongo lweenkqubo zebhayoloji kunye nophuhliso loxilongo kunye nonyango.
Enye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-fluorescence microscopy, esekwe ekukhutshweni kokukhanya ziimolekyuli ezithile zefluorescent ezikhoyo kwii-vesicles zeselula. Ngokusebenzisa iiprobes ze-fluorescent ezahlukeneyo, kuyenzeka ukuba ube nomfanekiso ngqondweni weempawu ezahlukeneyo ze-vesicles, ezifana neprotheyini yazo okanye umxholo we-lipid, kunye ne-membrane yazo. Ukongeza, i-fluorescence microscopy ivumela isisombululo esihle kakhulu. iluncedo ngakumbi kuphononongo lweevesicles ezinobungakanani be-nanometer.
Obunye ubuchule obusetyenziswa ngokubanzi yi-electron microscopy, esebenzisa imiqadi yee-electron endaweni yokukhanya okubonakalayo. Ubuchwephesha buvumela ukufumana imifanekiso ephezulu yokulungiswa kwee-vesicles zeselula, ukutyhila iinkcukacha zesakhiwo kwinqanaba le-subcellular. I-Electron microscopy ingasetyenziselwa kuzo zombini iinguqulelo zayo zothumelo (TEM) kunye ne-scanning (SEM), kwaye inikezela ngolwazi malunga ne-morphology, ubukhulu kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-vesicles. Ngokufanayo, iindlela eziphambili ezifana nokuhanjiswa kwe-electron tomography (ET) zisivumela ukuba siphinde siphinde sihlaziye imifanekiso emithathu-ntathu yee-vesicles, ukubonelela ngombono opheleleyo wombutho wabo kunye nokusabalalisa kwiseli.
Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kuphononongo lwee-vesicles zeselula kusetyenziswa i-microscopy
Ukuqwalaselwa kweevesicle zeselula kusetyenziswa i-electron microscopy yothumelo (TEM)
Enye yenkqubela phambili yamva nje kuphononongo lweevesicle zeselula ibe kukusetyenziswa kwe-electron microscopy (TEM). Ngobu buchule, abaphandi bakwazile ukufumana imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu esityhila i-morphology kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-vesicles. Ngolungiselelo olululo lwesampulu kunye nobugcisa obuthile bokungcolisa, kube nokwenzeka ukuchonga iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-vesicles, ezifana ii-exosomes, ii-endosomes, kunye ne-multivesicular body.
Ngokukwanjalo, i-electron microscopy yothumelo ivumele uphononongo lwamandla ee-vesicles zeselula. Ngokujonga ixesha lokwenyani, izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukufunda iindlela zokubunjwa kwe-vesicle, ukukhululwa, kunye nokudibanisa. Ezi nkqubo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthuthwa kweemolekyuli kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kweeseli phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli, Ukongeza, i-TEM iveze iinkcukacha ezintle zonxibelelwano lwe-vesicle-membrane kwaye inike ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nokwakheka kwemolekyuli yeevesicles ezixeliweyo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-microscopy ye-fluorescence kuphononongo lwee-vesicles zeselula
Obunye ubuchule obutshintshe uphononongo lweevesicles zeselula yi-fluorescence microscopy Ngokubandakanya iiprobe ezithile zefluorescent kunye neelebhile zamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-vesicular, kube nokwenzeka ukuba ubone kwaye ulandele intshukumo yeevesicles ngexesha lokwenene ngaphakathi kwiseli. Ukongeza, i-microscopy ye-fluorescence isivumele ukuba sifunde ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-vesicles kunye nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeselula, ezifana ne-cytoskeleton kunye ne-nucleus.
Ukongeza kwisicelo sayo ekubonweni kwee-vesicles kwiiseli eziphilayo, i-microscopy ye-fluorescence isetyenziswe kwizifundo ze-dynamics ye-vesicular fusions kunye ne-fissions. Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-photobleaching kunye nokubuyisela emva kwe-photobleaching (FRAP), abaphandi baye bakwazi ukufumanisa isiqingatha sobomi kunye nokuhamba kwee-vesicles. Ezi nkqubela phambili kwi-microscopy ye-fluorescence iye yavumela ukuqonda okungcono kweendlela zothutho lwe-intracellular kunye nokulawulwa kwee-vesicles zeselula.
Uqikelelo lwexesha elizayo kunye neendlela ezisakhulayo kuphononongo lwee-vesicles zeselula
Njengoko singena kwixesha le-biology yeenkqubo, iindlela zokufunda ii-vesicles zeselula ziyaqhubeka nokuvela. Enye yeendlela ezisakhulayo yi-super-resolution microscopy, evumela ukubonwa kwe-vesicles ngesisombululo esiphezulu kakhulu kunesiqhelo. Oku kuye kwavula umnyango wophononongo oluneenkcukacha zokusebenzisana kweemolekyuli kwiinwebu ze-vesicle kwaye kutyhile ii-subpopulations ezintsha ze-vesicles ezinemisebenzi ethile.
Obunye ubuchule obuthembisayo yi-electron crystallography, evumela ukumiselwa kolwakhiwo olumacala-ntathu eprotheyini kunye neprotein complexes ekhoyo kwiivesicles.. Oku kuya kusikhokelela kwinqanaba elinzulu ngakumbi lokuqonda imolekyuli yendlela ukumila kweevesicles, ekujoliswe kuyo, kunye nokukhululwa imixholo yazo. Ngaphaya koko, uphuhliso lweprobes ezitsha zefluorescent kunye neelebhile kulindeleke ukuba zivumele ukufakwa kweelebhile kunye nokulandelwa kwee-vesicles zeselula. ngexesha langempela.
Iingcebiso zokwandisa ukufunyanwa kunye nokuphathwa kwemifanekiso yee-vesicles zeselula
Ukuba ujonge ukuqhuba ngokufanelekileyo imifanekiso yeeseli vesicles, apha sibonisa ezinye izindululo ezizakunceda wenze inkqubo yakho ibe ngcono. Landela ezi ngcebiso ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezikumgangatho ophezulu kuphando lwakho:
1. Ukukhetha ngokufanelekileyo imakroskopu:
- Khetha imakroskopu enesisombululo esiphezulu kunye noluhlu olubanzi oluguqukayo ukuze ubambe iinkcukacha ezintle kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka okukhulu kwimifanekiso yakho.
- Qwalasela ukuhambelana kwe-microscope kunye neendlela ezithile zokucinga, ezifana ne-confocal microscopy, evumela ukuba kufumaneke imifanekiso ye-three-dimensional ye-cellular vesicles.
2. Ukulungiselela isampula:
- Khetha izilungiso ezifanelekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa okwaneleyo kwezakhiwo zeselula ze-vesicles.
- Qinisekisa ukusebenzisa ii-reagents ezifanelekileyo ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nedayi ye-fluorescent okanye iziphawuli ezithile, ukukhuthaza ukubonwa kweevesicles kunye nokuzohlula kwamanye amalungu eselula.
3. Ukufunyanwa kwemifanekiso kunye nokucubungula:
- Lungisa ngokuchanekileyo iiparamitha zokufumana, ezifana nokuvezwa, ukufumana, kunye nesantya sokuvala, ukufumana imifanekiso ebukhali kwaye uphephe ukuvezwa ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi.
- Sebenzisa isoftware ekhethekileyo yokusetyenzwa kwemifanekiso ekuvumela ukuba ulungise ingxolo, uhlengahlengise umahluko, kwaye wenze imilinganiselo yobungakanani beevesicles zeselula.
Iingqwalasela zokuziphatha xa usebenza ngemifanekiso yee-vesicles zeselula
Xa usebenza ngemifanekiso yeevesicles zeselula, kubalulekile ukuthathela ingqalelo a uthotho lwengqwalasela ezisesikweni ukuqinisekisa indlela enoxanduva nentlonipho ekusetyenzisweni kwale mifanekiso. Ezi ngqwalasela zibalulekile ukugcina imfezeko yophando lwenzululwazi kunye nentlalo-ntle zezinto eziphilayo ezibandakanyekayo.
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukufumana imvume efanelekileyo xa usebenzisa imifanekiso yeeseli zeseli ezivela kwizinto eziphilayo, nokuba ngabantu, izilwanyana okanye izityalo. Imvume enolwazi kufuneka ifunyanwe ngokweenqobo ezisesikweni, kwaye amalungelo kunye neemfihlo zabantu kufuneka zihlonitshwe ngalo lonke ixesha. Impembelelo enokubakho ukusetyenziswa kwale mifanekiso kuluntu lwenzululwazi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi kufuneka luhlale luthathelwa ingqalelo.
Imifanekiso yeevesicles zeselula kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuthembekileyo nangokucacileyo. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigangatho yeenqobo ezisesikweni esekwe ngamaziko enzululwazi ahambelanayo kunye neekomiti zendlela yokuziphatha ziyahlangatyezwa. Ukongezelela, imifanekiso kufuneka iboniswe ngokuchanekileyo nangokucacileyo kwiimpapasho kunye neentetho zesayensi, ukuphepha naluphi na uhlobo lokukhwabanisa okanye ukugqwesa okunokuphazamisa iziphumo. Ukunyaniseka kwezenzululwazi kunye nemfezeko ngundoqo ukuqhubela phambili kolwazi kulo mmandla.
Iimbono zexesha elizayo kunye nemimandla yophando kwintsimi yee-vesicles zeselula
Kwinkalo ye-cellular vesicles, kukho iimbono ezininzi zexesha elizayo kunye nemimandla yophando ethembisa ukuguqula ukuqonda kwethu unxibelelwano lwe-intercellular kunye nefuthe layo kwizifo ezahlukeneyo. Ngezantsi yeminye yale mibono kunye nemimandla yokufunda:
1. Ukuchongwa kwee-biomarkers: Uphando lwexesha elizayo luza kugxila ekuchongweni nasekuqinisekiseni ii-biomarkers ezithile kwii-vesicles, eziya kuvula amathuba amatsha ekuxilongweni nasekuyilweni kwezifo kwangoko. amayeza omntu ngamnye.
- Uhlalutyo lweprotheyini kunye ne-nucleic acid umxholo we-vesicles ukuchonga iipateni zezifo ezahlukileyo.
- Uphononongo lobudlelwane phakathi komthwalo wemfuza we-vesicles kunye nomsebenzi wabo webhayoloji.
- Uphuhliso lobuchule kunye nobuchwephesha bokubona obungangeneleli bokuhlolwa kweempawu zebhayoloji kwisampulu zeklinikhi.
2. izicelo zonyango: I-Cell vesicles nayo izibonakalisa njengeqonga elithembisayo lokuhanjiswa kwechiza kunye nonyango lwemfuza. Uphando lwexesha elizayo luya kugxila koku:
- Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezifanelekileyo zokulayisha iziyobisi kunye neemolekyuli zonyango kwii-vesicles.
- Uphononongo lweendlela zokukhutshwa kwe-vesicle ukuphumeza ulawulo lwechiza oluthile nolulawulwayo.
- Uphando lwempendulo ye-immune kunye ne-biodistribution ye-vesicles zonyango.
3. Qonda iindlela zokwenza i-vesicle kunye nokukhululwa: Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili ekuqondeni i-biogenesis ye-cellular vesicles, kuninzi okuza kufunyanwa malunga neendlela zemolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo ekwenziweni nasekukhululweni kwazo.
- Uphononongo lweeprotheyini kunye neelipids ezibandakanyekayo ekwenziweni kwevesicle kunye nokumiselwa kweendima zazo ezithile.
- Uhlalutyo lweendlela zokurhweba nge-intracellular ze-vesicles kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nomsebenzi weselula.
- Uphando lweendlela zokudityaniswa kwe-vesicle kunye nokukhululwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye neemeko ze-pathophysiological.
Imibuzo neempendulo
Umbuzo: Yintoni i-cell vesicle imaging?
A: Imifanekiso ye-cell vesicles yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bokucinga obukuvumela ukuba ube nombono kwaye ufunde i-vesicles ekhoyo kwiiseli.
Umbuzo: Ziziphi ii-vesicles zeselula?
A: Ii-vesicles zeselula zizakhiwo ezincinci ze-membranous ezikhoyo kwi-cytoplasm yeeseli. Ezi vesicles zidlala imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwe-intercellular, ukuthuthwa kwezinto kunye nokulawulwa kweenkqubo zeselula.
Q: Yintoni injongo yokwenza umfanekiso wevesicles yeeseli?
A: Eyona njongo iphambili yokucinga ngeeseli zeseli kukufunda imorphology yazo, ukuhanjiswa kwazo, ukwakheka kwazo, kunye nokusebenza kwazo ngaphakathi kweeseli. Le mifanekiso isinceda siqonde ngcono iinkqubo zebhayoloji ababandakanyeka kuzo kwaye sifumane ulwazi olubalulekileyo lokuqhubela phambili kophando kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yebhayoloji.
Q: Zeziphi ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ukwenza umfanekiso weevesicles zeselula?
A: Obona buchule buxhaphakileyo obusetyenziswayo ukwenza umfanekiso weevesicles zeselula ziquka imakroskopu ye-fluorescence, i-electron microscopy yothumelo, kunye ne-atomic force microscopy. Nganye kwezi ndlela ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ivumela ukufunda imiba eyahlukeneyo yeeseli zeseli.
Umbuzo: Zenziwa njani imifanekiso yeeseli zeseli kusetyenziswa i-fluorescence microscopy?
A: Kwimicroscopy ye-fluorescence, ii-vesicles zeselula zibhalwe ngee-fluorochromes okanye izilwa-buhlungu ezithile eziba ne-fluoresce xa zichulumanca bubude obuthile. Emva koko, ezi vesicles zibonwa kusetyenziswa imakroskopu ye-fluorescence, evumela indawo yazo ukuba ifundwe kwaye ubuninzi bazo kwiiseli zibalwe.
Umbuzo: Loluphi ulwazi olunokufunyanwa kwimifanekiso yeevesicles zeselula ezifunyenwe nge-electron microscopy yothumelo?
A: Ukuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy kukuvumela ukuba ufumane imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu se-vesicles yeselula Ngobu buchule, unokuqwalasela ngokweenkcukacha i-morphology kunye nokwakheka kwangaphakathi kwee-vesicles, kunye nobudlelwane babo nabanye.
Q: Kwaye yintoni enokufundwa kusetyenziswa i-atomic force microscopy ngokunxulumene neevesicles zeselula?
IMPENDULO: Imakroskopu yamandla eathom isivumela ukuba sifumane imifanekiso enamacala amathathu eevesicle zeseli, kunye nokulinganisa iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezinjengokuqina okanye ukunwebeka kwenwebu zevesicular.
Umbuzo: Yintoni ukubaluleka kokufunda ii-vesicles zeselula?
A: Ii-vesicle zeselula zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji, ezinje ngokunxibelelana ngeselula, ukulawulwa kokurhweba ngeprotheyini, ukurisayikilishwa kwezinto zeseli, kunye nokukhutshwa kwezinto kwindawo engaphandle kweseli. Qonda ubume bazo kwaye Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ukuqhubela phambili ulwazi. yebhayoloji yeseli kunye nokuphuhlisa unyango olutsha kunye nonyango lwezonyango. .
Isiphelo
Isishwankathelo, umfanekiso wee-vesicles zeselula sisixhobo esisisiseko kwisifundo sesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wale organelles. Ngobuchule obufanelekileyo be-microscopy, siyakwazi ukufumana imifanekiso eneenkcukacha ezisivumela ukuba sijonge iyantlukwano yeemilo kunye nobukhulu ezinokufunyanwa zii-vesicles zeselula.
Le mifanekiso isetyenziswa kakhulu kubaphandi, kuba ibanika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga neenkqubo zothutho lwe-intracellular, unxibelelwano lweselula, kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-organelles. Ukongeza, banegalelo kwinkqubela phambili kulwazi lwezifo ezinxulumene ne-vesicles yeselula, njengomhlaza okanye izifo ze-neurodeergenerative.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uhlalutyo lwemifanekiso ye-cell vesicles lufuna indlela yobugcisa echanekileyo kunye nolwazi olukhethekileyo kwindawo yebhayoloji yeseli.
Ukuqukumbela, imifanekiso yee-vesicles zeselula ngumthombo oxabisekileyo wolwazi ukuqonda ubunzima bezi organelles kunye nendima yazo kwiinkqubo zeselula. Enkosi kubuchwephesha bokucinga, izazinzulu zinokungena nzulu kuphononongo lwee-vesicles zeselula kunye neziphumo zazo kwimpilo yabantu. Ukuqhubela phambili ukuqhubela phambili kwi-microscopy kunye nohlalutyo lomfanekiso uthembisa ukubonelela ngolwazi olungakumbi malunga neesel vesicles kwikamva. .
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